Module 1.2 P.I. 100 (Life and Works of Jose Rizal) PDF

READING AND DISCUSSION: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Module 1.2 Subject: PI 100 - The Life and Works of Rizal Semester: 1st Semester/2024-2025 Date: September 2-13, 2024 Descrip...

READING AND DISCUSSION: THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT Module 1.2 Subject: PI 100 - The Life and Works of Rizal Semester: 1st Semester/2024-2025 Date: September 2-13, 2024 Description of the Lesson: The various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the 19th in order to understand Jose Rizal in the context of his times. The history of the Rizal Law and its important provisions. Teacher: Ram Chryztler P. Acero, LPT  Learning Outcomes Intended Learning Outcomes Targets/ Objectives Students should be able to At the end of the lesson, meet the following intended students should be able to: learning outcomes:  Identify the various social,  Appraise the link between political, economic, and the individual and society in cultural changes that 19th century. occurred in the nineteenth century.  Understand Jose Rizal in the Context of his times  Compare and differentiate the social, political, economic, and cultural changes in the 19th century to our present society. What kind of government do you see as a way for the Philippines to prosper? THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19th CENTURY AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT INTRODUCTION The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, biased and deteriorating power. These are the instability of colonial administration, corrupt colonial officials, no Philippine representation in Spanish Cortes, human rights denied to Filipinos, no equality before the Law, mal-administration of justice, racial discrimination, Frailocracy, polo y servicio or forced labor, haciendas owned by the Friars, and the Guardia Civil.   The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were notoriously corrupt. Justice was costly, partial and slow. Wealth, social prestige and color of skin were preponderant factors in From 1808 to 1833 winning a case in court. The judicial  The instability of Spanish procedure was so slow and clumsy that politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII it was easy to have justice delayed. (1808-1833) marked the  Filipinos as inferior beings who were beginning of political chaos in Spain. infinitely undeserving of the rights and  Spaniards arrogantly regarded privileges that the white Spaniards the brown skinned Filipinos as enjoyed. Spaniards called the brown- inferior beings. Spanish Penal Code, which was enforced in skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos the Philippines, particularly “Indios” (Indians), in retaliation, the imposed heavier penalties on Filipinos dubbed their pale- Native Filipinos or mestizos and lighter penalties on complexioned detractors with the white-complexioned disparaging term “bangus” (milkfish). Spaniards. The friars (ex. Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines, and later in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power, influence and riches. Almost every town in the archipelago, except in Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and in Pagan hinterlands, was ruled by a friar curate. During Rizal’s times the Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders were the richest landlords, for they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands) in the Philippines. There were also corrupt officials, they were either highly corrupt, incompetent, cruel or venal. Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes.  Legislative Executive Judiciary What are the duties? Spanish Cortes  Guardia Civil the Civil Guards had rendered meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the provinces, they later became infamous for their rampant abuses, such as maltreating innocent people, looting their carabaos, chickens and valuable belongings and raping women.  Rizal himself witnessed the discrimination of how the guardia civil (either Peninsulares (Filipino) or Insulares) treated the Filipinos.  This political instability in Spain adversely affected Philippine affairs because it brought about frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies and periodic rigodon of colonial officials.   From that point onwards, the extraordinarily luxurious THE GALLEON TRADE artisanal material from China and the rest of Asia, would When the remarkable navigator- travel by water to the New and Old Worlds. The New priest Andres de Urdaneta World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe) had an almost inexhaustible yearning for silks and damasks, figured out how to get back to medicinal concoctions, exotic animals and exotic animal Mexico from the Philippines in parts, rare woods and hard wood furniture, spices, minerals, 1565—where previous planting materials, tools, and, indeed, information. navigators failed to recognize  No longer passing through the arduous Silk Road to the Kuroshio Current, a nautical Europe, via caravans that remained vulnerable, through highway in the northern Pacific centuries, to sandstorms and thieves, the traders of 15th century Manila and Acapulco embarked on a novel trading Ocean, moving from Japan to concept. The goods were, to be sure, vulnerable to fierce California’s Monterrey storms and perhaps even fiercer pirates; but would, with coastline, and thus to luck and through the intercession of the Christian Virgin Acapulco—the world was Mary, ride the waves towards buyers for European, or reborn. European-style aristocratic salons. The Galleon Trade  The spaces in the cargo holds of these ships were divided amongst holders of tickets called boletas. Charitable institutions as well as legitimate traders held these boletas which were spaces they were entitled to in the galleon holds. For 250 years, these represented real measures of wealth.  Should these shipments fall to pirates or inclement weather, not only fortunes were lost. Family honor and individual lives met unhappy ends. But the history of the trade produced the first banks (from the charitable institutions that undertook pious work, obras pias) and commodity markets with global breadth.  The galleon trade persisted—and persisted with gumption!—within its theater of economic hopes, knavery, prayer, bravura risk-taking, political shenanigans, exchange of vital ideas and fluids. Residents of Las Islas Filipinas took the pineapple of the Americas and wove its leaves into the finest cloth imaginable. Residents of Mexico took to the fighting cock, apparently brought on board by the men from the Philippines. Music, of course, was to weave together from melodies spun on both sides of the Pacific.  The wealth built cities. The earliest walls of Intramuros were paid for by galleon profit. The markets built distribution networks through deep parts of Mexico. The galleons left Manila to the ringing of the bells of the Manila Cathedral and choirs singing the Te Deum. Upon arrival in Acapulco, a gargantuan feria was held to sell the goods.  Through those two centuries and a half, Cavite boat builders created almost all the galleons that sailed. Ilocano weavers provided the sails. The Philippines was governed from Acapulco, so far were these islands from the seat of the Spanish Crown.  The demise of the trade in the Pacific coincided with the War of Independence. This is not regarded as mere coincidence, because the death knell for the period of colonization was also the arrival bells for a modern world built on sovereign nations. The galleon trade itself ended as it yielded to faster ships, new routes opened up by the newly built Suez Canal, and liberalization of politics in centers such as Madrid.  But the galleon remains a vivid shadow of the present and the future of commerce and cultural exchange in the Pacific. The Filipinos and the Mexicans apparently created a mutually intelligible common culture; and they are determined to participate in global exchange, simply on the basis of this common heritage. THE OPENING ON NOVEMBER 17, 1869 OF THE SUEZ CANAL (EGYPT)  One of the most important artificial sea- level waterways in the world, paved the way for the Philippines' direct commercial relations with Spain instead of via Mexico. As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and vice versa was shortened to 30 days from more than two months, this positively affected the development of agricultural exports, which brought economic prosperity to native indios or the so-called "ilustrados" (Filipinos with money and education).  These development also paved the way for Filipino "ilustrados" to send their children to universities in Europe. The rise of the "ilustrados" was inevitable and they became the new patrons of the arts that led to the secularization of arts in the 19th century. The Suez Canal was often called the "crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia" because the route was used to transport goods to and from all three continents. The new route was built for 10 years by a French company led by Ferdinand de Lesseps. Before its opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. TRADE WITH EUROPE AND AMERICA  As long as the Spanish empire on the eastern rim of the Pacific remained intact and the galleons sailed to and from Acapulco, there was little incentive on the part of colonial authorities to promote the development of the Philippines, despite the initiatives of José Basco y Vargas during his career as governor in Manila. After his departure, the Economic Society was allowed to fall on hard times, and the Royal Company showed decreasing profits. The independence of Spain's Latin American colonies, particularly Mexico in 1821, forced a fundamental reorientation of policy. Cut off from the Mexican subsidies and protected Latin American markets, the islands had to pay for themselves. As a result, in the late eighteenth century commercial isolation became less feasible.  Growing numbers of foreign merchants in Manila spurred the integration of the Philippines into an international commercial system linking industrialized Europe and North America with sources of raw materials and markets in the Americas and Asia. In principle, non- Spanish Europeans were not allowed to reside in Manila or elsewhere in the islands, but in fact British, American, French, and other foreign merchants circumvented this prohibition by flying the flags of Asian states or conniving with local officials. In 1834 the crown abolished the Royal Company of the Philippines and formally recognized free trade, opening the port of Manila to unrestricted foreign commerce.  By 1856 there were thirteen foreign trading firms in Manila, of which seven were British and two American; between 1855 and 1873 the Spanish opened new ports to foreign trade, including Iloilo on Panay, Zamboanga in the western portion of Mindanao, Cebu on Cebu, and Legaspi in the Bicol area of southern Luzon. The growing prominence of steam over sail navigation and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 contributed to spectacular increases in the volume of trade. In 1851 exports and imports totaled some US$8.2 million; ten years later, they had risen to US$18.9 million and by 1870 were US$53.3 million. Exports alone grew by US$20 million between 1861 and 1870. British and United States merchants dominated Philippine commerce, the former in an especially favored position because of their bases in Singapore, Hong Kong, and the island of Borneo.  By the late nineteenth century, three crops--tobacco, abaca, and sugar-- dominated Philippine exports. The government monopoly on tobacco had been abolished in 1880, but Philippine cigars maintained their high reputation, popular throughout Victorian parlors in Britain, the European continent, and North America. Because of the growth of worldwide shipping, Philippine abaca, which was considered the best material for ropes and cordage, grew in importance and after 1850 alternated with sugar as the islands' most important export. Americans dominated the abaca trade; raw material was made into rope, first at plants in New England and then in the Philippines. Principal regions for the growing of abaca were the Bicol areas of southeastern Luzon and the eastern portions of the Visayan Islands.  Sugarcane had been produced and refined using crude methods at least as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century. The opening of the port of Iloilo on Panay in 1855 and the encouragement of the British vice consul in that town, Nicholas Loney (described by a modern writer as "a one-man whirlwind of entrepreneurial and technical innovation"), led to the development of the previously unsettled island of Negros as the center of the Philippine sugar industry, exporting its product to Britain and Australia. Loney arranged liberal credit terms for local landlords to invest in the new crop, encouraged the migration of labor from the neighboring and overpopulated island of Panay, and introduced stream-driven sugar refineries that replaced the traditional method of producing low-grade sugar in loaves. The population of Negros tripled. Local "sugar barons"--- the owners of the sugar plantations--became a potent political and economic force by the end of the nineteenth century. CHINESE MESTIZO IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Our knowledge is still insufficient to allow us to assess the overall significance of the mestizo in Philippine history. But on the basis of what we now know we can make some generalizations and some hypotheses for future study.  It is clear, in the first place, that the activities I have described are those of Chinese mestizos – not Spanish mestizos. While the Chinese mestizo population in the Philippines exceeded 200,000 by the late nineteenth century, the Spanish mestizo population was probably never more than 35,000. Furthermore, those who commented at all on the Spanish mestizo noted that he was interested in military matters or the “practical arts” – never in commerce. The aptitudes and attitudes of the Chinese mestizo were in sharp contrast to this.  Secondly, the Chinese mestizo rose to prominence between 1741 and 1898, primarily as a landholder and a middleman wholesaler of local produce and foreign imports, although there were also mestizos in the professions. The rise of the mestizos implies the existence of social change during the Spanish period, a condition that has been ignored or implicitly denied by many who have written about the Philippines. It needs to be emphasized that the mestizo impact was greatest in Central Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo. We cannot as yet generalize about other areas.  Third, the renewal of Chinese immigration to the Philippines resulted in diversion of mestizo energies away from commerce, so that the mestizos lost their change to become a native middle class, a position then taken over by the Chinese.  Fourth, the Chinese mestizos in the Philippines possessed a unique combination of cultural characteristics. Lovers of ostentation, ardent devotees of Spanish Catholicism – they seemed almost more Spanish than the Spanish, more Catholic than the Catholics. Yet with those characteristics they combined a financial acumen that seemed out of place. Rejecters of their Chinese heritage, they were not completely at home with their indio heritage. The nearest approximation to them was the urbanized, heavily-hispanized indio. Only when hispanization had reached a high level in the nineteenth century urban areas could the mestizo find a basis of rapport with the indio. Thus, during the late nineteenth century, because of cultural, economic, and social changes, the mestizos increasingly identified themselves with the indios in a new kind of “Filipino” cultural and national consensus. HYPOTHESES that may help further studies. 1. That today's Filipino elite is made up mostly of the descendants of indios and mestizos who rose to prominence on the basis of commercial agriculture in the latter part of the Spanish period. That in some respects the latter part of the Spanish period was a time of greater social change, in terms of the formation of contemporary Philippine society, than the period since 1898 has been. 2. That in the process of social change late in the Spanish period it was the mestizo, as a marginal element, not closely tied to a village or town, who acted as a kind of catalytic agent. In this would be included the penetration of money economy into parts of the Philippines. There were areas where the only persons with money were the provincial governors and the mestizos. 3. That the Chinese mestizo was an active agent of hispanization and the leading force in creating a Filipino culture characteristic now of Manila and the larger towns. 4. That much of the background explanation of the Philippine Revolution may be found by investigating the relationships between landowning religious orders, mestizo inquilinos, and indio kasamahan laborers. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORMS AND THE LATE COLONIAL CRISIS OF EMPIRE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE OF SALTILLO, 1777-1817  The massive efforts of the Bourbon monarchs of the late colonial period to give their Spanish-American empire a modern state apparatus, extract more revenues from it, and defend it effectively from foreign interlopers involved an unprecedented assertion of royal authority at all levels of government, including the local one.  Municipal government throughout the Americas became both an object of reform and one of the chief instruments of Bourbon reorganization at ground level. All the major activities and changes that required direct contact with the general population, from the taking of censuses and the establishment of militia units to the imposition of new taxes and the reorganization of the colonial financial structure, depended on municipal governments for their effective implementation.  When the world wars for empires among Britain, France, and Spain reached a crisis stage for the Bourbons with Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, the municipal governments became even more vital to the maintenance of the viceroyalties and the survival of the Spanish monarchy.  Learning Resources  Agoncillo, T. A. (1990). History of the Filipino People. 8th Ed. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing  Maguigad, R. B, et al. (2000). Rizal: The First Filipino. Manila: Libro Enterprises  Zaide, S. M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co. URL of photo/s used in module 1.2: https://www.google.com/search?q=Philippines+19th+centur y&sxsrf=AOaemvKvOezw5biPErB2XHCWoUrYD5M5KA:1633 516986741&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj Dour9zLXzAhWGE4gKHfLOCM8Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1 366&bih=657&dpr=1#imgrc=wr3QsaOAULfgOM References: https://www.google.com/search?q=king+ferdinand+vii+of+spain&sxsrf=AOaemvKs9BC gr8qDwEIxQZh94KbHEk7MDA:1634353529555&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2 ahUKEwiw0cOs- c3zAhWGZt4KHXreAugQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657&dpr=1#imgrc=8xZ2s epfw0CtuM https://www.google.com/search?q=spanish+cortes&hl=en&sxsrf=AOaemvLV1kxiol7- agg2T09V3asnuGC6zQ:1634354424225&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE wj06pHX_M3zAhXKFogKHR- qB6sQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1366&bih=657&dpr=1#imgrc=b6tmm8nQ1DAV0M https://www.google.com/search?q=galleon+trade+in+the+philippines+to+mexico&tb m=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiz3J21hM7zAhXTA6YKHeq-CFEQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=galleon+trade+in+the+philippines+to+mexico&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAz oHCCMQ7wMQJzoECAAQGDoECAAQHlCdoQZYquAGYNroBmgAcAB4AIABlwGIAZ0Mkg EEMC4xMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=FE1qYbOCJNOHm AXq_aKIBQ&bih=657&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=iznhM9YNRLH5tM&imgdii=XD09fhvCP oJFAM