1. History of Medical Technology Profession.pdf

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – MANILA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 MICHAEL C. BERNARDINO, RMT,MPH JEROME N. CASTAÑEDA, RMT, MSMLS LEARNING O UT C OMES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: Di...

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – MANILA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1 MICHAEL C. BERNARDINO, RMT,MPH JEROME N. CASTAÑEDA, RMT, MSMLS LEARNING O UT C OMES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: Discuss the history of medical technology in a global context Identify the important personalities that played significant roles in the progress of the medical technology profession Cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology field HISTORY OF MEDICAL LABORATORY PROFESSION  HIS T ORY O F MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT Hippocrates F a ther of M edi cine A uthor of H i ppocr atic Oa th Qual i tative as s essment of di s order F o ur humors ( bl o od, phl e g m, y e l l ow bi l e, bl ack bi l e) TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT HISTORY OF MED ICAL Hi ppocrat es Advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease Bubbles, blood and pus in urine (kidney disease and chronic illnesses) Galen Diabetes (diarrhea of urine) Fluid intake and urine volume TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT In medi e val Europe , di agnosi s by water casting HISTORY OF MED ICAL (uroscopy) was wi dely practi ced. 900 AD, the f i rst book de tai li ng the characteri sti cs of uri ne was wri tte n. Medicine and me di cal te chnology advanced because of the hi gh mortali ty rate cause d by plagues and othe r di se ase s. 11ᵗ ʰ century, conducti ng physi cal e x ami nati ons were not allowe d. Reli ed on the pati ent’s descri pti on of symptoms and observati ons. TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT 18ᵗʰ century, me chani cal te chni ques and HISTORY OF MED ICAL cadaver di ssecti on were used to provi de a more objecti ve and accurate di agnosis and to understand the i nsi des of the body. 19 ᵗʰ century, usi ng of machi ne s for diagnosis or therapeuti cs. John Hut chi ns on – Spi ro me te r Jules Herrison – Sphygmomete r Chem i s t ry – pi votal i n the di agnosis of di abetes, anemi a, di phtheri a, syphi li s  1896 1840 1850 1855 1859 St et ho scope (Rene Mi croscope (Antoni e Ophthalmoscope Laryngoscope (Manuel X -ray (Wi lhelm L aennec) Van Leeuwenho ek) ( Hermann vo n Garci a) Roentgen) Helmho t z) TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT In mid 1800s, laboratori e s de si gned for HISTORY OF MED ICAL analyzi ng medi cal speci mens we re organi ze d by chemical e xpe rts. In mi d 1900s, techni cal laboratori e s re gulate d by the Ce nte rs f or Di se ase Control and Preventi on (CDC) began to be use d f or me di cal diagnosti cs i n the US. In early 20 ᵗ ʰ century, i mproveme nts i n basi c science s and i nte grati on of sci entific and technologi cal di scoveri es marke d the advance s i n medi cal technology.  1903 1910 1927 1939 1941 Elect ro cardi ograph Kenny Method Dri nker respi rator Heart -lung Machi ne Cardi ac ( Wi lli am Ei nthoven) (Eli zabeth Kenny) ( Phi li p Dri nker) ( Hermann von catheteri zati on and Helmho lt z) angi ograph (Andre Cournand) TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL CONTEXT Further i nte grati on of te chnology with science HISTORY OF MED ICAL ushere d i n new medi cal advance me nts such as the ele ctron mi croscope , ne w medical imaging technologi es, and prostheti c devi ce s. Medi cal Technology breakthroughs pe rsi st through roboti cs, surge ry proce dures, genetic engi neeri ng and telemedi ci ne.  HIST ORY O F MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN T HE UNITED STATES 1895, t h e Un i versi t y of Pen n sylva n i a ’ s W i lli a m Pepper La bora t ory of C li n i ca l Medi ci n e wa s open ed t o h i gh li gh t t h e servi ce role of cli n i ca l la bora t ori es. 1918, Joh n Kolmer ca lled for t h e developmen t of a met h od t h a t would certify medical technologists on a national scale; “The Dema nd for a n d Tra i n i n g of La bora t ory Tech n i ci a n s” 1920, the administrative units of clinical laboratories in large h ospi t a ls were di rect ed by a ch i ef ph ysi ci a n. Clinical laboratories consisted of 4 to 5 divisions including cli n i ca l pa t h ology, ba ct eri ology, mi crobi ology, serology a n d radiology. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y 1922, the Ame ri can Soci e ty f or Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded. IN THE UNITED STATES The Ame ri can Soci e ty f or Cli ni cal Laboratory Sci ence (formerly, Ameri can Soci e ty f or Me di cal Technologi sts) was ori gi nally f ormed as a subgroup of ASCP. 1950s, Me di cal Te chnologi sts i n the US sought professi onal recogni ti on from the gove rnme nt of their e ducati onal quali f i cati ons through li censure laws.  HIST ORY O F MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN T HE PHILIPPINES 1565, the first hospital Spaniards established (Hospital Real in Cebu) was moved to Manila to cater to military patients. 1578, the Franciscans built the San Lazaro Hospital. 1596, Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for poor Spaniards. 1641, Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y The Domi ni cans f ounde d the University of Santo Tomas i n 1611. IN THE PHILIPPINES 1871, establi she d the f i rst f aculties of pharmacy and medi ci ne. Journals of sci e nce and me di ci ne were also establi shed: 1886 – B ole ti n de Me di ci na de Manila 1893 – Revi sta Farmaceuti ca de Fi li pi nas 1895 – Croni cas de Ci e nci as Me dicas HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y 1876, Provi nci al medi cal offi cers we re appoi nted to provi de health care se rvi ce s throughout the country. ,1883, establi shment of the Board of H e alth and IN THE PHILIPPINES Chari ty. (expanded i n 1886). 1887, Laboratori o Muni ci pal de Manila was establi shed; Phi li ppi ne war hero, Ge ne ral Antonio L una, was e mploye d as a chemical expert i n thi s laboratory and pi one e re d wate r testing, f ore nsi cs, and e nvi ronmental studies. By the end of 19 ᵗ ʰ century, the Spani ards who were consi de re d to be authori ti es in medicine, started explori ng the mi crobi al cause s of disease s.  A d v ancements in med ic ine and healt h c ar e dur ing S p a n i s h c olonial r ule b r oke d own b ec a u s e of t h e HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y Philip p ine -A merican w ar w hic h w as las t ed fr om 1899 - 1 902 ; A mer ic ans es t ab lished p ub lic h ea lt h ins t itutions mod eled af t er milit ar y healt h c ar e IN THE PHILIPPINES s ys tems. The S p anis h milit ar y hos p ital w as c onver ted int o t he f i r s t Res er v e Hos p it al in 1898 b y Lt. Col. H en r y Lip inc ott (c hief s ur geon of t he D iv ision of t he Pac ific a n d E ig ht A r my Cor p s ). Th i s hos p ital had a d iag nostic lab or a tory b u t w a s n ot f u lly maximized when it fir s t b ec ame op er a t i ona l d u e t o i t s d ir ec tor c ont racting t yp hoid f ev er. Ri c h a r d P. St r ong, t he s uc cessor, ut i li zed t h e la b or atory t o p er for m aut op sies an d t o exa mi n e b lood , f ec es ,and ur ine along w it h ot her labor at ory s er v i ces. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y 1901, Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Philipp ine Commiss io n Act No. 156 Located at Calle Herran (Pedro Gil), Ermita, Manila IN THE PHILIPPINES Had a science library, chemica l section, and serum laborator y for productio n of vaccines First director – Paul Freer 1905, reorganizat ion of the Bureau of Government Laboratories (Bureau of Science was established ) The Bureau worked with the Army Board for the Study of the Tropical Diseases (disbande d in 1914) The Bureau of Science worked closely with Philipp ine General Hospital and Universit y of the Philipp ines  At the end of the Philippine -Ameri can war, the HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y civilian Board of Health established by the Americans was changed into Bureau of Health. 1915, reorganized into the Philippine Health Service but later on reverted to the Bureau of Health by IN THE PHILIPPINES 1933. June 1927, University of the Philippines, College of Public Health formally opened its certificate in Public Health program. December 8, 1941, Japan attacked Manila through aerial assault and deployment of troops just ten hours after bombing Pearl Harbor. 2ⁿᵈ WW resulted in massive casualties. June 18, 1942, 3d Medical Laboratory was the first laboratory unit to be assigned in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA).  During WW 2, First clinical laboratory in the HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y Philippines was established ( Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila). Manila Public Health Laborato ry June 1945, the laboratory was endorsed to the IN THE PHILIPPINES National Department of Health (non -operational until it was reopened in October of the same year by Dr. Pio De Roda with the help of Dr. Marciano Icasiano -Manila City Health Officer). Dr. Pio De Roda along with Dr. Prudenciado Sta. Ana, conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers. Dr. Sta. Ana, was asked to prepare a six -month formal syllabus for the training program (with certificate ). Dr. Tirso Briones joined. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y The training program ended in 195 4. Bureau of Priv ate Educ ation approv ed a f our -year course in Bac helor of Sc ienc e in Medic al Tec hnology. Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) opened the first School of IN THE PHILIPPINES Medic al Tec hnology in the Philippines. (under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hedrick, wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick). MSH s tarted its medic al interns hip and res idency training program whic h was af f iliated with Loma Linda University in California. 195 4 , the Philippine Union College (PUC) in Baesa , Caloocan City N ow, Adventist University of the Philippines absorbed MSH’s Sc hool of Medic al Tec hnology. D r. Jes s e Umali, f irs t graduate of the medic al technology program (graduated as D oc tor of Medic ine at Far Eastern University and bec ame s uc c es sful OB -gy nec ologis t in the US). HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOG Y IN THE PHILIPPINES University of Santo Tomas initially offered the M edica l Tec hnolog y c ours e a s a n elec tive f or Pharmacy students in 1957. 1961, M edic a l Tec hnolog y wa s rec og nized a s a n official program in UST.  INVENTIO NS AND INNOVATIONS IN T HE FIELD O F MEDICAL LABORATO RY 1660 – Ant onie Van Leeuwenhoek The father of microbiology known for the work on the improvement of microscope 1796 – Edward Jenner Discovered vaccination to establish immunit y t o smallpox 1800 – Marie Franco is X av ier B ichat Identified organs by their types of tissues 1835 – Agost ino B assi Produced disease in worms by injections of organic material (the beginning of bact eriology ) THE FIELD OF MEDICAL LABORATORY INVENTI ONS AND INNOVATI ONS IN 18 57 – Louis Pasteur Su cce s s fully produced immu n ity t o ra bie s 18 66 – G re gor Me ndel En u nciated h is l a w o f in h e rited ch a racte ris tics fro m stu dents o n pl a nt s 18 70 – Jose ph Li ste r Demo n st rat ed t h a t s u rgica l in fe ct ions a re ca u s e by a irbo rne o rga nisms 18 77 – R obe rt Koch P resented th e first pictu res o f ba cil l i ( a n thrax), a n d l a ter t u be rcl e ba cil li 18 8 6 – Ellie Metchnikoff Describe d phagocy tes in bl o o d a n d t h e ir ro l e in figh ting in fection THE FIELD OF MEDICAL LABORATORY INVENTI ONS AND INNOVATI ONS IN 190 2 – Karl Landsteiner Distin guished bl o o d gro u ps t h ro ugh t he de ve l opme nt o f th e ABO bl o o d gro u p s y s t e m 190 6 – August von W asse rman Devel oped immu n ologic t e s t s fo r s y ph il is 190 6 – Howard R i cke tts Disco ve red micro o rganis ms w h o s e ra n ge l ie s be t w e en ba cteria a n d viru ses ca l l ed rick ettsiae 1929 – Hans Fi sche r W o rk ed o u t th e stru cture o f h emoglobin 1954 – Jonas S alk Devel oped po l iomyelitis va ccin e THE FIELD OF MEDICAL LABORATORY INVENTI ONS AND INNOVATI ONS IN 1973 – James westgard In tro duced t h e w e s t gard ru l e s fo r qu a l it y co n t rol in th e cl in ical l a bo rat ory 198 0 – Baruch S am ue l Blum berg In tro duced t h e H e pa titis B va ccin e 198 5 – Kary Mulli s Devel oped t h e P o l y merase Chain R e a ct ion (P CR) 1992 – Andre Van S teirteghem In tro duced t h e in t ra cyt oplas mic s pe rm in j e ct ion ( IV F) 1998 – James T homson Derive d t h e firs t h u man s t e m ce l l l in e