Rocks and Minerals ABM Humms PDF

GOOD DAY  Prayer Let us remember that we are in the most holy presence of God. I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of You. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Thy Kingdom come. St. Joseph pray for us. GOOD DAY  Who proposed the idea that sun is at the middle of t...

GOOD DAY  Prayer Let us remember that we are in the most holy presence of God. I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of You. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Thy Kingdom come. St. Joseph pray for us. GOOD DAY  Who proposed the idea that sun is at the middle of the solar system? Nicolaus Copernicus Enumerate the four Earth’s subsystems Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere  ROCK INTRODUCTION Directions: Describe your characteristics using the rock. Relate your characteristic using the characteristic of the rock you bring for today’s discussion ROCKS AND MINERALS  Learning Objectives The learners shall be able to: a. describe how minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use; b. recall familiar names of rocks by looking at the picture; and c. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties 2.1 MINERALS 2.1 MINERALS Geosphere includes all the geologic landforms, rocks, and even minerals. A mineral is defined as the naturally occurring , inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered internal structure.  2.1 MINERALS GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITE NATURALLY CHEMICAL OCCURRING COMPOSITION INORGANIC ORDERED SOLID INTERNAL STRUCTURE  2.1 MINERALS COMPOSITION OF MINERALS SILICATES OXIDES  2.1 MINERALS COMPOSITION OF MINERALS SULFIDES SULFATES  2.1 MINERALS COMPOSITION OF MINERALS HALIDES CARBONATES  2.1 MINERALS COMPOSITION OF MINERALS NATIVE METALS 2.1 MINERALS  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CRYSTAL FORMATION - Since minerals have definite chemical composition, it forms a definite structure which crystallizes into a specific crystal form.  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CLEAVAGE - The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness is known as cleavage. Minerals with excellent cleavage will break into smooth, flat , parallel surfaces.  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES LUSTER - Luster of mineral describes the appearance of light as it is reflected off its surface. Minerals can be described as metallic or non metallic  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES COLOR & STREAK - Color is the most obvious mineral property, but is not a reliable feature. Streak is the color of a mineral in a powdered form.  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES HARDNESS - Hardness of a mineral is a measurement of the strength of the chemical bonds in its structure. It can be measured by scratching with another mineral. 2.1 MINERALS MOHS SCALE OF HARDNESS - Mohs hardness, rough measure of the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching or abrasion, expressed in terms of a scale devised (1812) by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs.  2.1 MINERALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DENSITY - Specific gravity is a measurement of the density of a mineral. It is the weight of a mineral relative to the weight of an equal volume of water. 2.2 ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE 2.2 ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE ROCKS - Rocks are naturally occurring, coherent aggregate of minerals or solid materials such as natural glass or organic matter. Rocks are found in lithosphere, which derives from a Greek word “lithos” meaning “stone” 2.2 ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE ROCK CYCLE - Rock cycle is a model that describes all the processes by which rocks are formed, modified, transported, decomposed, melted, and reformed. These processes occurred both on Earth’s surface and underneath. 2.2 ROCKS & THE ROCK CYCLE ROCK CYCLE  Opening Prayer Let us remember that we are in the most holy presence of God. I will continue, O my God, to do all my actions for the love of You. Sacred Heart of Jesus, Thy Kingdom come. St. Joseph pray for us.  EXOGENIC PROCESSES Prepared by: Mr. Paraiso WEATHERING WHAT IS WEATHERING? Weathering is the on site breakdown of rock and its eventual transformation into sediments. We have two types of weathering, the mechanical weathering and the chemical weathering that occurs in several ways. MECHANICAL WEATHERING Mechanical weathering is the physical breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changing its composition. TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING EXFOLIATION Intrusive rocks such as granite split into onion like sheets parallel to the surface. TYPES OF MECHANICAL WEATHERING FROST WEDGING When rock freezes, it causes the joints to expand and grow, causing pieces of rocks to detach. CHEMICAL WEATHERING Chemical weathering occurs when there are chemical changes in at least some of the composition of the rock. The chemical reacti0ns occur at faster rate in warm, wet climates such as the tropics. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING OXIDATION The reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rock, forms oxides. Oxidation of the iron oxide bearing minerals produce iron oxide and iron hydroxide. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING HYDRATION Occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral causing it to expand. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING DISSOLUTION This happens in certain minerals which are dissolved in water. Limestones, which composed of calcite, is weathered through this process and develops caves through time. TYPES OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING Also occurs in roots of plants, when fungi and lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals and the nutrients are taken in by these organisms. MASS WASTING Also known as mass movement, is the downslope movement of rock, soil, and ice due to gravity. It is also a natural hazard that can cause damage to life and property. MASS WASTING FALL Fall includes the free- fall movement, bouncing, and rolling of materials on a slope. MASS WASTING TOPPLE The forward rotation out of the slope of a soil or rock mass. The rotation axis is usually at the base of the moving mass, below its center of gravity. MASS WASTING SLIDE A slide is the downslope movement of coherent materials along a well-defined surface of rupture called sliding surface. MASS WASTING SPREAD The lateral extension and fracturing of a coherent mass due to the plastic flow of its underlying material. This could occur as silt layers liquefy during earthquake. MASS WASTING FLOW Flow happens when the materials are saturated and move downslope as a viscous fluid. MASS WASTING COMPLEX Complex or combinations of several types of movement could occur.  Closing Prayer We give you thanks, Almighty God, for all the graces you have given upon us. We thank You for letting us learn about. Your will and Your commandments, and for keeping alive the faith in our hearts. Grant that we may love You always, and do Your will with smiling hearts and open mind. Amen.