Module 1: History of Medical Technology Profession PDF

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This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 At the end of this unit, the student should be able to: 1. Discuss the history of medical technology in a global and local context. Unit 1 2. Identify the important personalities that played significant roles in the progress of medical technology profession 3. Cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology field. 2 This content is protected and may not be shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 300 B.C- Hippocrates- Galen- Greek physician and philosopher→ Four Humors (blood, considered “Father of Medicine” and phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) author of Hippocratic Oath Medieval Europe- diagnosis by “water casting” (uroscopy) was widely practiced urine taste testing 900 A.D- first book detailing characteristics of urine 11th Century- medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination (relied on S/S) The Oath The Hippocratic Oath (Ορκος) is perhaps the most widely 18th Century- mechanical techniques and cadaver dissections known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold were used a number of professional ethical standards. It also strongly binds the student to his teacher and the greater community Spirometer (John Hutchinsons) and Sphygmomanometer of physicians with responsibilities similar to that of a family (Jules Herisson) member. In fact, the creation of the Oath may have marked Exploring the 175-year history of spirometry and the vital lessons it can the early stages of medical training to those outside the first families of Hippocratic medicine, the Asclepiads of 19th Century- physicians began using machines for diagnosis or teach us today | European Respiratory Society (ersjournals.com) Kos, by requiring strict loyalty. 3 therapeutics and use of chemistry was pivotal in diagnosis of 4 It also does not explicitly contain the phrase, “First, do no harm,” which is commonly attributed to it. diabetes, anemia, diphtheria and syphilis https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/topics/greek-medicine/index.html 1969- 80% of medical professionals were non-physicians Stethoscope Microscope Rene Laennec Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Used to acquire information developed for medical about the lungs and purposes due to advances in heartbeats lenses and lower costs 5 6 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 1 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 Ophthalmoscope Laryngoscope Hermann von Helmholz Manuel Garcia developed for medical Observe the throat and purposes due to advances in larynx lenses and lower costs 7 8 X-ray Electrocardiograph Wilhelm Roentgen allow physicians to view the insides of William Einthoven the body without surgery; Measure electrical changes used to diagnose Pneumonia, during the beating of the pleurisy (Inflammation of heart Pleural Cavity caused by viral infection), and Tuberculosis. 9 10 Kenny Method Sylvia Stretcher Elizabeth Kenny Elizabeth Kenny treatment of Polio (Infantile new stretcher intended for Paralysis) using hot packs transporting patients in shock and muscle manipulation 11 12 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 2 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 Drinker respirator Heart-Lung Machine Dr. John Gibbon Philip Drinker AKA cardiopulmonary bypass help patients with Paralytic machine anterior poliomyelitis recover apparatus used during open-heart normal respiration with the surgery to oxygenate and pump assistance of artificial respirator blood, performing the functions of both the heart and lungs temporarily. 13 14 1985-University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Cardiac catheterization and Angiography Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened First operated by Forsmann in 1929; 1918- John Kolmer published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians Developed by Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi 1920- Administrative units of clinical laboratories in Discovered safe for humans by large hospitals were directed by a chief physicians Cournand; and clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to 5 divisions Made for seeing the heart, lung including Clinical Pathology,Bacteriology, vessels and valves possible through Microbiology, Serology and Radiology. inserting a cannula in an arm vein and into the heart with an injection of 1922-American Society for Clinical Pathology radiopaque dye for X-ray (ASCP) was founded established the Code of Ethics William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine for technicians and technologists https://www.sas.upenn.edu/hss/microbio/insts2.html visualization. 15 1950s-Medical Technologists in the US sought 16 professional recognition through licensure exams 16th Century- Spanish Empire established Manila as 1876- Provincial medical officers were appointed to their capital provide Health care services throughout the country. 1565- Hospital Real in Cebu was moved to Manila to 1883- The Board of Health and Charity was established cater military patients and was expanded in 1886. 1578- Franciscans built San Lazaro Hospital 1887- The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was 1596- Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for established by the Spanish Authorities for laboratory poor Spaniards examinations of food, water and clinical samples 1641- Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite headed by General Antonio Luna as chemical expert in 1611- Dominicans founded UST this Laboratory. 1871- UST established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine; Journals of Science and Medicine were Shown here are lepers being treated in San Lazaro Hospital. also published including the Boletin de Medicina de https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/ Manila (1886), the Revista Farmaceutica de Filipinas The%20Legacy%20Book%202nd%20Edition_0.pdf (1893), and ronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895) 17 18 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 3 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 19TH CENTURY- The Spaniards, who were 1914-The Bureau worked with the Army Board for the considered to be authorities in Medicine, started Study of the Tropical Diseases until the latter was exploring the microbial causes of diseases. disbanded. 1898-The Spanish Military Hospital was converted into 1915- The Board of Health established by the the First Reserve Hospital by Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott Americans was changed into the Bureau of Health and who was a Chief Surgeon of the Division of the Pacific was reorganized into the Philippine Health Service but and Eighth Army Corps. later on reverted to the Bureau of Health by1933. 1901- The US Government, through the Philippine 1927-The University of the Philippines’ College of Commission, established a Bureau of Government Public Health (UPCPH) formally opened its Certificate Laboratories under the Philippine Commission Act No. in Health Program in June1927 with the aim to provide 156. proper training to the Philippine Health Service’s Philippine Medical School 1905-The Bureau of Science was established for Medical Officers. medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research. 19 20 December 8, 1941-Japan attacked the whole of Manila 1944-The 19th Medical General Laboratory, 3rd through aerial assault and deployment of troops just ten Medical Laboratory, and the 363rd Medical Composite hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Detachment operated in Leyte. June 18, 1942-The 3rd Medical Laboratory was the first 26th Medical Laboratory operated in Tacloban and 27th laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Medical Laboratory operated in Lingayen Gulf. Area (SWPA). First clinical laboratory in the Philippines established 1944-US forces landed in Leyte, the laboratories during WW II by 6th Infantry Division of the US army including the 3rd , 5th and 8th Medical Laboratories at Quiracada St. Sta. Cruz, Manila ( known now as and the 19th Medical Laboratory were relocated to the Manila Public Health Laboratory) West Pacific Area. Added to the list were the 26th and 27th Medical Laboratories and the 363rd Medical Composite Detachment. 21 22 June 1945- US Army left and endorsed laboratory to National Department of Health and was non-operational 1954- Philippine Union College( Adventist University of the Philippines) absorbed MSH’s School of MT October 1945- Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano reopened the laboratory Dr. Jesse Umali- first graduate of the MT program; Graduate Doctor of Medicine at the Far Eastern University (FEU) and became a successful OB- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana- conducted a training program for gynecologist in the US aspiring laboratory workers and 6 month training program was prepared 1957- UST offered Medical Technology course as an elective for pharmacy 1954- Bureau of Private Education approved a 4-year course in BSMT students Manila Sanitarium Hospital (MSH)- opened the first school of MT under the 1961- Medical Technology was recognized as official program in UST leadership of Mrs. Villa Hedrick 1960- CEU offered BS Medical Technology 23 24 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 4 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Louis Pasteur, Father of Microbiology successfully produced immunity to Rabies; Pasteurization known for his work on the improvement of the Gregor Mendel, Microscope enunciated his Law of Inherited characteristics from Edward Jenner studies on plants. Discovered Vaccination to establish immunity to Joseph Lister small pox; Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by Impact of Contribution: Immunology airborne organisms Marie Francois Xavier Bichat Robert Koch Identified organs by types of tissues Presented the first pictures of Bacilli (Anthrax), and later Impact of Contribution: Histology Tubercle Bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Agostino Bassi Elie Metchnikoff 25 26 Produced disease in worms through injection of Described phagocytes in blood and their role of fighting organic material – the beginning of bacteriology infection Ernst von Bergmann James Westgard Introduced Steam Sterilization in Surgery Introduced the Westgard rules for quality control in the Clinical Laboratory Karl Landsteiner Distinguished blood groups through the development of Baruch Samuel Blumberg, the ABO Blood Group System introduced the Hepatitis B Vaccine Von Wassermann Kary Mullis, Developed immunologic test for Syphilis developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); used to amplify DNA Howard Ricketts Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between Andre van Steirteghem bacteria and viruses called Rickettsiae. Introduced the Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (IVF) Hans Fischer, worked out the structure of Hemoglobin (Heme + Iron) James Thomson, 27 28 derived the first human Stem Cell line. Jonas Salk, Developed Poliomyelitis Vaccine Robert Hooke - used the microscope to document the existence of cells and Rufus of Ephesus - first description of hematuria attributed to the failure of kidneys to inspired the works of later histologists (1635–1703) function properly in filtering the blood (50 AD) Marcello Malpighi - founder of histology; famous for his investigations on Galen - created a system of pathology that combined Hippocrates’ humoral theories embryology and the histology and physiology of the glands and viscera (1628– with the Pythagorean theory; founder of experimental physiology (180 AD) 1694) Isaac Judaeus - devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid (900 AD) Frederik Dekkers – observed that urine that contained protein would form a William Harvey - discovered the circulation of blood; marked the beginning of a period precipitate when boiled with acetic acid (1694) of mechanical explanations for a variety of functions and processes (1578-1657) Thomas Willis - first to noticed the characteristic sweet taste of diabetic urine, Athanasius Kircher - earliest microscopist; probably the first to use the microscope to which established the principle for the differential diagnosis of diabetes mellitus investigate the causes of disease (1602–1680) and diabetes insipidus (1621–1675) 29 Richard Lower - first to perform direct transfusion of blood from one animal to 30 another (1631–1691) SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 5 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 William Hewson - discovered the cause of coagulation, which he Robert Koch – discovered the complete life history and sporulation of the anthrax called“coagulable lymph,” now known as fibrinogen (1739–1774) bacillus; developed a method of obtaining pure cultures of organisms; played a Johannes Evangelista Purkinje – works include descriptions of the germinal role in perfecting the method of steam sterilization; discovered the tubercle vesicle in the embryo, description and naming of protoplasm, discovery of the bacillus by other special culture and staining methods and formulated a rule for sudoriferous glands of the skin and their excretory ducts, and numerous determining the specificity of disease-causing organisms; discovered Vibrio descriptions of brain, nerve, and muscle cells (1823) cholera and recognized its routes of transmission (1843–1910) Louis Pasteur – introduced the concepts of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Joseph Lister – discovered methods of antisepsis using carbolic acid (1827–1912) discovered partial heat sterilization or Pasteurization; attenuated vaccines (1822– Sir Almroth Edward Wright - first to observe the role of calcium salts in the 1895) coagulation of blood; devised a coagulometer to estimate coagulation time. Sir William Osler – established ward laboratories at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where routine tests were carried out by attending physicians (1898) 31 32 Paul Ehrlich - developed many methods of drying and fixing blood smears using R. J. Petri – developed the plating technique using double dishes now called Petri heat; discovered mast cells and saw their granulations using a basic aniline stain; dishes (1887) classified white blood cells into different morphological types; discovered Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk - discovered the antibacterial action prontosil, methylene blue as a bacterial stain (1854–1915) a derivative of sulfonamide (1895–1964) Sir Alexander Fleming – accidentally discovered penicillin (1881–1955) Otto Folin - introduced Jaffe’s alkaline picrate method for creatinine; published Christian Gram - developed the bacteriological staining method most widely the first normal values for uric acid, NPN, and protein in blood for assessment of used today (1884) renal function; discovered the Folin Ciocalteau reagent (b1904-1922) Karl Landsteiner - discovered the concept of the human blood types; described the ABO blood group; studied bleeding in newborns and contributed to the discovery of the Rh factor (1868–1943) 33 34 James C. Todd – edited and published the first textbook of laboratory medicine entitled A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis (1908) John Kolmer - published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians,” which included a description of the first formal training course in medical technology (1918) G.N. Papanicolaou - first reported the ability to recognize cancer in vaginal smears, thus beginning clinical cytology (1928) Any Questions? 35 36 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 6 This content is protected and may not be 18.09.2024 shared, uploaded, or distributed. All Rights Reserved. ©2024 37 SSLCBSMT1-SY24-25 7