Module 2.pdf

The Goat and Sheep Industry Traditional Perception Present Stature *Poor man’s cow *World’s living assets *Non-income source *Growing commercialization *Smallhold property “Goat craze” *No maintenance req’t * Source of meat, mi...

The Goat and Sheep Industry Traditional Perception Present Stature *Poor man’s cow *World’s living assets *Non-income source *Growing commercialization *Smallhold property “Goat craze” *No maintenance req’t * Source of meat, milk, and *Animal for special money for many occasion * Destructive animal Distribution of Goat Inventory by Classification Source: PSA, 2023 FARM CLASSIFICATION ► Smallhold – Tending not more than 35 does ► Semi-commercial – Tending 36-100 does ► Commercial – Tending more than 100 heads of does  Goats are still predominantly produced by backyard raisers Regional goat inventory as of September 2023(PSA,2023) Region Total Percentage R7: Cental Visayas 627,679 16.3 R3: Central Luzon 454,666 11.8 R6: Western Visayas 400,178 10.4 R1: Ilocos Region 374,730 9.7 R11: Davao Region 278,873 7.2 However, there has been a significant growth in the commercial sector nowadays Chevon Per capita consumption is low and static Per Capita Consumption Year Carcass Offal Total 1995 0.33 0.11 0.44 2000 0.33 0.11 0.44 2004 0.31 0.10 0.41 In Kilo/yr.  Competitive ❖ Advantages Increasing demand for goat and sheep meat ❖ Ability to utilize farm by-products ❖ Small initial investment needed ❖ Possible participation of members of the family ❖ Easy to integrate with other farming systems ❖ Utilize farm wastes ❖ survive in marginal environment ❖ Short gestation period ; reproduce fasts ❖ Available technologies, facilities, & inputs for increased productivity & efficiency MODULE 2: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Production Management Systems The systems of goat production can be categorized into: 1. Tethering 2. Extensive Production (Freely Grazing) 3. Semi-intensive Production 4. Intensive Production (Pure Confinement) 5. Integration into Crop Agriculture  1. Tethering ❑ Goats are tied to a rope about 6-10 m long ❑ They are transferred once or twice daily to areas where it will have free access to fresh browsing ❑ Goats are closely monitored ❑ Limited damage to crops ❑ Common production management system in the Philippines 2. Extensive Production (Freely Grazing) ❑ Small herd of goats, 5-10 will let loose to browse on waste vegetation and hedges ❑ Very little management is exercised except letting the animals loose and herding them at night ❑ Goats return in their own pens at night ❑ Low level of unpaid family labor represents the main input  3. Semi-intensive Production ❑ Limited grazing and Stall-feeding ❑ Goats receive few hours of grazing and return to the farm in the evening ❑ Effective during wet season ❑ Labor requirement is less compared to pure confinement  4. Intensive Production (Pure Confinement) ❑ Animals are kept on Stalls and cut forages are provided on a cut and carry method ❑ Effective conversion of crop residues ❑ Good animal control ❑ Effective parasite control ❑ Limited damage to environment  5. Integration into Crop Agriculture ❑ Integration of Goat raising into established plantations of mango, coconut, tamarind, etc. ❑ Maximum utilization of resources ❑ Increase fertility of the land by return of dung and urine ❑ Greater economic returns of the farmer from both crop and animal components Crop-Livestock Integrations Goat-Rice Goat-Tamarind Goat-Mango Goat-Fish  COMPARISON OF FEEDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Particulars FG Tethering PC Integration Feed Cost None Less High Less Labor Minimal Less Laborious Less Destructive Destructive Prevented Prevented Minimal Characteristic Higher Theft/Losses Minimal Minimal Minimal Possibility Depends on Growth rate the Pasture Limited Faster Limited Area Incidence of Parasites, Higher Partially Lesser Lesser Respiratory and Incidence Prevented Incidence Incidence Digestive Problems Morbidity and High Less Less Less Mortality  CHOOSING THE FOUNDATION STOCKS  GOAT ANATOMY Attributes of a Male Breeder Goat Poll Forehea Nec d k Top line Bac Rac kLoin Bridge of Withers k Rum nose p Hip Ri b Tail Tail head Ear Bear Lower Pin d jaw Throat bone Thigh Heart (britch) girth Brisket Stifle Chest floor Forear Flank m Barrel Hoc k Kne e Scrotu m Cannon bone Dew claw Toe Paster Hoof n Heel  Goat Breeds Characteristics: small, stocky and low set Color and markings: red, white or black or combination of these colors Mature weight: 24 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 0.5 liter Lactation Period: 187 days Philippine Native  Goat Breeds Characteristics: taller, bigger and heavier than native Color and markings: vary in color Mature weight: 25 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 0.6 liter Lactation Period: 195 days Upgraded (50% Native: 50% Anglo-Nubian)  Goat Breeds Characteristics: taller, bigger, and heavier than 50:50 Color and markings: vary in color Mature weight: 40 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 0.7 – 1 liter Lactation Period: 215 days Upgrades (75% Anglo-Nubian: 25% Native  Goat Breeds Characteristics: meat type with short to medium hair, horns are prominent Color and markings: reddish brown head and neck with white body and legs Mature weight: 80 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.25 – 1.75 liters Lactation period: 200 days Boer  Goat Breeds Characteristics: medium to large size, straight face w/ roman nose and upright ears, alertly graceful Color and markings: varies from pure white through shades of fawn Mature weight: 70 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.25 – 1.75 liters Lactation period: 250 days Alpine  Goat Breeds Characteristics: dual purpose type (meat and milk), medium sized animal with very tiny ears and straight face, short, fine and glossy hair Color and markings: brown, white, black or combination of these colors Mature weight: 60 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.25 – 2 liters Lactation period: 240 days La Mancha  Goat Breeds Characteristics: dual purpose type; proud and graceful in appearance; long, wide and pendulous ears and roman nose Color and markings: black, gray, cream, white shades of tan, reddish brown, facial stripes Mature weight: 60 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.75 – 2.5 liters Lactation Period: 250 days Anglo-Nubian  Goat Breeds Characteristics: well-built, milky head and neck; straight nose and erect ears; “Queen of Dairy Goats” Color and markings: cream to white with black spots on nose and udder Mature weight: 70 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.75 – 2.5 liters Lactation period: 280 days Saanen  Goat Breeds Characteristics: sturdy with semi-erect ears Color and markings: light fawn to dark chocolate with distinct white markings muzzle; fairly white from knees downward & hind legs Mature weight: 60 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1.5 – 2.25 liters Lactation period: 220 days Toggenburg  Goat Breeds Characteristics: dual purpose type (meat and milk) Color and markings: body is predominantly white in color with scattered brown or black spots, with droopy ears w/ black/brown dotted ears Mature weight: 50 kilograms Ave. milk prod’n: 1-1.25 liters Lactation period: 210 days Three-Way Cross  Weight (kg) of Full-blood Boer at different physiological stage BUCKS DOES BIRTH 3.7 3.4 WEANING 24 22 7 MONTHS 40-50 35-45 12 MONTHS 50-70 45-65 MATURE 90-130 80-100  Growth Performance of Three-Way Cross Compared to other Breeds TWC’s BW- is comparable to Boer and higher than other breeds WW- is lower than Boer but comparable to Anglo-Nubian MW- is lighter than purebreds but heavier than Upgrades and Native  Growth Chart By Breed 40 35 30 25 Native 20 Upgrades 15 3 -way cross Boer 10 Anglo - Nubian 5 0 Birth wt Wt at- 1 mo. Weaning wt Mature wt Average Daily Gain of TWC  TWC Advantages Three-Way Cross (TWC) Superior over Upgraded and Native in terms of growth performance (birth weight, weaning weight, mature weight, average daily gain) Comparable birth weight with Boer Comparable weaning weight with Anglo-Nubian Provides better economic returns than raising native and upgraded  Selection and Culling Selection – is the process of choosing animals with desirable traits that are fit for production Culling – is the process of removing animals that are below average in production, unsound or undesirable Characteristics of a Male Breeding Stock Healthy with no deformities Straight and strong legs Active and with high libido Normal testicles With good pedigree Clean, shiny,healthy coat 6-8 months and not 25 kg Characteristics of a Female Breeding Stock Healthy with no deformities Straight and strong legs Normal genitals With good mothering ability Normal teats(smooth, firm, no infection and swelling) Good pedigree 6-8 months of age & not