Lesson 3: Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

LESSON 3 Historical antecedents in the course of science and technology OBJECTIVES At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to: 1. Trace how different things were developed. 2. identify the persons behin...

LESSON 3 Historical antecedents in the course of science and technology OBJECTIVES At the end of the chapter, the students are expected to: 1. Trace how different things were developed. 2. identify the persons behind the development of these things. 3. demonstrate an appreciation of the things we are enjoying nowadays; and 4. determine the role of science and technology in the development and progress of society. LET’S BEGIN! How do you think the things around you were developed? Who were the persons behind these things? Some may wonder how certain things were invented or developed, though, some may ignore such ideas because we already have many things around us that make our everyday living convenient. From simple to complicated gadgets, appliances, or machines that we use, many of us may no longer think of how and who were the persons that came up with brilliant ideas, concepts, and/or principles. As a result, we take things for granted and discontentment is being observed if not in general but for many. An example of that is a cell phone. There are different specifications we are looking at when buying cell phones depending on how we are going to use them. Is it solely for communication, gaming…? Do you know who invented the cellular phones? Joel, this is Marty Cooper, I’d like you to know that I’m calling you from a cellular phone. Image from https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/16/priority-martin-cooper-invented-mobile-phone-1973-says-inspired-captain-kirks-gold-flip-top-communicator-star-trek/ MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)1  FYI about the invention of cellular phones… “We believed people didn't want to talk to cars and that people wanted to talk to other people,” Cooper said in an interview and added, “and the only way we at Motorola, this little company, could prove this to the world was to actually show we could build a cellular telephone, a personal telephone” (Loeffler,2019). And the rest is history for our cellphones. In our previous lesson, we learned that science and technology play a huge role in our attainment of good life. With that, let us take a look at what ancient people did for us so we can enjoy life with convenience. Before the development of many things, ancient people came up with materials that let them cope and understand the world we live in. In the next topics, you will learn the different tools or materials that were developed by the ancient civilizations SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. Their control of the region lasted for a short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians took charge in 2004 B.C. The people known as Sumerians were in control of the area by 3000 B.C. Their culture was comprised of a group of city-states, including Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, Ur, and the very first true city, Uruk. In Uruk City, the Sumerians built stepped temples called Ziggurats which were made from sunbaked mud bricks. This Sumerian architecture showed the technology used to come up with such a structure. A structure intended for religious Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=ziggurat&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt6OKIlIbrAhWty4sB activities; hence, it is HQWADwUQ_AUoAXoECCAQAw#imgrc=SWuc13lDuK0VUM considered sacred. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)2  IRRIGATION AND DIKES Irrigation was extremely vital to Mesopotamia. It is through irrigation, that is, by building canals, ditches, and dikes just to bring water to the land from the rivers, that they were able to produce extra grains. © https://www.google.com/search?q=sumerian+ancient+irrigation&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahU KEwjkhLLUr8zrAhUI35QKHRTNCacQrNwCKAF6BQgBEOIB&biw=1349&bih=576#imgrc=9g3uaGT 5PvpDZM The Mesopotamian seeder plow was invented around 1500 BCE. It was used by the Mesopotamians to make farming more efficient than doing it all by hand. It’s a farm technology that lets the farmers dig soil where seeds are being planted. Its invention made a huge contribution as they were able to produce abundantly with less effort and time. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=SUMERIAN+PLOW&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG2amPyoPrAhUMBKYKHXjbC- EQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1350&bih=559#imgrc=bDUCb2mbiwCNwM Mesopotamian plow MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)3  To make farming easier for them, Sumerians came up also with a wheel which was not primarily intended as part of a transportation medium, instead, it was built for agricultural purposes such as milling. Then, they invented a sled to carry heavy objects. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+sumerian+wheel&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiPtLqPlIbrAhWRG6YKHaOQDP4Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=SUMERIAN+WHEEL&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgCMgIIADICCAAyBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAgQHjIGCAAQCBAeM gYIABAIEB4yBAgAEBg6BwgAELEDEEM6BAgAEENQ24EGWN6jBmDoxAZoAHAAeAWAAfQFiAHTLZIBDTAuNy41LjAuNC4yLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6 LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=674rX8-SBZG3mAWjobLwDw#imgrc=xsTVO5it1eNfsM&imgdii=AIWwcFt56DsCtM ( BsQuIIBahcKEwjgz6HE5o_rAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQMA&biw=1333&bih=559#imgrc=RNY1nOzVuqsmNM To expand trading, the Sumerians made sailboats which were made of wood and papyrus. These lightweight sailboats became important means of transport and trading their goods. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=first%20sumerian%20sailboat&tbm=is ch&tbs=rimg%3ACfxH6G5mroNmYRZqQnBw8lS7&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0C BsQuIIBahcKEwjgz6HE5o_rAhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQMA&biw=1333&bih= 559#imgrc=RNY1nOzVuqsmNM Let’s answer these…  How do Sumerians treat diseases?  What do they call their doctors? In the treatment of diseases, just like in pre-ancient times, Sumerians made use of herbal medicines. 15 pharmaceutical prescriptions were found in a Sumerian cuneiform from 3000 BCE. The treatments include faunal, floral/botanical, and mineral. In botany, all plant parts were utilized in the treatment of diseases, and they made use of honey, water, beer, and wine as vehicles for poultices and internal use. The practitioners were called Asu or Azu and practiced therapeutic consisting of surgical or herbal treatments. The Asipu or Asiphu, on the other hand, determined the cause of disease/s which may be brought offense to god or demons that led to the occurrence of disease. The Sumerians were guided daily by looking or observing the stars. That is why the first astronomers were the Sumerians that map the stars in different constellations which were later observed by the ancient Greeks. They also identified 5 planets namely: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury, and took note of their movements. The MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)4 Sumerian calendar consisted of 12 months with 30 days each. Their month began with the sunset and the first crescent of the new moon. In Mathematics, the ancient Sumerians used the sexagesimal system-one that used the base 60. Since it is difficult to memorize 60 different names, they used base 10 for lower numbers. Sumerians were able to let us know all their discoveries or developments through their writing. The first writing system was the cuneiform script which was developed between 3500 and 3000 BC. It was a wedge-shaped style of writing that made use of a stylus to produce shapes and pictures that are being cut into soft clays. BABYLONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE SOCIETY Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=cuneiform+tablet&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwie_9yU54_rAhXVAaYKHWkaBpIQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=cuneifor&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQM 6CAgAELEDEIMBUMKEiQFYvt CJAWDH7okBaABwAHgEgAHABYgBzSqSAQsyLTQuMi40LjIuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=880wX965ONWDmAXptJiQCQ&bih=559&biw=1333&hl=en#imgrc=Y8nx Sy-V7NpQzM BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Mesopotamia, now Iraq, was considered the cradle of civilization. From the time of Sumerians that probably established the first civilization in the world, then Babylonians also settled in Mesopotamia from the period around 2000 BC to 600 BC. Babylonia even became famous with its structures that beautify its main city and served as its entrance, the Ishtar gate, and the mysterious Hanging Gardens Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+babylonian&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE wiBuLXJxpLrAhVBUd4KHSEsAZwQ_AUoAXoECBsQAw&biw=1350&bih=608#imgrc=1HSZCet6S1zsWM Babylon. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was thought to be developed as a gift for King Nebuchadnezzar’s II wife. It was always a question whether the Hanging Gardens ever existed since not a single structure remained. Many thought it was only a product of King Nebuchadnezzar's imagination while others thought that it was fully devastated by wars and natural calamities. Between 1899 and 1917, German archaeologist Robert Koldewey excavated the ruins of Babylon. He believed that the structures supported the gardens and that it was made of carved stones than mud brick so they became more resistant to moisture. It was made from very thick walls that could support heavy structures aside from the wells that were believed to be part of the garden’s irrigation system. When another archaeologist, Leonard Wooley, excavated the ancient Sumerian city of Ur, he MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)5 noticed the space holes in the brickwork of the ziggurat which took place a decade later after the excavation of Koldewey. He speculated that these were irrigation systems that supported water in the gardens and were used to design the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The question of whether the gardens existed or not is still being discussed which is due to a lack of archaeological pieces of evidence and a lack of documentaries. Is it the Hanging Gardens of Babylon or probably found in another city? Oxford University Assyriologist, Stephanie Dalley, argued in her recent investigation that the gardens were not built by King Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon but by the Assyrian ruler, Sennacherib (704-681 BC) in Nineveh. This was because of the inscribed found written in prism- shaped stones when the king boasted during his reign which he started: “I raised the height of the surroundings of the palace to be a Wonder for all peoples... A high garden imitating the Amanus mountains I laid out next to it with all kinds of aromatic plants.” These findings were supported by a relief from the time of Sennacherib’s grandson which showed gardens with trees planted all over slopped and aqueducts where water flows. It clearly describes the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon but with Sennacherib’s reputation in engineering and his tremendous achievements in the irrigation system that brought water to the city and were all derived from the archives, the gardens would have been from Nineveh. Different theories are being presented to the mysterious Hanging Gardens of Babylon and it would always be a continuous quest for this. The final answer would still depend on our archeologists and on what science and technology would bring us in the future. Image from Santi Pérez retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2020/07-08/know-where-7-wonders-ancient-world-except-one-hanging- gardens-babylon/ The famous and mysterious Hanging Gardens of Babylon as described in ancient accounts MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)6  The Babylonians paved their way in different things and just like us today, mathematics is part of our everyday lives. In their case, it is related to astronomy. How do you think were they able to do that? To understand how the world around them works, they observed the stars. In one of the cuneiform tablets acquired by the British Museum, it was written there that Babylonian astronomers invented the zodiac by dividing the path of the sun, the moon, and the planets into 12 equal segments. They used a coordinate system and used methods that tracked Jupiter’s path. This path gave meaning to their religious belief, that is, Jupiter was Marduk’s sacred star while Marduk was considered the supreme god of their minor and major gods since the Babylonians are known to be polytheists. Aside from this, it is from the ancient Babylonians that we still have or suing 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. They also used the fingers as the basic unit of length, that is, one cubit is equivalent to 30 fingers. This is one of the clay tablets excavated and currently displayed at British Museum in London. The cuneiform in this clay tablet depicts ancient Babylonian work in Astronomy. This in turn became their bases also in keeping track of time and in determining the changing of seasons which is very important in farming or the field of agriculture. The field of agriculture is important in any civilization, for we all depend on food for our survival, hence, agriculture was already present since time immemorial. Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+babylonian+astronomy&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiHj v3X86nrAhWxHqYKHSy4BZ4Q_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1350&bih=608#imgrc=Ii_2P7BugcnktM&imgdii=n8GaBnmf UtYvjM Both the ancient Babylonians and Sumerians have the same produce such as barley, millet, wheat, and emmer. This is primarily because they possessed the same land. Moreover, they used barley as a form of payment. Barley was the main grain for human consumption in Babylonia and in other parts of Mesopotamia. In this picture, it clearly shows that irrigation was part of agricultural practices made Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+babylonian+agriculture&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiIwviV_6nrAhVWzIsB HbM2CMUQ2- by the ancient Babylonians. Aside cCegQIABAA&oq=ancient+babylonian+agric&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIABAYOgIIADoGCAAQCBAeUKPk5Q FYsa7mAWDiyeYBaAZwAHgAgAHNAogB4iiSAQgxLjI0LjMuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=i mg&ei=yog-X4i1B9aYr7wPs- 2gqAw&bih=558&biw=1350&hl=en#imgrc=s8j1yUS_wSnClM&imgdii=31ceVTOiYm2RzM MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)7 from grains, domestication of animals is being practiced. Let’s try to answer this question… How do you think ancient Babylonians cure those who are sick? In 1700 BCE, text from the Code of Hammurabi differentiated the religious healers based on their practices. There were diviners, baru, who practiced hepatoscopy, made prognoses, and exorcists while the ashipu would find out what offense was made to the gods or demons that might have caused the disease. Both religious healers are referred to as Image from ashipu as they both give https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+babylonian+medicine+practices&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiq5bna86nrAhVkJqYKHey4A ocQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=ancient+babylonian+medicine+practices&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEBg6BAgAEEM6BggAEAgQHlDV3BN physical examinations. YssUUYOLMFGgAcAB4AIABugOIAa0rkgELMC4xNC4xMS4xLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=xHw - X6rzIuTMmAXs8Yq4CA&bih=608&biw=1350#imgrc=Xhl3zlSgV04rOM The word asu was a Babylonian word for physician and it was derived from the Sumerian word a-zu or ia’-zu which means “the man who knows water (or oil) which is being helped by water God Ea”. Just like Sumerians, the Babylonian healers made use of herbals like cress, mint, extract of cedar, and date palm which are utilized in combination with prayers. Based on the tablets from 1000 BCE, more than 250 herbals, 120 mineral substances, and 180 other drugs were utilized in combination with various vehicles and forms. Among these are bouillon, fats, milk, honey, oils, wax, etc. How these are being prepared, stored, administrated, and even the materials used were also indicated. Ancient Babylonians could not get away with numbers as they prepare herbals, build materials, and all required measurements. For the length, which finger was the basic unit, they used 1 cubit which is equivalent to 30 fingers. It was also from the Babylonians that we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. ANCIENT HINDUS CIVILIZATION We have seen how much the people from Mesopotamia contributed to our society. Now, let’s take a look at what this ancient civilization had to offer the world during its time. “We owe a lot to the ancient Indians, teaching us how to count. Without which most modern scientific discoveries would have been impossible. “ – Albert Einstein MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)8  Thie previous statement is a quote from one of the most famous scientists of the world, Einstein, who gave credit to the remarkable contribution of the ancient Hindus in our society, that is, giving birth to the Hindu- Arabic numbers. A single strike was used to represent “one” and used by many cultures. However, other numbers such as 1,4,6 were found in the Indian Ashoka inscriptions dated at least Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=hindu- from the 3rd century BC while 2,7 arabic+numeration+system+PDF&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTjdip7brrAhWKJaYK HWRYA8cQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=Vu1OXDqKe4RYvM and 9 were found in the Nana Ghat inscriptions of the 2nd century BC. These numbers were adopted by the Arabs and reached them through the Arab traders, hence, it was called Hindu-Arabic. In addition, the ancient Hindus compiled various mathematical problems and solutions which are related to the construction and positioning of sacrificial altars written in Sanskrit text known as Sulba sutras, among one of the oldest Hindu texts. There were many sutras of diverse topics which were passed on orally. ( R)ARYABHATA (L)BRAHMAGUPTA ©https://www.google.com/search?q=aryabhata&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjDjL- gtLrrAhUEXJQKHcEAC2wQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=aryabhata&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggA MgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEEM6BQgAELEDOggIABCxAxC Image from: DAToHCAAQsQMQQzoECAAQHjoGCAAQChAYUISZAliW_QJgv5ADaAVwAHgDgAHqEIgBoW https://www.google.com/search?q=BRAHMAGUPTA&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUK CSAREyLTUuMy4zLjIuMC4xLjAuM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img EwjV54Kw47rrAhXay4sBHZadDmUQ_AUoAXoECCEQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=NK87rJug &ei=7yNHX4PZCIS40QTBgazgBg&bih=576&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=EISF8V4Z31AVPM Vc_AbM Brahmagupta (589-668 A.D), an Indian Mathematician and astronomer gave the first rules for dealing with zero as a number like when zero is added to a number or subtracted from a number, the number remains unchanged. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)9  Aryabhata born in 476 A.D., found in his mathematical astronomical text, Aryabhatiya, a zero letter code for numerals was included in his positional number system. The ancient Hindus were known for the linear measurements which were found during the excavation at Harappan sites, and these were probably utilized in the building of structures. These were made up of ivory and shell. Harappa is one of the ancient cities of ancient India that started with the Indus Valley civilization which is why it was also referred to as the Harappan Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=MOHENJO- civilization. Ancient India prospered in DARO+RULER+PDF&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBw4Gv_rrrAhUSiZQKHVXRBWI Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=IdEBzpi2hlA_-M the western part of South Asia, now known as Pakistan and Western India. It took a while before everything was understood and became known to people since all were written in their complicated language called Indus Script/ Sanskrit text. On another note, historians did observe that even during those times, ancient Hindus already made a well-planned structure with intricate irrigation and sewage system. The Great Bath, one of the largest structures built is way different from what the ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians built. It is made up of mud bricks that were subjected to a kiln to make them firm. Historians believed that this structure was almost certainly used for some type of baptism. Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=great+bath+indus+valley+civilization&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiJ36am8Lrr AhUDR5QKHbTXDY0Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=GREAT+BATH&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIAD ICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECAAQQzoFCAAQsQM6BwgAELEDEEM6CAgAELEDEIMBUKfjIFiUjSFg- aghaABwAHgEgAGaAogBvhWSAQYwLjEwLjWYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img& ei=5WJHX8nYG4OO0QS0r7foCA&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=A7YJqSEWU_V5_M Ancient Hindus were also greatly known in medicine. From the botanical use to surgeries that they performed during those times. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that made use of plant-based treatments, derived from different plant parts, and animal products such as milk, bones, gallstones, etc. Besides botanicals, Ayurvedic medicine includes diet, exercise, and lifestyle. Likewise, medicine in ancient India did not only focus on the use of herbals. Instead, the conduct of the operation was already done. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)10  Sushruta Samhita is a book that describes the ancient tradition of surgery in Indian medicine. It consisted of 184 chapters and enlisted to it were 1,120 conditions relating to various injuries and illnesses. Also, medicinal plants and various preparations from herbals, minerals, and animal products were written in it. The tools utilized in surgeries were presented too in the book. Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=SUSHRUTA+SAMHITA&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjw8 qTLrbrrAhWHGKYKHTQuANgQ_AUoAXoECBUQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=ridfmdGA6VvIZM Sushruta, the Father of Indian Surgery, did a cataract surgery using a curved needle. Besides cataract surgery, rhinoplasty or nose surgery was performed by this Indian physician back then. It was indicated in the book that patients were advised to drink wine before the operation serving as anesthesia. Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=cataract+surgery+sushruta+samhita&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE wjjgb3QrbrrAhW6w4sBHRcADYsQrNwCKAJ6BQgBEIMC&biw=1349&bih=576 CHINESE CIVILIZATION Chinese reached their fame as early as ancient times when they presented to the world their four great inventions namely: gunpowder, paper, printing, and compass. Other than these inventions, they were still able to produce things out of the raw materials present in the environment. Let’s start our discussion with their four greatest inventions and how they came up with these things. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)11 Compass particularly the ancient compass was made not primarily for navigation. Instead, its purpose was to help people be guided in the right direction, so, they can live harmoniously with their environment and with their lives. The ancient uses of the compass were found in “The Book of the Devil Valley Master”. Apart from the mentioned uses, in the book, it was mentioned that jade hunters carried a compass or south pointer, as the Chinese Ancient Chinese compass would call Image from: https://www.google.com/search?q=compass+in+ancient+china&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjh9p7di8jrAhVDYZQKHaz0CMoQ2- them then, in cCegQIABAA&oq=compass+in+ancient+china&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDDICCAA6BggAEAcQHlDC4QVYt_oFYMaTBmgAcAB4AIABxwSIAb8jkgEJMi0yLjMuMy4zmA EAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=fVBOX6HEAcPC0QSs6aPQDA&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en their travels so that they will not get lost. Nowadays, we seem to be familiar with Chinese practice in trying their best to live pleasantly by using or referring to feng shui instead of using the compass, which currently, we are already using the compass for navigation or direction. Gunpowder, another great invention was developed by a Taoist alchemist during the Han dynasty. Its development was basically for finding substances that can lead to immortality. It is made up of a mixture of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur. Contrary to its supposed usage, gunpowder is exploited nowadays which leads to the deaths of many people. The ancient Chinese went on with the gunpowder that they accidentally produced like using bamboo with it. Thus, their first rocket was made possible. Others claim the origin of gunpowder Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=gunpowder+ancient+chinese&source=lnms&tbm=isch& by producing the black powder was sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvmfy__cvrAhXEyosBHbGMBUoQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw#imgrc=xDcW dQMPQH-QMM&imgdii=C0LUtEuvbLL56M introduced in the late 19th century in the United States to distinguish newer formulations compared with the traditional gunpowder. Although, both were utilized in weapons. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)12  The next great invention of the Chinese during ancient times is papermaking. Papermaking was categorized into five groups at that time namely: hemp (ma), bark (pi), rattan (teng), bamboo (zhu), and grass (cao). The use of hemp paper was unintentional, it was when they only observed after washing clothes made from hemp, the residue can be made into new material. Thus, hemp paper was largely produced. Later on, rattan fibers were replaced by bamboo since bamboo easily grows, therefore, it is Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=ANCIENCT+CHINESE+papermaking+PROCESS&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK EwiOro_nm8frAhVH4JQKHXI1ArkQ2- much cheaper than rattan. By the end cCegQIABAA&oq=ANCIENCT+CHINESE+papermaking+PROCESS&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoGCAAQBxAe OggIABAIEAcQHlC1swNYrbYEYNG4BGgGcAB4BIABzhCIAdVukgEUMS4xMC40LjMuMC4xLjIuMi4yLjGYA of the Han dynasty, paper quality QCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=INtNX46eO8fA0wTy6ojICw&bih=625&biw=1366#im grc=icGHN303yg64zM&imgdii=kXMTnarfhLitiM improved such that different plant fibers were tried over the years. Mulberry bark was consumed as raw material in papermaking, leading to high-quality papers traded with other countries along the Silkroad. Cai Lun - was credited for the invention of paper and the processes of papermaking. He made use of plant fibers and came up with processes such as cutting the materials, boiling/ soaking, casting, pressing, and drying. With its processes, the paper was made into the standard form we have today. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=cai+lun+invented+paper+and+processes+of+papermaking&hl=en& source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi4hZr8iczrAhXZzIsBHcx4A4QQ_AUoAXoECBMQAw&bi w=1366&bih=576#imgrc=V-e8dYiJn2z9dM Related to paper is another among the four great inventions of the Chinese during ancient times-printing. Before communication or transmission of messages is challenging clay tablets are heavy at the same time, they are brittle. Chinese printing during the Tang dynasty developed wooden Image from blocks as printing media where the pictures https://www.google.com/search?q=printing+of+ancient+chinese&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi chfq8ncfrAhX-yIsBHWPHBI8Q2- or words are hand carved, smeared with ink, cCegQIABAA&oq=printing+of+ancient+chinese&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoGCAAQBxAeOgY IABAIEB46CAgAEAcQBRAeOggIABAIEAcQHlDd_UVYve9GYLPyRmgAcAB4AIAB3ASIA YkjkgELMC43LjMuMy4yLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=4dx and then pressed in pieces of paper, known NX9yQGf6Rr7wP446T- Ag&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=51zIyjX56YHy7M&imgdii=Q3OQojb1AmrmTM as woodblock printing. Later on, clays were MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)13 employed for printing which are baked to make them sturdy and therefore known as movable clay type printing. China continues to rise as it became known to other countries through trading that took place on the silk road. Silk Road is now referred to as the Silk Route by historians. It is a network of overland caravan routes linking China and the Middle East. It is called such due to the trading of silk which was largely produced by the Chinese. Silk production comes in various products like thread, clothing or fabric, and other finished products that spread throughout nearby countries and even reached different empires of Korea, Japan, etc. Silk is made from silkworms, and the intricate weaving techniques of Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=silk+production+in+ancient+china&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch& ancient Chinese made them famous for 8sfrAhWpIqYKHTMlCqMQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=0Oj3nVHu9_6AZM sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU0In- it. Tea production is another Chinese contribution to society which was accidentally invented. According to the legend, Shennong (Father of Agriculture) was resting under a Camella tree and then boiled some water to drink. However, dried leaves from the tree fell into the pot and were infused with the water, producing the first-ever infusion of tea leaf. He took a sip and found it fascinating. In another story, they said that a Chinese inventor developed a machine that accidentally shredded the leaves. From then on, diverse plants were cultivated for tea production whether for their healing properties or simply as a social beverage. Although at first, tea was used in ritual offerings. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=tea+production+in+ancient+china&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi4sZPxgsjrAhVB9pQKHdLeC-oQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=tea+production+in+ancient+china&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAA6BggAEAcQHlC_1g5YnuYOYIn5DmgAcAB4AIAB7wKIAewNkgEHMC4xLjUuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1 nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=NkdOX7i-NMHs0wTSva_QDg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=90owLW4WxdhtqM MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)14  Kites were one of China’s sole inventions for a period until the methods of making them became known to other countries. The first kites were made of light wood, fabric and designed similarly to birds. They were made for military purposes such as weapons, communication tools, and intelligence collection. Back then, they made a man- lifting kite that took three years for it to be finished which was known as Wooden Black Eard Kite. The large kites would Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=uses+of+kites+in+ancient+china&tbm=isch&hl=en&chips=q:uses+ carry warriors armed with arrows that they of+kites+in+ancient+china,online_chips:military&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeyNqulMjrAhURzYsBH V6fDkUQ4lYoB3oECAEQHQ&biw=1349&bih=576#imgrc=Qi4yCYcRtGJCVM use in fighting their enemies. Just like any ancient civilization, the Chinese treat diseases with the use of herbals. The herbs and herbal formulations help boost the body’s immune system by reinforcing the organs. Other than herbals, acupuncture, and moxibustion are ancient healing practices of the Chinese. Moxibustion or moxa treatment is the use of moxa or cone burn in the acupuncture points. These Image from treatments were already in existence and https://www.google.com/search?q=ancient+chinese+medicine+history&source=lnms&tbm=isch &sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi- jp2umMnrAhUuBKYKHafLBHYQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=RhAYw85p3 date back at least 2,200 years. OBNWM To protect its borders, China built a massive wall known as the Greatest Wall of China. This man-made structure made China one of the most powerful civilizations during ancient times. Its construction is so huge that it was once the only structure ever built to become visible from outer space. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=great+wall,+of+china&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2 ahUKEwjUofHo99rrAhUEKaYKHTveCGgQ_AUoAXoECCcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=wdb FlGvhuy_VjM OBNWM MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)15 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Egyptians were one of the early people that let us know what happened in the past through their writings which were found in clay tablets while others were written in papyrus sheets. That is basically due to the fact that they were also behind one of the oldest writing systems which is hieroglyphics where signs represent people, plants, buildings, tools, and other objects. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=hieroglyphics&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw1Z_cx8zrAhWmyosBHThmBrUQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw#imgrc=sUzf bRbr2zKi-M Egyptian hieroglyphics Papyrus is where the English word for paper was derived. It came from the Egyptian word “papuro” which means “the royal” or “that of the pharaoh”. Before the use of papyrus, there were clay tablets where hieroglyphics were found written. However, the fragility of the clay tablets and their weights made them very difficult to carry elsewhere, thus, papyrus was developed which was mostly used for religious and government texts. In short, for Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=egyptian+papyrus&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwif6_jdx8zrAhVD zIsBHUj6BcQQ2- communication and document keeping, cCegQIABAA&oq=egyptian+papyrus&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQsQMyAggAMgIIADICCAA yAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6CggAELEDEIMBEEM6BAgAEEM6BwgAELEDEEN that is why they became one of the major Q7bkwWODjMGDh6zBoAHAAeAOAAfsIiAGRUJIBDzAuMi40LjAuNC4yLjMuM5gBAKABAaoBC 2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=R6hQX9- accomplishments of the Egyptians serving rI8OYr7wPyPSXoAw#imgrc=KvTCV3E6M6KrOM also as precursors to our current papers. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)16 Introduced the papyrus in the world but its value would be in vain if ink was not invented. With that, the ancient Egyptians combined vegetable gum, soot, and beeswax to produce black ink. The soot was also replaced with other materials to come up with a variety of colors. In a study conducted by a team of faculty at the University of Copenhagen, it was found in analyses made from 2,000 old papyri that their ink was not primarily carbon-based Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=egyptian+ink&tbm=isch&hl=en&sa=X&ved= instead it has copper in it. 2ahUKEwiLyJ_D98zrAhVDY5QKHd_mDewQrNwCKAF6BQgBEJEC&biw=1349 &bih=625#imgrc=012Hp_z-dVLcVM Related to the invention of ink is Kohl which is made up of soot mixed with mineral galena. Kohl is worn by all people from all classes regardless of gender believing that dark eyeliners would drive away evil spirits, therefore, protecting their souls. They also believed that having kohl would protect their eyes from the harmful rays of the sun and from insects. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=egyptian+kohl&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwigtLmY- MzrAhV4zYsBHSx2BaUQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=egyptiakohl&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxA eMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMggIABAIEAcQHjIICAAQCBAHEB5QrDdY6Edg9V5oA HAAeACAAewEiAGpFZIBCzAuMS4yLjEuMC4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=i mg&ei=F9tQX-DMCviar7wPrOyVqAo&bih=576&biw=1349&hl=en&hl=en#imgrc=f58jSEJDMjotrM In addition to ancient Egyptians’ cosmetic invention is a wig. In ancient Egyptian society, both men and women shaved their hair, especially during summer, and invented wigs to protect their heads from harmful rays of the sun and make the head free from parasites. In short, wigs are for protection and hygienic purposes. The common materials in making wig consist of wool and palm fibers and includes some Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=egyptian+wig&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjBnK2g- MzrAhW6x4sBHZhCC3oQ2- strands of hair too. cCegQIABAA&oq=egyptian+wig&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEA UQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQHjIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBggAEAUQ HjoECAAQQzoFCAAQsQM6CAgAELEDEIMBULiWBVidrQVg- 7AFaABwAHgAgAHcAogBhwuSAQcwLjQuMi4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&scli ent=img&ei=J9tQX4HtLbqPr7wPmIWt0Ac&bih=576&biw=1349&hl=en&hl=en#imgrc=SI- gCwgRsoNTFM MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)17  Ancient Egyptians were also known for their knowledge of medicine as evidenced from the various medicinal papyri such as Eber papyrus, Edwin Smith papyrus, etc. They are very knowledgeable as well as skillful as written in those papyri. Their medicinal practices include treating different diseases/ailments and conditions such as heart disease, trauma, birth control, and infertility among others. Furthermore, their knowledge of anatomy helps them in Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=mummification+egypt&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved= preserving their dead bodies in a process 2ahUKEwj3msTJ1NnrAhVEMd4KHVvVBa8Q_AUoAXoECB0QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc= 45jdGPq9VUiQdM called embalming or mummification as what Egyptians would call such process. Mummification is a process that distinguishes Egypt from other ancient civilizations that was practiced for over 4000 years. The materials they used in mummification are as follows: natron salt, coniferous resin, mastic, myrrh, beeswax, bitumen, cassia, onion, lichen, henna, and gum Arabic. In the review conducted by Abdel-Maksoud, natron salt was found to be an important tool in desiccating the corpse while other materials used possessed inhibitory properties against bacteria thereby protecting the body from microbe infestation. It is done by the ancient Egyptians due to the belief that the body should remain intact for the soul to continue its journey. Time measurement is quite crucial during ancient times, that’s why people back then devised ways just measure the time that had already passed. Water clock also known as clepsydra which came from the Greek words “kleptein" ("to steal") and "hydōr" ("water") were one of the ways in measuring time. Some were huge, like the size of the fountain while others were portable. Clepsydra were as old as sundial Image from and both were used for thousands of years. https://www.google.com/search?q=water+clock+in+egypt&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en&tbm=isc h&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=q3cThOqpA_tQoM%252Ct9RKr78Z5oCl4M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_ In using water clocks or clepsydra, the -kSpd- TxSZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQidvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h16B period that would require an amount of water to AgYEAs#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM escape or pass through a small hoe would indicate the measured time. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)18  Since measurement is part of daily living since time immemorial, ancient Egyptians devised a base 10 numeral system with different symbols (hieroglyphs) using strokes for writing units while using a heel bone for 10, a coil of rope for 100, another symbol for 1000 then another one for 10,000 and so on up to 1,000,000. Aside from this devised, the ancient Egyptians used body parts in measurement like cubit which is equal to the distance from the elbow to the Image from fingertips. An example is 1 cubit= 28 digits https://www.google.com/search?q=manthematics+ancient+egypt&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjdtr mTidvrAhUO_5QKHSlfA-AQ2- The Great Pyramid of Giza is built using cCegQIABAA&oq=manthematics+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoICAAQs QMQgwE6BQgAELEDOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAYULOkigFYkvCKAW Ca9ooBaAJwAHgFgAHLB4gB4U2SAQ4xLjE0LjcuMi4yLjEuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW 440 by 440 cubits having a variation that is not more than 0.05 percent on any side, thus, 1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=7ENYX92QGo7- 0wSpvo2ADg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=pcssgPLI69yRXM&imgdii=xg47MHF962hmK having an accuracy of up to 115mm in 230.5 MTxSZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQidvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h1 6BAgYEAs#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM meters. Pyramids are one of the structures ever built that made Egypt popular and included in the seven wonders of the world. These pyramids were built believing that these monumental structures would help kings/ rulers. Henceforth, they were once filled with kings/ rulers with all the materials they think they need to be guided and to be sustained afterlife. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=pyramids+ancient+egypt&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjd- czSkdvrAhWTy4sBHZSmBzwQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=pyramids+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIADICCAAyBggAEA cQHjIICAAQBxAFEB4yCAgAEAcQBRAeMggIABAHEAUQHjIICAAQBxAFEB4yCAgAEAcQBR AeMggIABAHEAUQHjIICAAQBxAFEB46BwgAELEDEEM6CggAELEDEIMBEEM6BAgAEENQj uaqAViahKsBYPGUqwFoAHAAeACAAeoCiAGOE5IBBzAuOS4yLjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l 6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=1ExYX92_FZOXr7wPlM2e4AM&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#im GREEK CIVILIZATION grc=knpvyP601_jV_McCegQIABAA&oq=manthematics+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAz oECAAQQzoICAAQsQMQgwE6BQgAELEDOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIAB AYULOkigFYkvCKAWCa9ooBaAJwAHgFgAHLB4gB4U2SAQ4xLjE0LjcuMi4yLjEuNZgBAKAB AaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=7ENYX92QGo7- Ancient Greek civilization made remarkable contributions to the world, particularly 0wSpvo2ADg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=pcssgPLI69yRXM&imgdii=xg47MHF962hmK MTxSZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQidvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h1 in various fields of science and technology like astronomy. It is through them that we have 6BAgYEAs#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM this concept of the universe that was also accomplished through the use of mathematics. These contributions greatly influenced society. Nowadays, most of us rely on alarm clocks to wake us up so we won’t be late for work or school. Thanks to the Greeks for inventing alarm clocks though they look far different compared to the ones we grew up with or are using. Alarm clock or water thief an ancient Greek invention that was devised by Ctesibius. He inspired his alarm clock by using a water clock wherein a dial and a pointer were installed to indicate the time while pebbles were used dropping onto a gong producing the sound, thus, making the first alarm clock. His alarm clock made use of air pressure so water would move from one container to the next. Plato has his version of MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)19 his alarm clock. He thought of using an alarm clock for his students who are often sleepy in his class. Alarm clock Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=alarm+clock+ancient+greek&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiWyOjTvs_rAhVF4JQKHTlkDAcQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=alarm+clock+ancient+greek&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHjoICAAQCBAHEB46BggAEAcQHjoHCAAQsQ MQQzoECAAQQzoKCAAQsQMQgwEQQ1CougNYreUDYLfxA2gAcAB4AIAB6gGIAfUckgEGMC4yMC4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img &ei=aTFSX9bvJsXA0wS5yLE4&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=Ki9NEmxfC4wB7MHAAeACAAeoCiAGOE5IBBzAuOS4yLjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8AB AQ&sclient=img&ei=1ExYX92_FZOXr7wPlM2e4AM&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=knpvyP601_jV_McCegQIABAA&oq=manthematics+ancient+egypt &gs_l cp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoICAAQsQMQgwE6BQgAELEDOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAYULOkigFYkvCKAWCa9ooBaAJwAHgFgAHL B4gB4U2SAQ4xLjE0LjcuMi4yLjEuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=7ENYX92QGo7- 0wSpvo2ADg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=pcssgPLI69yRXM&imgdii=xg47MHF962hmKMTxSZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQi dvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h16BAgYEAs#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM Water mills were inventions used for the following purposes: metal shaping, agriculture, especially milling. From its development, a lot of staple food was largely produced like rice, cereals, flour, and many more. Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=water+mills+ancient+greek&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi51r2rvs_r AhVFAKYKHSs1BY0Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=water+mills+ancient+greek&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoHCAAQsQMQQzoECAAQQ zoFCAAQsQM6AggAOggIABCxAxCDAToGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAeOgQIABAYUMKdA1jU8ARg7P MEaABwAHgGgAGGBIgBpj- SAQ0wLjEwLjE1LjQuMi4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img&ei=FTFS X_n3AsWAmAWr6pToCA&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=_HBqCEcqC67b_M cCegQIABAA&oq=pyramids+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIADICCAAyBggAEAcQHj IICAAQBxAFEB4yCAgAEAcQBRAeMggIABAHEAUQHjIICAAQBxAFEB4yCAgAEAcQBRAeMggIAB AHEAUQHjIICAAQBxAFEB46BwgAELEDEEM6CggAELEDEIMBEEM6BAgAEENQjuaqAViahKsBY PGUqwFoAHAAeACAAeoCiAGOE5IBBzAuOS4yLjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&scli ent=img&ei=1ExYX92_FZOXr7wPlM2e4AM&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=knpvyP601_jV_Mc CegQIABAA&oq=manthematics+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQzoICAAQsQMQg wE6BQgAELEDOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAYULOkigFYkvCKAWCa9ooBaA JwAHgFgAHLB4gB4U2SAQ4xLjE0LjcuMi4yLjEuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB& The ancient Greek civilization provided us with the works of the philosophers that became sclient=img&ei=7ENYX92QGo7- 0wSpvo2ADg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=pcssgPLI69yRXM&imgdii=xg47MHF962hmKMTx SZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQidvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h16BAgYEA the bases of modern technology. Furthermore, the concepts of these philosophers enable s#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM us to understand the world we live in using mostly astronomy and mathematical observations and processes. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)20  Anaximander, a Greek Philosopher, and the first speculative astronomer, gave us a view of the world by illustrating a map of the world which was later corrected. Hence, he was regarded as the first geographer. Anaximander Image from Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=alarm+clock+ancient+greek&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiWyOj https://www.google.com/search?q=anaximander+map&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwijyKCfv8_rAhXGxIsBHfy Tvs_rAhVF4JQKHTlkDAcQ2- FDMAQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=alarm+clock+ancient+greek&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgYIABAIE cCegQIABAA&oq=anaximander+map&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAF B4yBggAEAgQHjoICAAQCBAHEB46BggAEAcQHjoHCAAQsQMQQzoECAAQQzoKCAAQsQM EB4yBggAEAgQHjIGCAAQCBAeULulBViaqgVgya0FaABwAHgCgAHmBIgBnwuSAQswLjEuMS4wLjEuMZgBA QgwEQQ1CougNYreUDYLfxA2gAcAB4AIAB6gGIAfUckgEGMC4yMC4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzL KABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=BzJSX- Xdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=aTFSX9bvJsXA0wS5yLE4&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=Ki9 OoM8aJr7wP_IuygAw&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=2Y-L4MREX-PIyM NEmxfC4wB7Ment=img&ei=1ExYX92_FZOXr7wPlM2e4AM&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc= knpvyP601_jV_McCegQIABAA&oq=manthematics+ancient+egypt&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECA AQQzoICAAQsQMQgwE6BQgAELEDOgIIADoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQBRAeOgQIABAYULO kigFYkvCKAWCa9ooBaAJwAHgFgAHLB4gB4U2SAQ4xLjE0LjcuMi4yLjEuNZgBAKABAaoBC2d 3cy13aXotaW1nsAEAwAEB&sclient=img&ei=7ENYX92QGo7- 0wSpvo2ADg&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=pcssgPLI69yRXM&imgdii=xg47MHF962hmKM TxSZbKuxPrZSjLNX5P7WH1tQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju8PCQidvrAhXzyYsBHeyCAyoQ_h16B AgYEAs#imgrc=q3cThOqpA_tQoM45jdGPq9VUiQdM Pythagoras, an Ionian philosopher, and Mathematician, formed the Pythagorean Brotherhood which is both a religious and philosophical movement that influenced the famous philosophers Aristotle and Plato. According to Pythagoras and his supporters, everything was “related to mathematics and everything could be predicted and measured in rhythmic cycles”. Pythagoras and his supporters were Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=pythagoras&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiAtaPkvc_rAhXCzIsBHf3PCQI vegetarians and considered beans special. Q2- cCegQIABAA&oq=py&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMg QIABBDMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQMyBQgAELEDMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQM6AggAOggIABCxAxCDAToGCAAQC Sadly, he was killed by an angry crowd for hAYOgQIABAYUJ2KCFidxAhg9uAIaAdwAHgEgAGdA4gBthiSAQkwLjcuNC4yLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l 6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=fzBSX8D5K8KZr7wP_Z-nEA&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=FR3xJ- refusing to run through a bean field. fgnS-f9M Next is another Greek who was exposed to Egyptian mathematics and astronomy whose works have not survived if any written works are Thales of Miletus. His works were only reported by some people like Aristotle who said that he was able to predict good harvest out of weather patterns observation. In another story, it was reported that Thales was able to calculate the height of the pyramids by measuring their shadows. He was also given credit for these mathematical concepts as indicated by Rooney in his MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)21  book: “The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and the opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines are equal.” Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=thales+of+miletus&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia vaD-0d3rAhV1NKYKHbyGAGMQ_AUoAXoECCYQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=rdNPDqBBr0js1M In the field of medicine, a person who made a remarkable contribution to society and who is now a physician can very much relate to them since during their oath-taking, they took their oaths after him. Can you guess who this person is? Hippocrates – Father of Medicine He got his teachings in medicine from his father, but, obtained his medical experience from his travels and experiences in different cities. From him, the occurrence of diseases is nothing but natural and a result of environmental factors, diet, and lifestyle, instead of being punished by Gods. Illnesses Image from according to him were categorized as acute, https://www.google.com/search?q=hippocrates&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjQ0IOertvrAhUUzYsBHdfEBf QQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=hippocrates&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCA chronic, endemic, and epidemic, and AyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgUIABCxAzoECAAQQ1CkqRxYoskcYJHZHGgAcAB4AoAB- wyIAdcykgELNC0xLjMuMi4xLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=zmpYX9 introduced the terms such as exacerbation or CxLJSar7wP14mXoA8&bih=576&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=SyahphjBC_v4uM relapse, resolution, and crises. Aristotle – Father of Biology He is a popular ancient Greek philosopher who is greatly known for his vast contribution in various fields which up to now are being reflected in texts- mathematics, biology, meteorology etc. In biology, he initiated the classification of animals which led him to categorize zoology into three divisions namely: natural history and classification; reproduction and embryology; and anatomy and physiology. He was also the person Image from https://www.google.com/search?q=ARISTOTLE+AND+ITS+CONTRIBUTION+IN+ANCIENT+ behind some of the natural phenomena like GREECE+pdf&hl=en&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6goK- stvrAhUkNKYKHfUADAAQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=- 4TgruAOIbXbkM MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)22 earthquakes and even classified the following as atmospheric phenomena: thunder, lightning, meteors, etc. Aside from these famous civilizations and personalities, other civilizations are part of the cradles of science. These people are the Meso-Americans who also made remarkable contributions to society through their innovative ideas and discoveries in science and technology. Meso-America now constitutes the diverse civilizations found in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. People from these places share the same cultural characteristics and traits such as food, clothes, and a 260-day calendar are just a few examples. If you like chocolate, then this English word was adopted from chocolatl, a Nahuatl word. Nahuatl is the language spoken by one of the famous Meso-American civilizations, the Aztecs. Other than the Aztecs, we also have Incas and Mayans. SUMMARY Ancient civilizations provided us with the backbone of the things we have today. Science and technology are already evident in their way of living. When they started seeking answers or solutions to problems they encounter and when they tried to understand the different phenomena happening around them are just a few examples of activities involving science and technology. Examples of these include the different numeral base systems in counting like the quinary (base-5) system of a few cultures of the speakers of Saraveca and the Ilongot, the head-hunting tribe from our country. These numeral systems made us aware that counting and measurement were part of their daily lives already which in turn, led them to construct huge structures and make their respective communities organized. Despite the presence of many massive structures with intricate designs, the structures the ancient people built remained intact in writings if no longer present physically since they all bring us to the past and let us know how people lived back then. In medicine, most ancient civilizations used botanicals in treating illnesses and other conditions aside from the methods which we now practice. To this day, many people tend to rely on herbal just like them. Continuous research is conducted to find out more plants with medicinal properties and these are elaborately scrutinized, thus, serve as bases in the formulation of various drugs. With the advent of technology, synthetic drugs are commercially being sold. However, the use of herbal medicine, which is part of alternative medicine, is being encouraged. That is why, we even now have approved medicinal plants and found their list together with the right preparation and dosage on our Department of Health’s (DOH) page or website. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)23 LET’S DO THIS!  As a group, please come up with a creative mind map about Science and technology in the Philippines during ancient/ pre-colonial times and have it done in a short bond paper. Since this is a group output, please follow the instructions in submitting your output and the necessary docs you need to submit. You may refer to the online policies for this. Take note that each member should submit their individual task/s and the proof/s of you submitting or doing your respective task/s. Tips for making your own creative mind map. 1. It is important to read about the said topic first, so, you can easily identify the main topic. Your main topic will be your starting point. You may be able to determine the salient information aside then categorizing the information gathered would be easy. 2. Represent the subtopics you want to explore. 3. In making a creative mind map, consider the color/s, therefore, it is better to color code branches. 4. To enhance ideas, the use of visual signifiers is highly encouraged such as images, symbols, drawings/illustrations. This is to attract readers as it limits the use of words/ texts in your map, hence, it will not be a text-heavy mind map. Arrows may also be used to show the link between or among words. MDGUEVARRA (SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)24 REFERENCES: Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth. (n.d.). NCCIH. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic- medicine-in- depth#:~:text=The%20ancient%20Indian%20medical%20system,India's%20traditional% 20health%20care%20systems. Ancient Chinese Mathematics - University of California, Irvine. (n.d.-a). https://www.math.uci.edu/~ndonalds/math184/china.pdf Adhikari, S. (2022). Top 18 Ancient Chinese Inventions and Discoveries. Ancient History Lists. https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/china-history/top-18-ancient-chinese-inventions/ Ancient Egyptian Inventions. (2018, February 22). Discovering Ancient Egypt. https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/ Ancient Egyptian papyrus’ ink reveals its origin. (2023, January 19). 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