UCSP First Quarter Reviewer PDF

UCSP 12-Darwin | First Quarter Reviewer CULTURE AND SOCIETY beliefs and attitudes through classroom discussions and interactions. Culture Refers to the practices, values, att...

UCSP 12-Darwin | First Quarter Reviewer CULTURE AND SOCIETY beliefs and attitudes through classroom discussions and interactions. Culture Refers to the practices, values, attitudes, norms, 3. Peers laws and behavior of a group of people in a society. Culture makes a society complete and gives its Strengthen behaviors and values learned from the value, form, uniqueness, and distinctiveness. family and schools, gives a person a freedom to identify and improve himself, learn independence Society and participation. Can be described as the socialization between individuals that share the same culture. 4. Mass Media CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE An influential agent commonly used by institutions or organizations to transform and leave impact to an 1. Culture is social because it is the product of individual’s point of view, values, and beliefs. behavior – Culture happens between interaction of individuals. As people interact, culture continues to 5. Religion and State develop or change. 2. Culture varies from society to society – culture These are both considered as the ultimate agent of originates from a certain society and is different socialization, which gives a strong influence on a from every type of society an individual belongs to. person’s values and beliefs through its rules and 3. Culture is shared – this happens when an practices. individual interacts and shares his ideas, customs, and wisdom as well. BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPS 4. Culture is learned – it is not acquired when an individual is born, but learned as he grows, 1. Primary Group – This consists of small and close communicates and socializes. relationships between members and usually engage 5. Culture is transmitted among members of in an intimate type of communication (family, close society – culture is being passed on to each friends, barkada). member of society through generations. 1. Secondary Group – The relationship is a more 6. Culture is continuous and cumulative – it is an casual, less intimate kind of interaction which endless and continuing process and is different for focuses on a more objective-oriented involvement in every type of society. a certain period (church mates). 7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic – it gives the 2. In-group – There is a sense of belongingness and right chances of satisfying goals and demands of an individuality inside this group (teammates, ssg party individual. It also allows an individual to make mates). appropriate actions throughout his life. 3. Out-group – Unlike in-group, there is no sense of belongingness, and that competition exists in each AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION member of this group (government party, short-term. Boys and girls, gays and lesbians rich These are people or groups of people that teach and poor). knowledge and experiences to an individual to 4. Reference Group – A kind of group that sets rules become a productive person in his society. These and standards to its members and affects one’s are: values and behavior (ethnicity). 5. Network – Is a collection of people tied together by 1. Family a specific pattern of connections (economical social networking sites followers, FB friends, likers). This is considered as the most essential unit or agent in the socialization process which educates PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY an individual from the day he was born to the time he matures and experiences social and political 1. Auguste Comte (January 1798-September 1857) engagement. His important works include Positive Philosophy, 2. Schools Systems of Positive Polity, and Religion of Humanity. Serve a dynamic and serious role in socialization Introduced the important relationship between because they educate the child academically, theory, practice, and human understanding of the socially, and personally, and improve his values, world. 1  Once sociology discovers the laws governing social Conflict Theory evolution, we can use this knowledge to make a States that tensions and conflicts arise when better world. resources, status and power are unevenly distributed between groups in the society, and these 2. Emile Durkheim (April 15, 1858-November 15, conflicts become the engine for social change. 1917) 6. Talcott Parsons (1902-1982) For him, sociology is the study of social facts. Social life must be analyzed in terms of social facts. He Parsons is a leading American sociologist. He views considers social facts to be external to individuals. sociology as the analysis of social relationships and Father of Modern Sociology. cultural products. He tried to keep social science as He devoted himself to understanding the stability of close to natural science. society and the importance of social participation for individual happiness, sociology is the study of social facts. Examples of social facts include social roles, norms, laws, values, beliefs, rituals, and customs. Violating social facts confirms their existence because people who act against social facts are typically sanctioned. He viewed crimes and delinquent behavior as normal and necessary occurrences in the social system; hence it is a reaction from society, leading to boundaries and rules for the society. 3. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Herbert Spencer Paradigm: Order Class of Theories: Organicism Societal Evolution Social Darwinism (Turner 1998:80): “Society is akin to a special organism obeying its own laws of ‘progress. Societies develop from simplicity to complexity. Herbert Spencer Almost a decade before Darwin published On the Origin of Species, Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.” Spencer’s Social Statics Spencer had used the phrase earlier when writing articles for newspapers (Turner 1998:80). Organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing. The basic argument of Social Statics can be stated as follows: Human happiness can be achieved only when individuals can satisfy their needs and desires without infringing on the rights of others to do the same (Turner, Beeghley, and Powers 1988). 4. Max Weber (April 21, 1864-June 14, 1920) According to Max Weber, the spirit of capitalism can be grown only when the mental attitude in the society is favorable to capitalism and also social relationships. Society, he believed, was split between owners and laborers. 5. Karl Marx (1818-1883) According to him, each society dies in time because of internal conflicts and contradictions and is replaced by a higher one. 2