Ancient History of Science & Technology PDF

SCIENCE Cuneiform - The Sumerians SCIENCE is (knowledge from) the developed the first form of writing careful study of the structure and called “cuneiform” to maintain...

SCIENCE Cuneiform - The Sumerians SCIENCE is (knowledge from) the developed the first form of writing careful study of the structure and called “cuneiform” to maintain behavior of the physical world, business records. especially by watching, measuring, and doing experiments, and the Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia was an development of theories to describe ancient region located in the eastern the results of these activities Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by SCIENTISTS (Natural Philosophers in the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast the Ancient Time) formulate testable by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to explanations and predictions based today’s Iraq, mostly, but also parts of on their observations modern-day Iran, Syria and Turkey. TECHNOLOGY Egyptians TECHNOLOGY is the application of Aeolipile or steam engine - Hero of scientific knowledge for practical Alexandria as he was often known, purposes, especially in industry. It is was a Greek born in 10AD in a scientific or industrial process, Alexandria, part of Egypt, invented invention, method, or the like. the Aeolipile or steam engine. It was It is from Greek from tekhnē (art or used to automate opening of temple craft) and -logia (study or doors by lighting a fire on the altar. knowledge). Papyrus Sheets - Papyrus sheets are ANTECEDENT is a thing or event the earliest paper-like material that existed before or logically Ox-drawn Plough - Using the power precedes another of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture. —----------ANCIENT TIMES—---------- Ink - The black ink was the often used Mesopotamians one for writing in hieroglyphs. This Wheel - The wheel was used not for ink was very black like carbon black transportation but as a potter's wheel and could not deteriorate when and existed around 3500 BC. applied over the papyrus to write. Chariot - It was originally based on Sunclock (sundial) - The Egyptians two wheels which were attached with were so advanced that had the idea of an animal like a horse using wood calculating time as early as the and ropes 3,500BC and they invented the sun clock (sundial). The sundial made it  possible to differentiate between and an earthquake, the dragon facing the predict morning, afternoon and closest direction would open its night. The oldest surviving sun clock mouth releasing the ball into the was found in 2013 in the Valley of the mouth of a small bronze frog Kings. underneath. Mummification - The ancient Paper - Although the discovery of Egyptians believed in the afterlife, paper is linked to 105 AD, recent plenty of gods and goddesses which archaeological discoveries suggest made it possible to actually start the that it already existed in Ancient process of mummification (to China from around 100 BC. Back preserve the human body from then, the paper was made from decaying). They wholeheartedly mulberry tree bark but the creator believed that when a Pharaoh dies his later included hemp and fishnets to life energy (ka) would move from his strengthen it. body to another realm temporarily, Gunpowder - Gunpowder was so it was important to them to invented in the Tang dynasty in the preserve the body from decaying ninth century by alchemists when the spirit returns. searching for an elixir of immortality. Gunpowder is a mixture of charcoal, Chinese saltpeter and sulfur. Great Wall - This is one of the seven Mechanical Clock - The first famous wonders of the world, mechanical clock in Europe was representing a series of fortifications created around the beginning of the made initially of stone, earth and 13th century. However, the first later of bricks. It was erected in 221 Chinese mechanical clock was BC with the goal of protecting the created in 725 by Yi Xing, a Buddhist northern borders of the country from monk, astronomer, mathematician different nomadic groups that and mechanical engineer who lived invaded the Chinese Empire during the Tang Dynasty (from 618 to Compass - Originally, it was used in 907).. His clock worked by dripping fortune-telling and architecture until water that activated a wheel. the Chinese figured out it could be used for traveling Seismograph - Each of the dragons was facing downwards and had a small ball in its mouth. In the case of  —----Greek Natural Philosophers—--- engineer, physicist and mathematician Thales of Miletus (620 – 546 BC) Ctesibius (285–222 BCE) who lived in Anaximander of Miletus (611 – 547 BC) Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. But, Plato Plato (427 – 347 BC) (428–348 BCE), a Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384 –322 BC) constructed his own version of an alarm Ptolemy (90 – 168 CE) clock with vessels much ahead of Ctesibius. The Greeks’ interest in the field of Aristotle (of Stagira) (384-– 322 BCE) science can be seen as far back as the Aristotle decided the Earth must be a sixth century BC, and they have often globe. The concept of a sphere for the been hailed as the fathers of science, Earth appears in Plato's Phaedo, but medicine, zoology, and many other Aristotle elaborates and estimates areas. the size. Their findings in the areas of Aristotle classified animals and is the astronomy, geography, and father of zoology. mathematics made them pioneers in the field of science. Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria (90– 168 CE) - Ptolemy founded the Ptolemaic System Thales of Miletus (620 – 546 BC) - Thales of geocentric astronomy, which held for was a geometer, military engineer, 1,400 years. He drew maps with latitude and astronomer, and logician. Probably longitude and developed the science of influenced by Babylonians and Egyptians, optics. Thales discovered the solstice and equinox and is credited with predicting a —-----MIDDLE AGE INVENTIONS—----- battle-stopping eclipse thought to be on 8 1. MECHANICAL CLOCK May 585 B.C Timekeeping devices have emerged since the ancient world, but it was Anaximander of Miletus (611 – 547 BC) - not until the Middle Ages that the He invented the gnomon on the sundial technology was invented that allowed (although some say it came from the for mechanical clocks to accurately Babylonians), providing a way to keep track keep track of time. The knowledge of of time. He also created a map of the known not only what hour it was, but even world. He was one of the first cartographers what minute and second it was, would change the way people Plato (428-348 BCE) - Ancient alarm clock scheduled their days and work used by the Egyptians was made by a Greek patterns, especially in urban areas. 2. PRINTING PRESS 5. SPINNING WHEEL While printing technology had been Spinning Wheels may have their developed in 11th century China, it origin in India sometime between the was the 15th century German 5th and 10th Century AD. There is Johannes Gutenberg and his printing evidence they were in use in China at press that started a new era of the about 1000 AD. They reached Europe mass production of books. Until the via the Middle East, by around 1400. rise of computers in the 20th century, The spinning wheel replaced the books and the printed word would earlier method of hand spinning, in remain the dominant form of media which the individual fibers were for the world’s knowledge. drawn out of a mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to 3. EYEGLASSES form a continuous strand, and then Although we are not sure who can be wound on a second stick. credited with the invention of eyeglasses, this device could be found BLACK DEATH in Western Europe in the latter years The mass disruption to medieval of the 13th century. Its ability to society caused by the plague set the correct vision problems makes it one progress of science and discovery of the most useful medieval back, and the knowledge would not inventions and a great benefit to reemerge until the Renaissance. hundreds of millions of people today. About 35% of the English population died due to the Black Death. The 4. WATER AND WINDMILLS devastation was so severe that you While mills were in use from might have found entire ghost towns antiquity, it would be in the Early in the English countryside where the Middle Ages that they became very whole town was killed by the plague. popular. Throughout the medieval period, new and ingenious forms of mills were invented, which allowed people to harness the energy from natural forces like rivers and wind, a process that continues to the Present-day  —---------RENAISSANCE—--------- Laws of the Universe Leonardo daVinci Inventions Johannes Gutenburg Siege Defenses Moveable Type War Scythe Latin Bible Multi-Barrel Gun Ornithopter —----Industrial Revolution—---- Tank Industrial Revolution - The Industrial Helicopter Revolution marked a period of development Airplane Wing in the latter half of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies Nicholas Copernicus in Europe and America into industrialized, Arts, Law, Medicine, Astronomy urban ones. Heliocentric Universe Industrial Age: A Brief Galileo Galilei The American Industrial Revolution Physics commonly referred to as the second ○ Isochronous Motion The Industrial Revolution started ○ Parabolic Motion sometime between 1820 and 1870. ○ Inertia (Newton) The Industrial Revolution led to Thermometer inventions that included the Telescope telephone, the sewing machine, ○ Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Milky X-ray, lightbulb, and the combustible Way engine. The increase in the number of —--------Scientific Revolution—-------- factories and migration to the cities Christian Huygens led to pollution, deplorable working Pendulum Clock and living conditions, as well as child ○ John Harrison labor. Regulating Spiral (1675) Theory of Light Steam Engine, 1712 - Thomas Newcomen invents the first steam engine. It is not very Isaac Newton useful yet, but the idea of using steam to Principia (3 books) make machines go will be important to the Modern Mechanics Industrial Revolution. Celestial Mechanics Spinning Jenny, 1764 - James Hargreaves, a in mountains or the ground than simply British carpenter and weaver, invents the lighting black powder. Dynamite is spinning jenny. The machine spins more important in clearing paths to build things than one ball of yarn or thread at a time, such as roads and railroad tracks. making it easier and faster to make cloth. Vaccine, 1870 - A chemist named Louis Cotton Gin, 1794 - Eli Whitney creates a Pasteur believed that germs caused disease. machine that makes it much easier to Using this information, he created vaccines separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber. It that helped prevent many common diseases, greatly reduces the time it takes to clean which helped people live longer. cotton and helps the southern states make more money from cotton crops. Telephone, 1876 - He may not have invented the telephone, but Alexander Graham Bell Telegraph, 1844 - Samuel Morse invents the was the first to get a patent for it. Being able telegraph, which allows messages to be sent to speak to people over a telephone wire quickly over a wire. By 1860, telegraph greatly changes the way the world wires stretch from the east coast of the communicates United States west of the Mississippi River. Light Bulb, 1879 - Not the first man to create Sewing Machine, 1846 - At a time when a light bulb, Thomas Edison created a light people had to make their own clothes at bulb that lasted longer than other designs home or pay someone else to sew them by and showed it off by lighting a lamp. Edison's hand, Elias Howe invented the sewing light bulbs allow people to do many things at machine. Now clothes can be made in large night, such as work, that used to only happen factories. during the day. Safety Break, 1853 - Elevators were already invented by 1853, but people worried about elevator cars falling. Elisha Otis invents a safety break to prevent them from falling if a cable breaks, making people feel more confident about using elevators in tall buildings. Dynamite, 1866 - Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which is a safer way to blast holes  —-------Modern Era—------- Thomas A. Edison Rockets to Space “Invention is 1% Inspiration and 99% Robert Goddard Perspiration” ○ Liquid-Fueled (1929) Werner vonBraun —-------PRE-COLONIAL ERA—------- ○ V1, V2, V5, Saturn 5 STONE AGE Archeological findings show that Albert Einstein modern man from the Asian Special Theory (1905) mainland first came over on land General Theory across narrow channels to live in Quantum Theory Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 Big Bang Theory B.C. ○ Curved, Finite Space Subsequently they formed Atomic Bomb settlements in Sulu, Davao, ○ Responsibility of Science Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and The Manhattan Project Cagayan. Oppenheimer They made simple tools and weapons Fermi, Berthe, Teller of stone flakes and later developed a Four Sites method of sawing and polishing Project Trinity stones around 40,000 B.C. ○ Los Alamos By around 3,000 B.C. they were ○ Ground Zero - Alamagordo producing adzes, ornaments of Fat Man & Little Boy seashells and pottery. Treason Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese The Computer Pioneers porcelain. Charles Babbage Soon they learned to produce copper, Hollerith & Watson bronze, iron, and gold metal tools Enigma & Colossus and ornaments. John vonNeuman Ekert & Mockley IRON AGE - During Iron Age, Filipinos were Shockley, Bardeen &Brattain engaged in extraction, smelting and refining Jack Kilby of iron from ores, until the importation of Jobs & Wozniak cast iron from Sarawak and later from China Gates & Allen Industry/Agriculture science forming primitive or first By the first century AD, Filipinos wave technology. They were curative were weaving cotton, smelting iron, values of some plants on how to making pottery and glass ornaments, extract medicine from herbs. and cultivated lowland rice fields They had an alphabet, a system of with dikes and terraced fields with writing, a method of counting and spring water in mountain regions. weights and measure. They had no They had also learned how to build calendar but counted the years by the boats for trading purposes. Spanish period of the moon and from one chronicles noted refined plank-built harvest to another. warships called caracoa suited for Filipinos had learned to make and inter island trade raids. use artillery. They were growing rice, vegetables Trading and cotton; raising swine, goats and By the 10th century, Filipinos from fowls; weaving cloth and producing the Butuan were trading with beeswax and honey Champa (Vietnam) and those from They wore colorful clothes, made Ma-i (Mindoro) with China as noted their own gold jewelry and even filled in Chinese records containing several their teeth with gold references to the Philippines. Their houses were made of wood and The People of Ma-i and San-Hsu bamboo. (group of Palawan and Calamian Islands) traded bee wax, cotton, —-------SPANISH ERA—------- pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise The beginning of modern science and shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie technology in the Philippines cloth for porcelain, lead fishnets Spaniards established schools, sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, hospitals and started scientific iron needles and tin. research, greatly shaped by the role Filipinos also traded with Borneo, of religious orders though Malacca and parts of Malay University of Santo Thomas peninsula remained as the highest institution of By the time the Spaniards came, they learning found autonomous communities Leon Ma. Guerrero, father of botany (barangay). in the country and one the first Filipinos were already engaged in licensed pharmacist activities and practices related to  In 1887, the Laboratory Municipal de —-------AMERICAN ERA—------- Ciudad de Ciudad de Manila was Science and technology in the created Philippines advanced rapidly during Manila prospered due to Galleon the American regime trade The Americans introduced a system Only the shipbuilding industry of secularized public-school prospered. Shipbuilding was entirely education in the hands of the natives. Primary education was free, with Mining, handicrafts and other English as the medium of instruction. industries declined. It was followed by the setting up of a Manila was opened to Asian shipping Philippine Normal School to train in 1789, then eventually to world Filipino teachers. trade in 1829. Secondary schools were opened Production of sugar and hemp was afterward accelerated and modernized. The University of the Philippines was Meteorological studies were created on 18 June 1908 by Act of the promoted by Jesuits who founded the Philippine Legislature. Manila Observatory in 1865. ○ College of Agriculture in Los Fr. Federico Faura to issue the first Baños, Laguna in 1909, public typhoon warning ○ Colleges of Liberal Arts, In 1901, the Observatory was made a College of Engineering and central station of the Philippine Veterinary Medicine in 1910 Weather Bureau ○ College of Law in 1911. Manila prospered but countryside ○ School of Forestry and remained underdeveloped and poor Conservatory of Music in 1916 The expansion of agricultural ○ College of Education in 1918 production for export exacerbated Most of the teachers were Americans existing socio economic inequality and foreigners, except in the college and introduced private ownership of of Medicine. land. Young men and women were There was an increase of encouraged to get a higher concentration of wealth to professional education in American landowners, Spaniards, Chinese colleges mestizos, and native Principalia In 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was created and later named Bureau of Science  It pioneered research on diseases Offices were organized for the growth of such as leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, scientific research dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri. Weather Bureau (1901) Studies on the commercial value of Board (later Bureau) of Health (1898) tropical products, tests on minerals Bureau of Mines (1900) and road building materials, and the Bureau of Forestry (1900) nutritional value of foods were done Bureau of Agriculture (1901) here. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey From 1906, the Bureau of Science (1905) published the Philippine Journal of Bureau of Plant Industry (1929) Science which reported not only Bureau of Animal Industry (1929) work done in local laboratories but National Research Council of the also scientific developments abroad Philippine Islands (NRCP) which had relevance to Philippine problems The creation of these science agencies The Philippines became an Asian showed increasing concern and support leader in transportation and for the development of science and communication. technology. Railroads were developed in Luzon, The Philippine Inventors Cebu and Panay. Commission (1964) More ports and shipping were Philippine Coconut Research opened up. Pier 7 in Manila was the Institute (1964) largest port in Asia. Philippine Textile Research Institute Philippine economic development (1967) was determined by free trade Forest Products Research and relations Industries Development Commission As a result, the Philippine economy (1969) became tied to that of the United Metals Industry Research and States, remaining primarily an Development Center (MIRDC) exporter of agricultural crops and Philippine Science High School raw materials and an importer of (PSHS) American manufactured goods. Philippine Council for Agriculture The Philippines entered Industrial and Resources Research (PCARR). age (mass production) —---COMMONWEALTH PERIOD—--- The Commonwealth government worked towards the development of economic self reliance but failed due to foreign trade and tariff policies that were controlled by the American government Public school system (basic education) expanded and private schools (higher education) were reorganized. The National Development Company was mandated to undertake the development of successful research of government science agencies, such as the Bureau of Science, Bureau of Animal Industry and Bureau of Plant Industry. The occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during the war brought educational and scientific activities to a halt.