Sociology 101 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

SOCIOLOGY 101 final exam Ch. 1 Sociology 1. Sociology? a. Scientific study of how individuals both shape and are shaped by society b. Goal is to understand and address social issues and social change 2. Sociological Imagination? a. Connect personal e...

SOCIOLOGY 101 final exam Ch. 1 Sociology 1. Sociology? a. Scientific study of how individuals both shape and are shaped by society b. Goal is to understand and address social issues and social change 2. Sociological Imagination? a. Connect personal experience to patterns b. relationship between individuals and society 3. Individualistic Perspective? a. People succeed or fail entirely on their own efforts 4. Two core commitments of sociology? a. Use sociological eye to observe social patterns b. Take action to challenge those patterns Ch. 2 Theory 5. Sociological theory? a. Helps us notice and understand patterns 6. Structural functionalism? a. Durkeim b. The function of society depends on interdependent parts working together  c. Social solidarity glues us together with cohesion and moral order d. 7 social institutions work together to social us on norms and values 7. 7 social institutions? a. Family, religion, economy, education, government, health care, media 8. Conflict theory? a. Marxist b. Characterized by competition for power and resources c. Economy is key institution d. Hierarchies, oppression, and inequality e. Unequal distribution 9. Symbolic interactionism? a. Society constructed by individuals through shared symbols and interactions b. Culture is created through interactions with one another, socialization 10. Micro-Level? a. Focuses on individuals and day to day actions to explain larger ideas 11. Macro-Level? a. Focuses on social structure and institutions Ch 3 Research 12. Empirical statements? a. Fact-based and provable 13. Normative Statements a. Opinion based 14. Data? a. Any meaningful piece of information b. Facts, stats, quotes, images 15. Methods of soc research? a. Asking questions i. Surveys and interviews b. Observing and interacting i. Observation ii. Participant observation iii. Experiements, and in the field  c. Looking at documents i. Content analysis 16. Sampling? a. Process of selecting respondents for inclusion in the study b. Subset of population 17. Generalizability? a. Whether possible to draw conclusions about population b. From random sampling 18. Operationalization? a. Ch 4 Culture 19. Culture? a. Way of life of a particular group of people b. Shared characteristics that make it distinct from other groups 20. Material culture? a. Artifacts and leisure goods b. Clothing, art, literature, food 21. Nonmaterial culture? a. norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and language 22. Norms? a. Expectations for behavior learned through observation and interaction 23. Beliefs? a. What society deems true 24. Values? a. What a society deems desirable, good, and important 25. Subcultures? a. Groups within larger culture b. Accept some mainstream values but maintain unique norms, values, practices c. Reflect generations, immigration patterns, ideologies 26. Cultural capital? a. knowledge, behaviors, and skills demonstrate cultural competence b. Education, style, appearance, speech  c. Promotes social mobility Ch 5 Socialization 27. Socialization? a. How we use interaction to teach each other societal norms and expectations b. Part of social reproductions (passing culture through generations) c. Begins at birth and through life 28. Agents of socialization? a. People, groups, institutions, and social contexts b. Family, school, peers, media 29. Family? a. First agent of socialization and most influential b. Teach foundational skills, norms, values 30. Total institutions? a. Environment where people live together, follow a structured routine, closed to external influences b. Ex. military, prisons Ch 6 Deviance 31. Deviance? a. Behaviors, conditions, beliefs that violate cultural norms and have stigmatizing connotations b. Socially constructed 32. Types of deviance? a. Statistical i. Low probability of occurrence ii. Unusual and strand behavior b. Legalistic i. Defined by violation of law ii. Crime, illegal c. Normative i. Violation of norms, folkways, mores, and laws ii. Unusual, strange, crime, discouraged  33. Relativist perspective of deviance? a. Culture defines whats deviant b. Deviance is socially constructed 34. Absolutist perspective of deviance? a. Some things are inherently deviant 35. Structural Functionalism and deviance? a. Crime and deviance are normal and necessary aspects of society b. Deviance is product of mainstream cultural and structural society c. Too much emphasis on goals and inappropriate means to reach them 36. Conflict theory and deviance? a. Label of deviant is weapon against vulnerable in society and preserves dominance of powerful groups 37. Symbolic interactionist and deviance? a. Labeling theory 38. Moral entrepreneurs? a. Actively seek to change norms to align with their own moral worldview b. Creating public morality c. Rule creators and rule enforcers Ch 7 Economic Inequality 39. Income? a. Earnings money received from paycheck, stock return, social security benefits 40. Wealth? a. Assets, saving accounts, housing, cars, investment, inheritance 41. Structural Functionalist and economic inequality? a. Inequality incentives people to do work that society needs 42. Meritocracy? a. Those with most talent rise to the top and earn the largest rewards 43. Critiques of meritocracy? a. Women make less than men for the same work 44. Conflict theorist and economic inequality? a. Society is organized by power, competition and not merit b. Controlling means of production and exploiting labor are key to wealth  45. Class systems? a. Social mobility, members of a given class share economic status and lifestyle b. Greater concentration of wealth at top c. Wealth have more political influence and power 46. Caste systems? a. No social mobility, lifetime assignment to societal roles with tight rules over relationships between castes 47. Structural mobility? a. When changes in societies institutions lead to upward or downward mobility for whole classes or group of people 48. Poverty and inequality trends in the US? a. Middle class is shrinking b. Lowest income group and highest income group are growing Ch 8 Gender 49. Sex? a. Reflect biological traits that society uses to assign people into male and female categories 50. Gender? a. Social construct reflecting cultural and social meanings and identities 51. Gender socialization? a. Process by which society teaches cultural expectation and norms about how to be a man or woman b. Starts at birth c. Learned through school, media, family 52. Symbolic interactionist and gender? a. Doing gender b. Socially constructed through interaction c. Gender is social, fluid, and chosen 53. Conflict theorist and gender? a. Feminist theory b. Social institutions influence lives through unequal distribution of resources by gender  54. Structural Functionalist and gender? a. Sex and gender are the same b. Gender roles are fuctional c. Sex differences are natural and complementary 55. Gender as social structure? a. Gender inclues socialization, social interactions, institutions, and organizations b. Results in structural disadvantages for women 56. Pay disparity between men and women? a. 80-83 cents for every dollar men earn b. Its within occupations and stretches across them c. Causes discrimination, lack of mentoring, and difficulties with childcare 57. Gender scripts? a. Expectations for appropriate behaviors b. Gender lessons are part of hidden curriculum and latent functions of school Ch 9 Race 58. Ethnicity? a. Cultural markers of difference b. Shared elements of life c. Socially constructed based on arbitrary characteristics 59. Race? a. Visible, physical markers of difference b. Color, hair, facial features, etc c. Socially constructed based on arbitrary characteristics 60. Prejudice? a. Irrational feelings about a group without collecting info through interactions b. prejudging 61. Discrimination? a. Unfair treatment of group members b. Behaviors and actions that are illegal 62. Stereotypes?  a. Predetermined ideas about group b. Bad generalizations 63. Racism? a. Historical, cultural, institutional, interpersonal dynamics create and maintain racial hierarchy b. System of oppression through power 64. Colorblind ideology? a. Ignoring race/racism b. Although data still shows racial disparity across health, education, housing… Ch 10 CJS 65. Incarceration rate of US v. world? a. Highest in the world 66. Number of people incarcerated in US a. 2.3 million people 67. Violent crime trends in US a. Down since 90s 68. Power a. Power exercise in a manner that is supported by the community 69. Authority? 70. Legitimacy? a. With support of community 71. Social contract? a. Agreement by people to give up certain individual rights in exchange for protection and other benefits from state 72. Conflict theorist and authority/political? a. State is a tool of dominate elite for advancing their interests over the masses 73. Elite Theory? a. Idea that power is consolidated in the hands of a small elite group of people (corporations, political, military) 74. Class domination theory?  a. Argues that economic elite are able to dominate society because of their power over economy 75. Structural Functionalist and authority/political? a. Sees role of leaders as balancing citizens competing interests to create stability 76. Pluralism? a. SF that sees political system as struggle between competing interest groups for power and control of the decision making process Ch 11 Family 77. Nuclear family? a. Parents and children b. Most immediate unit of group of people related by genetics marriage or choice and who share material, emotional, and economic resources 78. Institutionalization of family? a. Accomplished through interaction b. Encoded in laws, policies, and practices that organize family c. Family changes as society changes 79. Trends in marriage / divorce? a. More adults live alone or have a roommate b. Decline in marriages c. Decline in divorce d. Single parenthood more excepted e. A little under half babies born to unmarried parents 80. Sandwich generation? a. Middle aged adults caring for their children and aging parents 81. Symbolic interactionist and family? a. Family statuses come with own expectations for behavior b. Good vs. bad families 82. Conflict theorist and family? a. Family is site of inequality b. Competitions over families to attain resources c. Families reinforce gender inequalities 83. Structural Functionalist and family?  a. Concern with how families provide stability and social harmony and socializes members b. Family is for providing stability, regulating behavior, and establishing division of labor 84. Trends in caretaking and gender? a. Changing norms and social conditions contribute to increase in time men are doing child care although women are still doing most Ch 12 Education 85. Functions of education system? a. Transmitting culture, history, knowledge and skills 86. Education as durable system? a. Slow to change b. Roles, rules, routines limit how much individuals can shape an organizations operation 87. Predictors of education success? a. Strongest - SES b. Poor areas lack funding for schools c. More women attain college degrees with lower educational returns 88. availability of preschool in US? a. Under-enrolled because its too expensive b. Important because 90% of brain development complete by 5 Ch 13 Health 89. Medical sociology? a. Sociologists who study health and illness b. Experiences with illness c. Health disparities d. Health care system 90. Medicalization? a. The process by which conditions become seen as medical conditions b. Used to be viewed as moral failures, bad behaviors, natural bodily processes 91. Fundamental cause theory?  a. Argues that socioeconomic status is the most important factor that explains disparities in health b. Income expands or constrains access to resources that promote health 92. Social Determinants of Health? a. Conditions in environments where people are born, live, learn, work, worship, play and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks b. Economic stability c. Educations access and quality d. Health care access and quality e. Neighborhood and built environment f. Social and community context 93. Health insurance in US? a. Access to health provides is issue in rural areas b. Less doctors than other countries c. No universal healthcare d. 50% get insurance through employment 94. Life expectancy and infant mortality trends in the US? a. 78 age expectancy b. 5.9 deaths every 1,000 live births 95. Medical expenditures in US? a. Us spends double on health care per person than other global north nations b. High cost of drugs, medical procedures, and greater use of services Ch 14 Environmental Soc 96. Environmental sociology? a. study of interaction between the social and natural systems 97. Sustainability? a. ability of the social-economic system to function within the Earth's ecological constraint 98. Ecological footprint? a. a measure that represents the productive area required to provide the resources humanity is using  99. Overshoot? a. the state of using resources at a pace greater than the Earth's regenerative capacity 100. Environmental racism a. problem of environmental hazards being disproportionately borne by racial and ethnic minority groups 101. Climate justice? a. idea that climate change relates to global inequality more broadly, in both its creation and impact Ch 15 Social Movements 102. Social movements? a. when people who want social change create an organization that is collective, organized, and sustained and challenges authorities, powerholders, or cultural beliefs and practices 103. Civil disobedience? a. Movements that purposefully break laws or customs in their protest against injustice 104. Alternative movement? a. Advocate for limited societal change b. Ask individuals to change their personal beliefs c. Ex. moms against drunk driving 105. Redemptive movement? a. Seeks radical change in individual behavior b. Ex. temperance movement 106. Reformative movement? a. Work for specific change across society b. Black Lives Matter 107. Revolutionary movement? a. Goal of radical reorganization of society 108. Identity based movement? a. Mobilize around issues of rights and collective identities 109. Essential resources for social movements? a. Identify issue b. Form group of constituents c. Create a strategy d. Mobilize resources (media, money) e. Organize actions (tactics and goals) f. Gain power and success