Module 1 Introduction to Biological Science PDF

Module 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE NAT S...

Module 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE NAT SCI 001 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE to your 1st module! COLLEGE OF ARTS AND. SCIENCES Mrs. Vilma C. Alfonso Instructor San Mateo Municipal College Gen. Luna St. Guitnang Bayan I, San Mateo, Rizal Tel. No. (02) 997-9070 www.smmc.edu.ph  SAN MATEO MUNICIPAL COLLEGE NATSCI01: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE General Luna St., Guitnang Bayan I, San Mateo, Rizal Mrs. Vilma C. Alfonso Tel. No. (02) 997-9070 www.smmc.edu.ph MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE MODULE SCHEDULE: I. Synchronous : II. Asynchronous : LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the module, you must be able to; 1. explain the concepts and importance of Biological Science; 2. discuss the characteristics of life; 3. enumerate the different Branches of Biological Science ; 4. identify the different levels of biological organization; 5. describe the parts and functions of microscope and 6. determine some tools used in Biology. INPUT INFORMATION: Lecture/Discussion: 1. Quick Synopsis of the Nature of Science (What is Biological Science?) Science is a vast collection of knowledge and, like other fields has its own sub-branches. It has three main branches namely: Natural Science, Social Science and Applied Science. Social Science deals with human behavior, primarily in its social and cultural aspects. Applied Science deals with the application of the theoretical sciences, like those in the natural and social sciences. Natural Science is the branch of science where Biology is included, deals with the understanding and description of natures. It is divided into two; biological sciences, which deals with the study of living things, and physical science which deals with the study of non- living things. Physical Science is the branch of science that studies non-life forms. The following are the major branches of physical science: a. Physics is the study of matter and energy, their interaction and the changes they undergo. b. Chemistry concerns itself with the description and classification of matter, the changes it undergoes, the energy associated with this changes and their interaction. c. Earth Science is a branch of physical science that studies all aspect within planet earth. d. Astronomy is a branch of physical science that covers the study of all extra-terrestrial objects and phenomena. Biological Science is the branch of science that studies life. The following are the major branches of biological science: a. Microbiology is the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms. It studies microscopic organisms like Bacteria, protozoans, viruses and fungi. b. Zoology is the branch of biology that study animals, their life, structure, physiology, development and classification. c. Botany is the branch of biology that studies plants. d. Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of inherited characteristics.  e. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the relationship between plants, animals and their environment. Social Science is the study of society and social behavior. The following are the branches of social science: a. Politics is the science or art of political government. b. Economics is the science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services or the material welfare of humankind. c. Anthropology is the science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, social customs and belief of humankind. Applied Science is a discipline of science that applies scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications. The following are the branches of applied science: a. Medicine is the science of treating diseases with drugs or curative substances. b. Engineering is the science of practical application of knowledge of pure sciences. c. Technology is an applied science. It deals with the application of knowledge for practical ends. d. Architecture is the science of designing the character of style of infrastructure. FIELDS OF SCIENCE 2. Importance in Studying Biological Science a. Understand how cells and organisms work. b. Allows humans to better understand their bodies or tells about our body. c. Provides an in-depth, scientific understanding of how all living and non-living organisms interact with each other. d. Helps us to develop cures and treatments for many diseases, their resources and potential threats in the environment. e. To understand every organism alive, from the smallest bacteria to California redwoods and blue whales. 3. All living things are made up of one or more units called cells; they reproduce, they grow and develop; they obtain and use energy and they respond to their environment. Characteristics of Living Things a. Complex Organization Living things have a level of complexity and organization not found in lifeless objects. At its most fundamental level, a living thing is composed of one or more cells. These units, generally too small to be seen with the naked eye, are organized into tissues. A tissue is a series of cells that accomplish a shared function. Tissues, in turn, form organs, such as the stomach and kidney. A number of organs working together compose an organ system. An organism is a complex series of various organ systems. b. Metabolism Living things exhibit a rapid turnover of chemical materials, which is referred to as metabolism. Metabolism involves exchanges of chemical matter with the external environment and extensive transformations of organic matter within the cells of a living organism. Metabolism generally involves the release or use of chemical energy. Non-living things do not  display metabolism. c. Responsiveness All living things are able to respond to stimuli in the external environment. For example, living things respond to changes in light, heat, sound, and chemical and mechanical contact. To detect stimuli, organisms have means for receiving information, such as eyes, ears, and taste buds. To respond effectively to changes in the environment, an organism must coordinate its responses. A system of nerves and a number of chemical regulators called hormones coordinate activities within an organism. The organism responds to the stimuli by means of a number of effectors, such as muscles and glands. Energy is generally used in the process. Organisms change their behavior in response to changes in the surrounding environment. For example, an organism may move in response to its environment. Responses such as this occur in definite patterns and make up the behavior of an organism. The behavior is active, not passive; an animal responding to a stimulus is different from a stone rolling down a hill. Living things display responsiveness; non-living things do not. d. Growth Growth requires an organism to take in material from the environment and organize the material into its own structures. To accomplish growth, an organism expends some of the energy it acquires during metabolism. An organism has a pattern for accomplishing the building of growth structures. During growth, a living organism transforms material that is unlike itself into materials that are like it. A person, for example, digests a meal of meat and vegetables and transforms the chemical material into more of himself or herself. A non-living organism does not display this characteristic. e. Reproduction A living thing has the ability to produce copies of itself by the process known as reproduction. These copies are made while the organism is still living. Among plants and simple animals, reproduction is often an extension of the growth process. More complex organisms engage in a type of reproduction called sexual reproduction, in which two parents contribute to the formation of a new individual. During this process, a new combination of traits can be produced. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent, and the resulting cells are generally identical to the parent cell. For example, bacteria grow and quickly reach maturity, after which they split into two organisms by a process of asexual reproduction called binary fission. f. Evolution Living organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution. During evolution, changes occur in populations, and the organisms in the population become better able to metabolize, respond, and reproduce. They develop abilities to cope with their environment that their ancestors did not have. Evolution also results in a greater variety of organisms than existed in previous eras. This proliferation of populations of organisms is unique to living things. g. Ecology The environment influences the living things that it surrounds. Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their relationships with their environment. Both biotic factors (living things) and abiotic factors (non-living things) can alter the environment. Rain and sunlight are non-living components, for example, that greatly influence the environment. Living things may migrate or hibernate if the environment becomes difficult to live in. Key Terms: a. Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium) b. Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals) c. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction which does not involve the fusion of  gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. d. Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction involving the fusion of haploid female gamete (egg cell) and haploid male gamete (sperm cell). The fusion of these gametes occurs at fertilization resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote union of sex cells (sperm and egg). e. Metabolism is the total sum of all the chemical reactions in the body- the balance of anabolism and catabolism. f. Homeostasis is the process by which organism respond to stimuli in in ways that keep conditions in their body suitable for life. 4. Here are the different Branches of Biological Science (or Divisions of Biology) and their definitions & their related resources. a. Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. b. Biochemistry is the branch of biology concerned with the chemical and physiochemical processes that occur within living organisms. c. Biophysics is the science of the application of the laws of physics to biological phenomena. d. Biotechnology is the exploitation of biological processes such as genetic manipulation of micro-organisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc. e. Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, and it revolves around the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. f. Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. g. Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth (Darwinism). h. Immunology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity. i. Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water. j. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the proteins and nucleic acids. k. Mycology is the scientific study of fungi. l. Parasitology is the branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms. m. Virology is the branch of science that deals with the study of viruses. n. Cytology is the study of cells. o. Paleontology is the study of fossils of animals and plants that lived very long ago. p. Ichthyology is the study of fishes. q. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. r. Ornithology is the study of birds. s. Entomology is the study of insects. t. Herpetology is the science that deals with reptiles and amphibians. 5. The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Key Terms: a. The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. b. A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond. c. Cell is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. d. Tissues are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function. e. Organs are collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function. f. Organ system is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.  g. Organisms are individual living entities. h. Population are all the individuals of a species living within a specific area. i. A community is the set of populations inhabiting a particular area. j. An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non- living parts of that environment. k. Biosphere is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on Earth. It includes land, water, and portions of the atmosphere. 6. Functions and Parts of Microscope  Microscope is the most useful tool in dealing with microscopic creatures. It is a device that uses lenses to magnify objects which varies from a simple light microscope to a very advance electron microscope.  Microscope now has an advancement compared to other tools in laboratory. The most common type of microscope used in laboratory classes is a compound microscope.  Instead of using beams of light to illuminate the specimen being viewed, as inexpensive light microscopes do, an ELECTRON MICROSCOPE uses beams of electrons. The beams of electrons bring the finest details of the cell into focus and can allow even large molecules to be seen.  The 3 Basic Structural Components of a Microscope  Head/body – Houses the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope.  Base – Supports the microscope and houses the illuminator.  Arm – Connects to the base and supports the microscope head. Also used to carry the microscope. Optical Components: There are two optical systems in a compound microscope: Eyepiece Lenses and Objective Lenses:  Eyepiece or Ocular is what you look through at the top of the microscope.  Eyepiece Tube holds the eyepieces in place above the objective lens.  Objective Lenses are the primary optical lenses on a microscope.  Nosepiece houses the objectives.  Coarse and Fine Focus knobs are used to focus the microscope  Stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed.  Stage Clips are used when there is no mechanical stage. The viewer is required to move the slide manually to view different sections of the specimen.  Aperture is the hole in the stage through which the base transmit light reaches the stage.  Illuminator is the light source for a microscope, located in the base of the microscope.  Condenser is used to collect and focus the light from the illuminator on to the  specimen. It is located under the stage often in conjunction with an iris diaphragm.  Iris Diaphragm controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. It is located above the condenser and below the stage.  Condenser Focus Knob moves the condenser up or down to control the lighting focus on the specimen. 7. Basic Equipment used in Biological Experiments The daily routine of a biologist involves the use of basic equipment in their biology experiments such as microscopes, test tubes, beakers, and Bunsen burners as well as high-tech scientific equipment and computers. This equipment is necessary for the basic studies of biology: visualizing cells and organelles, as well as preparing samples of cells or fluids for testing or visualization, dissecting specimens, or mixing chemicals. a. To examine a specimen, biologists must place a sample whether the sample is blood, mucus, saliva, skin cells, or urine in or on something.  Slides: If the sample is going to be viewed under a microscope, some of the cells are gently smeared onto a glass slide, treated with a fixative so that the cellular components don’t move, and covered with a glass cover slip.  Test tubes: If the sample needs to be centrifuged, spun very rapidly to separate fluid and particles or needs to have solutions added to it.  Petri dishes: If a sample must be grown before it can be identified, the sample must be cultured. To culture a sample, a petri dish containing a culture medium is inoculated, or smeared and pressed, onto the medium.  Dyes are agents that color structures of the cell, which allow the structures to be more easily viewed when using a microscope.  Indicators are papers that are used to determine chemical characteristics, such as acidity and composition). Litmus paper is a common example. When dipped into a solution, litmus paper will turn red if the solution is acidic and blue if the solution is basic. Strips of pH paper have a range of colors that can be matched up to estimate the approximate pH of a solution.  b. The following equipment used to perform dissection:  A scalpel is an extremely sharp bladed instrument that can neatly split open skin and cut through muscle and organs.  Forceps are used to hold tissue out of the way or to pick up a structure.  A probe can be used to remove connective tissue or to lift a structure before it is dissected. c. The following equipment used for mixing solutions and chemicals:  Beakers are used when the solution mixed in it is going to be poured into something else. (They have a lip on them for pouring.)  Flasks have a narrow neck and are used when the solution may splash out of a beaker or when the container of solution needs to be plugged at some point in the experiment. LEARNING ACTIVITIES: Activity using Google Docs (link) ______________________________________________________________________________  Assessment/ Evaluation: Quiz using Google Docs (link) ASSIGNMENT: Explain the following briefly. 1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory. 2. Give the significant contributions of biologist in cell discovery. 3. Enumerate the cell types according to number of cells, structure, and function. 4. Distinguish the difference between the features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain the parts and functions of plant cell and animal cell. LEARNING RESOURCES: Books: Morano, Lourdes N (2011). Fundamentals of Biology.Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Chanco, Christine R (2005). Biological Science.Paranaque City: ACNN Printing Press Online Resources: https://www.dummies.com/education/science/biology/basic-equipment-used-in-biology- experiments/ https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biology/biology-quizzes/biology-quizzes https://www.britannica.com/technology/microscope https://www.bioexplorer.net/importance-of-biology.html/ https://www.bioexplorer.net/divisions_of_biology/ https://study.com/academy/lesson/8-characteristics-of-life-in-biology.html https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/parts-of-the-microscope--4 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biology/the-science-of-biology/quiz- characteristics-of-living- things https://www.homesciencetools.com/product/probe-and-seeker/ https://www.sks-science.com/chemistry-glassware-c-114_205.html