Intro to Biological Science

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main branches of science mentioned in the text?

Physical Science, Earth Science, Biology (correct)

Applied Science, Economics, Anatomy

Chemistry, Zoology, Astronomy

Natural Science, Social Science, Engineering

Define Metabolism as mentioned in the text.

Metabolism involves exchanges of chemical matter with the external environment and extensive transformations of organic matter within the cells of a living organism. It generally involves the release or use of chemical energy.

Living things exhibit metabolism, responsiveness, growth, and reproduction.

True

Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the ________ of organisms and their parts.

structure Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of science deals with the study of viruses?

Virology Signup and view all the answers

What is the branch of biology concerned with the study of cells?

Cytology Signup and view all the answers

Organs are collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function.

True Signup and view all the answers

The study of fossils of animals and plants that lived very long ago is known as __________.

paleontology Signup and view all the answers

Match the following branches of biology with their descriptions:

Mycology = Scientific study of fungi Parasitology = Study of parasitic organisms Herpetology = Science that deals with reptiles and amphibians Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 basic structural components of a microscope?

<ol> <li>Head/body, 2. Base, 3. Arm</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an iris diaphragm in a microscope?

Control amount of light reaching the specimen Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is used to hold tissue out of the way or pick up a structure during dissection?

Forceps Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is characterized by the presence of a nucleus?

Eukaryotic cell Signup and view all the answers

Match the following learning resources with their types:

Morano, Lourdes N (2011).Fundamentals of Biology.Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. = Book <a href="https://www.dummies.com/education/science/biology/basic-equipment-used-in-biology-experiments/">https://www.dummies.com/education/science/biology/basic-equipment-used-in-biology-experiments/</a> = Online Resource Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Biological Science

Biological Science is the branch of science that studies life, including living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, and interactions with the environment.
It is divided into two main branches: Biological Sciences (study of living things) and Physical Sciences (study of non-living things).

Branches of Biological Science

Microbiology: study of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.
Zoology: study of animals, their life, structure, physiology, development, and classification.
Botany: study of plants.
Genetics: study of heredity and variation of inherited characteristics.
Ecology: study of the relationship between plants, animals, and their environment.

Characteristics of Living Things

Complex Organization: living things are made up of one or more cells, which are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Metabolism: living things exhibit a rapid turnover of chemical materials, involving exchanges of chemical matter with the external environment and transformations within the cells.
Responsiveness: living things are able to respond to stimuli in the external environment.
Growth: living things have the ability to take in material from the environment and organize it into their own structures.
Reproduction: living things have the ability to produce copies of themselves.
Evolution: living things have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution.

Branches of Biology

Anatomy: study of the structure of organisms and their parts.
Biochemistry: study of the chemical and physiochemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Biophysics: study of the application of the laws of physics to biological phenomena.
Biotechnology: exploitation of biological processes for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
Cell biology: study of cell structure and function.
Ecology: study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Evolution: study of the process by which different kinds of living organisms developed and diversified from earlier forms.
Immunology: study of immunity.
Marine biology: study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water.
Molecular biology: study of the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids.
Mycology: study of fungi.
Parasitology: study of parasitic organisms.
Virology: study of viruses.
Cytology: study of cells.
Paleontology: study of fossils of animals and plants.
Ichthyology: study of fishes.
Ornithology: study of birds.
Entomology: study of insects.
Herpetology: study of reptiles and amphibians.

Biological Levels of Organization

Atom: smallest unit of matter.
Molecule: chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Cell: smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Tissue: group of similar cells carrying out the same function.
Organ: collection of tissues grouped together based on a common function.
Organ system: higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.
Organism: individual living entity.
Population: all individuals of a species living within a specific area.
Community: set of populations inhabiting a particular area.
Ecosystem: living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non-living parts of that environment.
Biosphere: collection of all ecosystems, representing the zones of life on Earth.

Microscope

Device that uses lenses to magnify objects.
Compound microscope: most common type of microscope used in laboratory classes.
Electron microscope: uses beams of electrons to bring the finest details of the cell into focus.
Three basic structural components: head/body, base, and arm.
Optical components: eyepiece lenses, objective lenses, and condenser.
Stage: where the specimen to be viewed is placed.
Aperture: hole in the stage through which the base transmits light reaches the stage.

Equipment Used in Biological Experiments

Microscopes: for visualizing cells and organelles.
Test tubes: for centrifuging, adding solutions, and mixing chemicals.
Petri dishes: for growing cultures.
Dyes: for staining structures of the cell.
Indicators: for determining chemical characteristics.
Dissection equipment: scalpel, forceps, and probe.
Beakers and flasks: for mixing solutions and chemicals.### Cell Types
Classified into two main categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells: lack true nucleus, have single large molecule of DNA, no membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells: have true nucleus, multiple linear chromosomes, and membrane-bound organelles

Features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells: typically small, simple, and ancient, with a single circular chromosome
Eukaryotic cells: larger, more complex, and evolved from prokaryotes, with multiple linear chromosomes
Key differences: size, complexity, number of chromosomes, and presence of membrane-bound organelles

Plant Cell and Animal Cell

Plant cell: has cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuole, responsible for photosynthesis
Animal cell: lacks cell wall, has centrioles, and smaller vacuole, responsible for various functions

Subcellular Components

Nucleus: contains genetic material, controls cell growth and reproduction
Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Chloroplasts: responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells
Vacuole: stores water, salts, and other substances

Importance of Biology

Helps us understand living organisms, their functions, and interactions
Applications in medicine, agriculture, and conservation

Divisions of Biology

Botany: study of plants
Zoology: study of animals
Microbiology: study of microorganisms
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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Description

Introduction to biological science, covering the basics of biological science and its importance in the field of science.