Modern History of Odisha PDF

https://t.me/opsc_simplified https://youtube.com/@opscsimplified?si=kwe8zXv1eGiEzuzL  PREFACE In this booklet, we present a concise coverage of Modern History of Odisha, specifically tailored for aspirants preparing for OPSC CSE Prelims. Understanding the importance o...

https://t.me/opsc_simplified https://youtube.com/@opscsimplified?si=kwe8zXv1eGiEzuzL  PREFACE In this booklet, we present a concise coverage of Modern History of Odisha, specifically tailored for aspirants preparing for OPSC CSE Prelims. Understanding the importance of time management during exam preparation, we’ve crafted this booklet to deliver essential information in a quick and efficient manner.We have extensively gone through Various Standard books to cover these topics so as to give you the best content. Our focus is on the previous years' questions, ensuring that aspirants not only grasp the content but also align their studies with the examination pattern. The content is designed to be crisp, making it easy to digest while covering all crucial aspects of Odisha's history, which is important for your exam. You can complete your study in a fraction of the time, maximizing your effectiveness and boosting your confidence heading into the exams. We hope this booklet helps you in your Prelims preparation. All the best!! 2024 Sourav Das ( UPSC CSE 2023- Rank 466) Manas Ranjan Mohapatra ( OPSC Simplified) https://t.me/opsc_simplified https://youtube.com/@opscsimplified?si=kwe8zXv1eGiEzuzL  CONTENT BRITISH OCCUPATION OF ODISHA........................................….1 RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN BRITISH INDIA..............................3 FAMINE OF 1866..................………………………………………….6 FORMATION OF SEPARATE ODISHA PROVINCE....................…7 PRAJAMANDALA MOVEMENT & INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES…………………….........…9 FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN ODISHA........................................….11 MAHIMA DHARMA………………………..................................…..15 BRAHMO MOVEMENT………………………………………………16 HISTORY OF PRESS & JOURNALISM……………………………17 https://t.me/opsc_simplified https://youtube.com/@opscsimplified?si=kwe8zXv1eGiEzuzL  BRITISH OCCUPATION OF ODISHA - the earliest contact of British with Odisha was through establishment of factories at Hariharpur(jagatsinghpur) in 1633. Other factories Balasore( mouth of Budhabalanga river) and Pipili( mouth of Subarnarekha). Occupation of South Odisha: - Southern Odisha( Northern Circars) was gifted to French by Nizam Salabat Jang( Hyderabad ruler) in return of help it received against Maratha incursion. - In 1759, Nizam Ali killed Salabat Jang and captured the Hyderabad throne with the help of English. - In return, he gifted English the Southern Odisha( Northern Circars- included Ganjam, Parlakhemundi, Icchapur, Jeypore, Ghumusar, Koraput, Maliah). It was ratified by Mughal Emperor Shah Alam. - There was no resistance from the local rulers against Britishers except King Narayandev the ruler of Parlakhemundi. Colonel Peach defeated Narayandev. - Edward Cotsford was appointed the resident of Ganjam. Occupation of Coastal Odisha: Reasons leading to British Occupancy of Coastal Odisha: - acquisition of diwani of Bengal- Bihar- Odisha after the battle of Buxar made the British think it as their Legitimate right to acquire odisha. - The Britishers were paying huge amounts to Maratha ruler Bhonsles for passage for commerce and movement of troops as the route from Odisha Connected with Bengal and Madras. They wanted to stop paying these huge amounts to Britishers. - weakening of the Maratha power in Odisha. They Failed to get adequate help from Nagpur.( the seat of Bhonsles) - Tyranny of Zamindars- due to the weakness of Marathas, the local Zamindar started exploiting people. People wanted to get rid of Marathas who failed to control zamindars. Officers in charge of Occupation: - the plan was made by Lord Wellesley based on the topographic survey of James Rennel and Military information of Thomas Motte. - Wellesley Bribed Naib Bhanuji Pandit, Diwan Haribansa Ray, Faujdar Moro Pundit, Commander in chief Balaji Kuanr. - He followed a policy of conciliation towards the feudatory chiefs and and priest of Jagannath temple. - In south, a military campaign was to be launched under General Campbell. Captain Dick was to carry out the main offensive from Ganjam. - From the Northern side, Captain Morgan was to occupy Balasore through sea-route. Jaleswar was under Lt. Col. Fergusson. - Col. Fenwick was in-Charge at Midnapore and had to occupy the area Notheast of Subarnarekha. John Melville was appointed to negotiate revenue settlement with feudatory chiefs. Course of Occupation: PURI: - Campbell started from Ganjam but was replaced by Lt. Col. Hartcourt due to illness. Soon Hartcourt annexed Manikapatna and left Lieutenant Oglivie to guard it. - Hartcourt paid khordha ruler sum of 1 lakh rupees to get passage to puri. Puri was captured with very less resistance. Hartcourt left Puri under the control of Major Fletcher. CUTTACK - After Puri, the army marched towards Cuttack under Hartcourt. Marathas offered some resistance in Ahmadpur and Mukundapur. But they were defeated by Captain Hutchinson and Lt. Col. Clayton. - Finally Clayton entered the fort and defeated the Marathas. - description of the occupation is available in ‘Firingi Kali Bharat’ by Vipra Madhusudan. 1  To organize the conquered territory and to conclude alliance with local rulers a commission was appointed consisting of George Hartcourt, John Melville and T. H. Earnest. The local ruler accepted the British Suzerainty and promised to pay annual tributes. Administration of Odisha was vested in the hands of the authority of Bengal. BALASORE: - Fergusson led the land route and Morgan led the Sea route. - Balasore was captured by Morgan. - Lt. Slyle captured Soro, Bhadrak and Jajpur. - With the order of Colonel Fenwick, Captain Lamb conquered Maratha zamindaris of Patapur, Kamarda, Bhograi, Saha Bandar and Jamukonda on northeast of Subarnarekha. Subarnarekha was fixed as natural boundary between Bengal and odisha. Treaty of DEOGAON: - signed between Raghuji Bhonsle III and East India Company. Under this the the Maratha administerd territories were Ceded to Britishers. Initially the British occupied territories was divided into two divisions. Puri was declared headquarter of Southern division and Balasore as headquarter of northern division. Later, the two divisions where United and Puri became its headquarters in 1816. In 1818, Cuttack became the headquarter. Occupation of Sambalpur: -Ruling chiefs of Boudh and Sonepur submitted to Major Forbes and accepted British Suzerainty. - Major Broughton Conquered Sambalpur by defeating Maratha Governor Tantis Phadnavis. He then concluded a treaty of friendship and protection with queen Ratnakumari. - Wellesly tried to negotiate these areas with Raghuji Bhonsle. But the negotiations failed. - subsequently wellesly was called back and was replaced by G.H.Barlow as the Governor General. - Barlow restored Sambalpur and adjoining ares to the Marathas. The Maratha rule continued till 1817. - with the final defeat of Maraths in 1817, Sambalpur was reoccupied by Britishers and restored to the Chauhans. - In 1849 Raja Narayan Singh died and Lord Dalhousie annexed Sambalpur it under the Doctrine of Lapse. - Dr.J. Cadenhead became the first British administrator of Sambalpur. Causes of British Success: - The priority of Nagpur administration was on collection of Chauth. They were indifferent towards the defence of Odisha and didnt make adequate arrangements. - Britishers had modern warfare techniques whereas Marathas used traditional techniques. - Britishers had good knowledge about the topographies and hence crossed the natural barriers with ease. - Absence of nationalistic outlook among the locals. Hence didnt oppose British occupation. Moreover the Maratha nobles were bribed. - isolated Marathas by winning over the morale of the locals by convincing them of religious toleration, welfare administration etc. 2 RESISTANCE MOVEMENT IN BRITISH ODISHA Parlakhemundi: - Raja of Parlakhemundi, Gajapati Narayan Deo was the first ruler who defied the English rule. - He intercepted the dak communication link between Bengal and Madras. - He was defeated by Colonel Peach at Jalmur. - The next ruler Gaurchandra Deo also rebelled against the Britishers, he was captured and sent to Vizag. - with the imposition of Permanent Settlement, there was huge default of payment of revenue. Hence Parlakhemundi was placed under Court of Wards and the officials were hostile towards the people. This resulted in Rebellion. - To control the rebellion George Russell was appointed as Special Commisioner. He gave the command to Captain John Campbell. - Campbell captured Jiranga fort and this led to weakening of the rebels. - In 1856-1857, savaras rose in rebellion under Radhakrisna Dandasena. But it was soon quelled by Captain Wilson and Dandasena was executed. Khordha Uprising (1st Phase) - Colonel Hartcourt wanted free passage through Khordha during war with marathas. In return he had promised a sum of Rupees 1 lakh and restoration of four region(Rahang, Limbai, Serai and Chabiskud) from the Khordha king which was annexed by Marathas from the Khordha king. - After defeating Marathas the British didn’t keep their promise of restoring the 4 regions. - to avenge this betrayal Jayee Rajguru( regent of minor Raja of Khorda, Mukundadeva) sought the help of Sambhu Bharati, who united the Zamindars to make a united front. - Ruler of Kanika, Kujang, zamindar of Bishnupur, Harishpur, Marichpur joined Jayee Rajguru. - In 1804, they rebelled aginst the Britishers. Soon the Britishers under Colonel Hartcourt attacked the fort of Khorda. - Rajguru was captured and executed on 6th December 1806. - King Mukundadeva was captured but as released later. But his residence was shifted to Puri. - Firangi Kali Bharat by Bipra Madhusudan gives account of the Khordha uprising. Khordha Uprising (2nd Phase) Reasons for uprising: - Unsympathetic British administration: there was wide communication gap as the court language was Persian and Bengali, not Odiya. Hence, the Odiya people were exploited by non odia clerks, amlas etc. - in the short-term land revenue settlement, the zamindars frequently lost their Zamindaris. Bengal revenue regulations were imposed which was not favourable in Orissa, context. - refusal to allow remission on land revenue in case of Calamities. - Loss of jobs of the Paikas due to annexation of Khordha and abolition of Paika tradition. - Imposition of taxes on rent-free Jagir lands of the Paikas - The depreciation of cowry currency due to replacement of silver coins by copper coins. - introduction of salt monopoly: this effected the livelihood of many. This also led to rise of price of salt by six times. - The hanging of Jayee Rajguru, the deposition of Raja Mukundadev II and reorganisation of administration of Khordha by Major Fletcher enraged the people. - discontentment of Buxi Jagabandhu: 1. Loss of Jagir lands( Rahang, Lembai, Sarai, Chabiskud) and Rodang Estate( family estate taken away in fraudulent manner) of Buxi Jagabandhu. 2. The government tried to take Buxi into custody by a false information of Buxi’s secret link with pindaris. Course of the rebellion: - The rebellion began on 29 March 1817. There was incursions of Chuhars from Ghumsar to Banapur. Later they joined the Paikas of Khordha and attacked the government establishment. Soon they took control over Khorda. - Edward Impey, dispatched troops to Khorda and Pipli under Lieutenant Prideaux and Lieutenant Faris respectively. 3 - Impey along with lieutenant Travis Marched towards Gangapara. - Lieutenant Faris what shot dead by the rebels and took control over Pipili. - under the leadership of Rajballav Chhotrai the insurgents attacked Hariharpur and Kotheds. They also took control of Balarampur and Budhakera. - they captured, Rani Mukta dei of Sambalpur, who had taken the shelter of British. - they murdered Jagabandhu Patnaik who was spying against Buxi. - Buxi with his followers reached Puri and declared Raja MukundaDeva as the ruler denouncing the British authority. The priests of the temple welcomed him. - to suppress the rebel martial law was imposed. Captain Le Fevre marched to Puri and captured Raja Mukundadev and his son Ramchandra Dev and brought them to Cuttack. - Captain Kennet was dispatched to suppress the revolt in Gope, Golra and the surrounding regions. He captured Raja of Kujang, and other leaders like Narayan Paramguru and Bamdeva Patajoshi. - Captain A. Macelod took the charge of controlling Pattamundai. - Major E. Roughsedge tried to capture Buxi. Buxi and his followers ( Biswanath Harichandan, Adikanda Bidyadhara, Dinabandhu Santara, Gopal Chhotrai, Padmanava Chhotrai) escaped from Baudh with the help of Raja of Dasapalla. - Buxi with his followers, retired to the Jungles and continued his activities from the jungles. - gradually, the rebels were captured or surrendered to the Britishers. Leaders like, Vishnu paikray, Ram singh, Nath Pradhan and Parsuram Pattnaik were given capital punishment. - W.Blunt ( the Commissoner of Cuttack) sent Waz Mohammed to negotiate with Buxi. The negotiations took place at Nayagarh. - finally, Buxi surrendered with his followers on 27 May 1825. In return his monthly allowance was fixed at Rs.150. Henceforth, he lived virtually as a prisoner and Cuttack. Consequences of paika revolt: - Ewer report: 2 member Committee to suggest causes of the revolt and remedies: Members- Impey( magistrate of cuttack) and his successor Walter Ewer with General Martindell. - Henceforth, Odiyas were employed in the government services. - The judges were accompanied by Odia amlas to redress grievances in local language - The price of the salt was reduced. -Ramchandra Dev III was allowed to move to Puri and to take over the charge of Jagannath Temple. - henceforth the revenue burdens on the local Zamindar was reduced. Nature of the uprising: - The revolt started from the Paika of Khordha and Banpur, but the people of other parts of the state joined soon. Other than the Paikas, the common man, peasants, amlas etc Participated as a protest against economic sufferings and maladministration of Britishers. Ghumsar Uprising: - Ghumsar was ruled by the Bhanja rulers. But with the occupation of Britishers, the rulers faced difficulties to pay the tribute, and were dispossessed. - Ghumsar was dominated by Kondh tribes. The interference of British in the administration created discontent among the Kondhs due to suppression of meriah, female infanticide, introduction of modern education, fear of conversion by missionaries, exploitation, and extortion. - Dhananjay Bhanja sought help from Kondh leader Dora Bisoyee. Dora Bisoyee supported the king. - britishers under George Edwellconducted military operation against Dora Bisoyee. He escaped to Angul.But was handed over to the Britishers by the Raja of Angul. He was imprisoned at Ooty near Madras. - After the arrest of Dora Bisoyee, his nephew, Dora Bisoyee, current military operation against Britishers. - he mysteriously disappeared in 1856. Bing leaderless, the movement became weak. Angul Uprising: - Somnath Singh was the ruler of Angul. In 1831 he plundered some villages of Daspalla. - The petitioners asked to pay compensation, which Somnath defied. - again he was fined for forcible, occupation of a village in Hindol, but he did not pay it. - He was also accused of supporting Chakra Bisoyee and Nabaghana Kohnro. - repeated defiance resulted in annexation of Angul by Colonel Campbell and Colonel Ousley. - Somnath Singh was sent to Hazaribagh prison. 4 Sambalpur Uprising and Revolt of Surendra Sai: - after the death of Maharaja, Sai in 1827. Surendra Sai put forth his claim on Sambalpur throne as the king didn’t have any male heir. - But the British made the widow Queen Mohan Kumari the ruler for sometime. Later Narayan Singh was made the ruler setting aside the claim of Surendra Sai. - This led Surendra Sai to rebel against Britishers. Surendra Sai killed Zamindar Durjoy singh from Rampur as he was supporting Narayan Singh. - For this murder Surendra Sai was captured and sent to Hazaribagh jail in 1840. - In 1849, Raj Narayan Singh died without a male heir and the state came under direct British administration as per Doctrine of Lapse. J.H.Crawford, assumed the charge of the administration of Sambalpur. - the British administration was very exploitative and people revolted against it. - in 1857, the sepoys at Hazaribagh revolted by breaking the jail bars and released the prisoners. - Surendra, Sai and his brother Udant Sai came back to Sambalpur. The people of Sambalpur welcomed them. - Surendra Sai made a representation to Captain R.T.Leigh, the senior assistant commissioner of Sambalpur, and demanded his installation to the throne of Sambalpur. - The demands of Surendra Sai were not fulfilled. Hence he declared revolt against the Britishers. - He aimed to disconnect Sambalpur from surrounding territories and employed guerrilla warfare. - near Jujumura Dr.Moore was killed under the leadership of Madhu Gauntia and SrinKrishna Bera. - Captain Wood killed Surendra Sai’s brother Chhabila Sai. - To avenge this murder, the insurgents killed Woodbridge while he tried to besiege the fort of Paharasirgida. - in 1861Major H.B. Impey joined as deputy commissioner of Sambalpur. He proclaimed amnesty offering pardon to rebels in case of their surrender. - Surendra, Sai started negotiations. On 16 May 1862, Surendra surrendered and a guarantee of life and liberty. He was granted a pension of Rs.1200. - but Kunjal Singh and Kamal Singh did not surrender and were determined to restore Surendra Sai to the throne - When Richard Temple the chief Commissioner of Raipur visited Sambalpur, the supporters of Surendra Sai made a petition far is restoration to throne. But the petition was rejected. - After the death of Major Impey, Captain Cumberledge , denounced the conciliatory policy of Impey. Accordingly, he arrested Surendra, Sai and was sentenced for life in Asirgarh. 5  FAMINE OF 1866 - The famine of 1866 is also known as Nanka famine as it occurred during the ninth regnal year of Gajapati Divyasinghdev. It affected the Coromandel Coast from Madras to Bengal. Causes of famine: 1. Deficiency in rainfall: hence the produce of the land reduced to 1/3 of the average. Puri was the most affected region. 2. Heavy Export activities: there was depletion of reserve stock due to heavy and unregulated export. Telugu Kumutis of Madras collected huge amount of food grains from Orissa for sale, to a French company M/S Robert Chariot. There was no buffer stock to meet unforeseen situations. 3. Unemployment: British government stopped indigenous manufacturing of salt as the markets were overflowed with Liverpool salt. This resulted in loss of livelihood and unemployment. 4. New Revenue settlement: the 30 year revenue settlement was duebto expire b 1866. Hence people deliberately reduce their area under cultivation to evade the increase in the assessment of revenue in the forthcoming revenue settlement. 5. Inadequate agricultural facilities: the rivers were not properly utilised for irrigation. People were also not ready to avail water before the settlement was concluded. 6. No remission for reduced production: Muspratt, collector of Balasore, rejected the request of postponement of payment of revenue. 7. Ruin of cottage industry: the British policies lead to decline of indigenous cottage industries. This resulted in unemployment and increased the rural poverty. 8. Poor communication facilities, made it difficult to procure and transport food to the scarce regions. 9. Defective and complacent administrative system: higher authorities did not take timely steps. 10. Lack of awareness due to absence of press and modern education. Course of famine: -G.N. Barlow(collector of Puri) apprised the higher authority regarding the misery and starvation but Commissioner of Odisha (T.E.Ravenshaw) suggested a non-interference and believed there was plenty of hoarded grain that will find its way to the market. - Ravenshaw visited the affected areas in November 1865, but by then the situation had become alarming. - Lieutenant governor of Bengal(Cecil Beadon) visited Orissa in February, 1866 but did not take any steps. -it was only after April 1866 that Robin Sir wrote to the government of Bengal take necessary steps. - Newspaper Hindu patriot( launched by Girish Chandra Ghosh, by 1855 Harish Chandra Mukherjee assumed its editorship, Krishna Chandra pal was also an editor of it) drew the attention of the government in this regard. -To address the situation rice was imported from Burma. 88 free kitchens were opened in Cuttack, Balasore and Puri. - The food for work projects were carried out by the government. East India irrigation company provided works to give wages, partly in cash and partly in kind. Famine Commission Report: - famine commission was appointed in December 1866. - Three members, Chairman: George Campbell, Members: Colonel W.E.Morton and H.Dampier. - The commission identified the following factors for famine: 1. Inevitable circumstances: such as disruption of communication during rainy season 2. Shortcomings in the administration and individual officers: it criticised T.E. Ravenshaw and Cecil Beadon for their complacency. It also criticised the local governments. Sir Strafford Northcote, the Secretary of State for India held the British government as a whole responsible for the famine. Results of the famine: - 1/3 of the population died. Odishar Itihas by PyariMohan Acharya, Annanta Dasank by Ananta Das, Autobiography of Fakir Mohan Senapati testifies the horror of famine. the autobiography of Fakir Mohan Senapati states that 3 million people died and 6 million people became homeless. - Villages were deserted and the rate of crime increased - benevolent measures, such as construction of embankment, and construction of communication channels. - development in education: intermediate teaching started in CUttack college (ravenshaw college), Odisha medical school, Odisha school of engineering, CUttack training college where established. - Growth in journalism - growth in political and social associations. 6  FORMATION OF SEPARATE ODISHA PROVINCE Odiya speaking areas where scattered in Bengal Madras, Bihar and Central provinces. Ganjam was part of Madras presidency, Sambalpur was part of central provinces. Odiya speaking region of Midnapur was in Bengal presidency. Singhbhum was under Chhotanagpur division of Bihar. UNIFICATION OF ODISHA: Early Efforts: - In 1876, Raja Baikunthanath De of Balasore and Bichitrananda Patnaik of CUttack made Kalidas happy Kaiju a representation to the government for union of all the Odiya speaking areas. -In 1885, Utkal Sabha presented a memorandum to lieutenant governor of Bengal Richard Thompson for the union of Ganjam, Jaipur and Sambalpur with Odisha. - in 1888, Utkal Sabha presented another memorandum to Lieutenant Governor of Bengal Sir. S.C. Bayley, for unification of Orissa. - Madhu Sudan Das didn’t get enough support from INC for the unification of Orissa. -Hence, in 1888, he planned to discuss the case of Orissa in Bengal provincial conference. But odias outside Odisha division ( Ganjam and Sambalpur) were not invited. Hence Madhu Babu understood it would be ineffective. Risely Circular & Unification of Sambalpur: - in 1895, the chief Commissioner of Central provinces, Sir Andrew Fraser introduced Hindi language in the schools and courts. Thus Hindi was introduced in Sambalpur by abolishing Odiya. - The editor of Sambalpur Hitasini Nilamani Vidyaratna protested it. - Poet Gangadhar Meher protested in his poems, Bharati Rodana and Utkalaa Bharatinka Nibedan. - A meeting was held under the presidentship of Dharani Dhar Mishra, to oppose introduction of Hindi, in courts and offices. - Utkal Sabha sent a memorandum to Lord Elgin (The then Viceroy.) - Another memorial was submitted to the then Viceroy Lord Curzon and chief Commissioner of Central province is Sir Andrew Fraser(by Balabhadra supakar, Mahanta Behari Das, Braj Mohan Patnaik and Madan Mohan Mishra). - In 1903, Odiya was reintroduced in Sambalpur. - in 1903, Lord Curzon was preparing a scheme of territorial adjustment. The scheme was published by Henry Risely known as Risley circular. It provided for amalgamation of Sambalpur to Odisha division. - On 19 July 1905, Sambalpur along with Patana, Kalahandi Sonepur, Bamanda, Rairakhol from central provinces and Gangapur, Banei from Chhotanagpur, were incorporated into Odisha. Creation of Utkal Sammilini: - Madhusudan Das and Gaurisankar Ray attended the Madras session of INC and proposed for the amalgamation of Odia speaking areas. But his proposal was not given any importance. Hence he thought of creating a association for odia people. - Ganjam Jatiya Samiti was established at Rambha, its first meeting took place in Berhampur in 1903. It discussed upon the amalgamation of Odiya speaking areas. - inspired by it, Madhu Babu formed, Utkala Sammilani. The first session was held in Idgah field of Cuttack. Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja was its chairman. Some other leading members were Gaurisankar Rai, Gopabandhu Das, Harihara Mardaraj, Raja of Khallikote etc. - Motilal Ghosh, the editor of Amrit Bazar Patrika attended it and wrote about the conference in his paper. Creation of the province of Bihar-Odisha and demand for amalgamation of Ganjam: - in 1911, Orissa was incorporated into Bihar by annuling the partition of Bengal. A new province call, Bihar and Odisha was formed. - This was opposed by Madhu Babu in the eight session of Utkal Sammilani held in Berhampur in 1912. - Raja Bikramdev Burma as the President of 10th session of Utkala Samilani in Paralakhemundi demanded amalgamation of Odiya speaking areas. Montague-Chelmsford Act and efforts of Utkal samilani: - A committee of Utkal Sammilani consisting of seven members under the leadership of Madhu Babu presented a memorandum to Chelmsford at Calcutta. But that did not take it into consideration. - In frustration, Madhu Babu resigned from Bihar-Odisha legislative Council. Sinha Proposal: - With the request of Utkalaa samilani in 1919 at Puri, Sachchidananda Sinha and Raja Rajendra Bhanjadeo of Kanika put forth the demand for a separate state of Orissa in the imperial Council. - provincial governments of Bengal, Madras and central provinces did not agree to the proposal. - In 1923, Shashi Bhushan, Ratha of Bihar-Odisha legislative Council and Biswanath Kar the member of Madras legislative Council brought forward the demand for formation of Odisha. 7  Philip-Duff Committee: - In 1924, British government appointed a committee consisting of the British political agent of Garhjat areas C.L.Philip and district magistrate of Vizagapatnam A.C.Duff. - maharaja Krushna, Chandra Gajapati presented facts to the committee and demanded the unification. - The committee was impressed and recommended for the creation of separate state of Orissa. - But the Madras government opposed it. Simon Commission and the unification of Orissa: - Utkal Sammilani, welcomed the commission at Patna. - Krushna, Chandra Gajapati, met the commission at Madras and demanded creation of a separate Orissa. - A subcommittee known as Atlee committee was formed to suggest on the demand of the odias. (Members- Atlee, Surawardi, Rajendra Narayan Bhanjadeo, and laxmidhar Mohanty) -This committee recommended for the creation of a separate state of Orissa. Nehru Committee and the cause of unification of Orissa: - A committee to reconsider the boundaries of different provinces was formed under Motilal Nehru on behalf of all party conference. - The committee recommended the creation of separate state of Orissa. First Round Table conference (RTC) - Indian national congress boycotted the first RTC. - But Krushna Chandra Gajapati participated in it. - On 31st Jan 1931 he made a speech in RTC in London and distributed a pamphlet named ‘arguments of the odias’( odiankara dabi O jukti). - The government realised the genuineness of the demand and instructed to determine the boundaries of the proposed province. O’ Donnell Committee: - boundary commission was formed in September 1931. - It consisted of three members: Samuel O’ Donnell ( chairman), H.N. Mehta( member of Council of states), T.R.Phukan ( member of central legislative assembly). - Krushna Chandra Gajapati represented Odisha, Sachchidananda Sinha represented, Bihar, C.V. Narasimha Raju represented the Telegus, as associate members. - The committee recommended a separate province by taking Orissa division,Angul, Padmapur from central provinces, Khariar Zamindari of Raipur district , Ganjam and Vizagpatnam agency. Lingering Obstacles: - Sir Samuel Hoare, the secretary of state for India published a white paper in which the proposed Orissa province was reduced from 33,000 square miles( recommended by O’ Donnell) to 21,545 mi.² - it excluded Vizagpatnam, Jalantar Malias and Parlakhemundi. Joint Parliamentary committee: - joint Parliamentary committee was formed. Linlithgow was the chairman. - Krushna Chandra Gajapati headed a delegation to meet the secretary of state for India in London. - Gajapati demanded the inclusion of Paralakhemundi and Jaipur. He even proposed to divide his estate to retain Paralakhemundi with Orissa. - The committee decided to include Jaipur, but excluded Paralakhemundi from the new province. - The return mind, Gajapathi went to Delhi and make the Viceroy providing him the census record to prove his arguments. This records were sent to London by the Viceroy. - In November 1934, the Parliamentary committee included Jaipur along with Parlakhemundi and Jalantar Maliahas and a small portion of Paralakhemundi state, including Paralakhemundi town. - The total area increased from 215,45 to 3269, 5 mi.² Orissa administrative committee: - formed under John Austin Hubback( chairman). Madhusudhan Das, laxmidhar Mohanty, Loknath Mishra, Nilamani Senapati, Goura Chandra Deb, B.N.C Dhir Narendra, N.R. Naidu, W.O. Newsam, were members of the committee. - it published its report on December 20, 1933. It recommended to make Cuttack as a capital and Puri as summer capital. - Establishment of High Court but not university. - A new district for Koraput and two new subdivisions at Nuapada and Gunupur were created. Angul who was divided into two divisions to be administered by Ganjam and Cuttack. Orissa is born: - The order in Council for the formation of Orissa was released on 21 January 1936. The Act got the assent of the king on 3 March 1936. The province was inaugurated on 1 April 1936. - John Austin Hubback became the first Governor of Odiha. He was administered the oath by chief Justice of Patna High Court, Kotne Terel at Ravenshaw College. - Krishna Chandra, Gajapathi hosted a party in the Barabati fort of Cuttack. 8  PRAJAMANDAL MOVEMENT AND INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES During the British rule, Odisha was divided into two types of administrative region. (i) Mughalbandi area: comprising the plain and fertile lands in the coastal tract. It was under direct British jurisdiction. (ii) Garhjats: 26 states. these were fortified hilly regions under local chiefs. They had accepted British paramountcy. Misrule in the Garhjat States: - The people of the Garhjat states were exploited. They were subjected to forced labour, very high taxes, numerous fees such as marriage fees, death ceremony fee etc. No social affairs were allowed without permission of the authority. - such misrule resulted in sporadic uprisings. There was five uprisings in the state of Bamanda from 1908 to 1928. Leaders such as Daitari Hota, Bhagban Patel, Hara Pradhan, Bhagabati Pradhan and others. Similarly, Dhenkanal uprising under the leadership of Maheswara Subahusingh, Purna Chandra mahapatra, Benudhar Panda. - gradually, there was mass upsurge in princely states against the ruler popularly known as prajamandal Movement. Origin and development of Praja Mandal Movement: 1st states people Conference: - To improve the condition of the people, the first Odisha state People’s conference was organised in 1931 at Cuttack. - it was presided by Bhubananda Das(legislator of Orissa). Other eminent members where Radhanath Rath, Balunkeswar Acharya, Madhusudhan Pattnaik and Gobinda Chandra Mishra. 2nd States people Conference: - The second session of Orissa, State People’s conference was held on 23rd and 24 June 1937 at CUttack. - It is presided by Pattabhi Sitaramayya. - The conference urged upon the rulers of princely states to provide occupancy rights on land, holdings and fundamental rights to citizens. - The conference appointed a committee of enquiry to investigate into the illegal acts of the rulers. it included Satish Chandra Bose, Braja Sundar Das, Balwantrai Mehta and Sarangdhar Das( convenor). - The committee was reconstituted in 1938 with Harekrusha Mahtab (chairman) and and other members were Lal Mohan Pattanaik and Balwantrai Mehta. Niligri Prajamandal Movement: - Nilgiri Prajamandal was the 1st to be formed in Odisha and start the moment on 30 June 1938. - The Odisha enquiry committee had levelled charges of forced labour collection of Salamis against the ruler. - some of the leaders were Kailash Chandra Mohanty, Banamali Das and Gour Chandra Das. - The ruler, used repressive measures. H.K.Mahatab intervened in favour of Prajamandal. - Major Bazelgette( political agent) and Mr. Solomon ( collector of Balasore) restored normalcy. - settlement was reached and some demands of Prajamandal were conceded. Dhenkanal Prajamandal Movement: - The Prajamandal movement turned violent and its leaders Harmohan Pattanaik, Maheshwar Subahusingh, Lakhkmidhar Sahu were arrested. - The crowds were fired upon. Baji Rout was killed in firing during this period. - Leaders like H.K. Mahatab, Malathi Choudhury, Nabakrushna Chaudhary, Bhagabati panigrahi, and Saranga Dhar Das intervened. - On the basis of a report submitted by military intelligence bureau, the powers of the rulers were withdrawn and appointed Dewan ka Bahadur with the powers of administration. He brought some reforms to satisfy the people. Talcher Prajamandal Movement: - The movement in Talcher began under the leadership of Pabitra Mohan Pradhan. He launched the non-cooperation movement against the ruler. - The ruler took repressive measures. Gandhiji advised the Praja mandal to begin mass exodus and and they took shelter in angle refugee camp. - H.K.Mahatab, Ramadevi, Gopabandhu Chaudhary, A.V. Thakkar and marwari relief Society organised relief work. - On 29 October 1938 All Orissa Garhjat day was observed. - A pact was signed between Major Hennessy( assistant political agent) and H.K.Mahatab. As per the pact, Hennessy recommended certain relief measures and Mahtab requested people to go to Talcher. - based on the recommendations, the ruler fulfil the demands of Prajamandal. 9 Ranpur Prajamandal: - The Prajamandala demanded reforms. The authorities declared PrajaMandala unlawful and arrested leaders - Crowd gathered near the palace of the ruler and demanded release of prisoners. - Major Bazelgette( the political agent) started firing and a worker named Arjun Rout was killed. - The crowd captured, Bazelgette and killed him. This followed strong, repressive measures. - 26 persons were accused of murder. Raghunath Mohanty and Diwakar Parida were hanged. Gangpur PrajaMandal movement: - The tribals of Gangapur protested against high land rents. - the leader Nirmal Munda, was arrested at Simko. The crowd resisted and police opened fire and killed 28 people. - This incident was mentioned in the enquiry committee report of Odisha states. Nayagarh: - people demanded reforms. The murder of Bazelgette and the subsequent repressions in Ranpur reduced the protests in Nayagarh. They maintained a low profile and devoted towards Gandhiian constructive works. Later, with the launch of quit India movement the Praja mandal movement began with greater intensity. Integration of princely states: - the princely( Garhjat) states were divided into three groups( A,B,C). - after the independence, Sardar Patel took the responsibility of integration of princely states. Harikrushna Mahatab( the then prime Minister of Orissa) helped Patel in Orissa. - Mahatab met the Cabinet Mission on 6 April 1947 and presented a memorandum for integration of princely states. Cuttack Prajamandal sammilani: - on 10 August 1947, Prajamandala conference was held at CUttack. The people of Chhattisgarh and Odisha princely states expressed their desire to merge with Orissa. But the rulers opposed it. Eastern states union: - Eastern States union( union of princely States) was formed on August 1, 1947 under leadership of Rajendra Narayan Singhdeo of Patana. - The princely states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh were incorporated into it. Raja of Mayurbhanj did not join the union. - A Administrative council was formed with seven rulers and a president. It also had a police force to suppress the rebels. It tried to create obstacles in the merger. Integration of Nilgiri: - The ruler of Nilgiri created division between the tribal and nontribal by deliberately discriminating against non-tribals. - This led to law and order problem. The ruler believed that the non-tribals would come to him asking for protection. This would help him to continue his rule. - Sardar Patel was concerned that unrest would spread to neighbouring states. Hence, instructed Mahatab to merge the state of Nilgiri with Odisha. - On 14 November 1947 under the leadership of Mahatab, Nilgiri became the first state to be integrated with Odisha. Political discussions at Delhi: - A conference was organised, where Home Secretary- VP Menon, Mahatab, C.C.Desai and B.D.S Bediattended the meeting. The decision to dismantle the eastern states union was accepted here. - It also decided to call a meeting of Garhjat rulers and advise them to merge with odisha. Cuttack Conference: - Mahatab organise a conference of Garhjat rulers at Cuttack, on 14 December 1947. - Sardar Patel attended this conference. He convinced the group B and C rulers to join independent India. - but the group A rulers opposed his proposal initially but later they agreed too. -VP Menon collected the signatures of the rulers on the instrument of accession on 15 December 1947. - The Raja of Mayurbhanj refused to join Odisha on the ground that he had provided benevolent administration. Integration of princely states: - the princely states was taken over by the government of Odisha on 23 December 1947 by the extra provincial jurisdiction Act. it became effective from 1 January 1948. - Gradually Mayurbhanj, merged with Odisha on 1st January 1949 because of law and order problem in the state. - Kapileswar Nanda, pavithra Mohan Pradhan,Kailash Chandra mohanty were appointed as advisors by Mahatab. - Saraikala and Kharsuan initially merged with Odisha but due to demand of Bihar government, these two states were withdrawn from Orissa and merged with Bihar. 10  Freedom Movement in Odisha Swadeshi Movement & Odisha: - The people of Orissa responded by boycotting foreign goods, burning foreign clothes. - in 1909, Gopabandhu Das opened a national school known as Satyavadi Vana Vidyalaya at Sakhigopal. - Pandit Krupasindhu Mishra, Nilakantha Das, Godavarish Mishra, Acharya Harihar, Lingaraj Mishra were prominent teachers at Satyavadi vana vidyalaya. Non-cooperation movement (NCM) and Odisha: - NCM launched in Nagpur session of congress. 35 representatives from Orissa joined it. -Gopabandhu Das, Harekrushna Mahatab, Mukunda Prasad Das, Jagabandhu Singh, Jadumani mangaraj, Bhagirathi Mahapatra, Niranjan Patnaik, Chandrashekar Behera, Dharanidhar Mishra were some prominent members. - Gopabandhu, Das organised the movement in Odisha. - In Nagpur, it was decided to form provincial Congress committees on basis of language. Hence, Utkal Pradesh Congress committee was formed under the presidency of Gopabandhu Das. - Ekram Rasool was the vice president while Bhagirathi Mohapatra and Braja Bandhu Das were secretary and joint secretary respectively. - on 24 January 1921 Gopabandhu addressed gathering in Cuttack and encouraged them to join NCM. - Leadership in various areas: Bhagirathi Mahapatra in CUttack, Kripasindhu Mishra and Jagabandhu Singh in Puri, Hare Krushna Mahatab in Balasore, Niranjan Patnaik, and Ganjam, Nilakantha Das in Sambalpur, Raja Krishna Bose in Jajpur, Godabarisha Mishra in Singhbhum. Gandhiji’s visit to Orissa: - He addressed a gathering in Cuttack, on the bank of river Kathjodi on 23 March 1921. - He also visited Bhadrak, Puri and Berhampur. - inspired by him, many women donated their jewellery to the Tilak Swaraj fund. The contribution of women to Tilak Swaraj fund is the highest in the country. Boycott of English educational institutions and establishing national schools: - students left government schools and colleges. Hare Krushna Mahatab, Naba Krushna Chaudhary, Nityanand, Kanungo, and Jadumani Mangaraj gave up education and joined the movement. - students in Sambalpur left school under leadership of Jagannath Mishra, Laxminarayan Mishra and Nrusingh Guru. - Satyavadi Bana Vidyalaya played a prominent role. - Utkal Suraj siksha Parishad was established in Cuttack. establishment of congress ashrams: - Congress ashrams were established in Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Balasore, Puri, Sakhigopal and Soro. - Swaraj Ashram was established in Cuttack. Alaka Ashram In Jagatsinghpur under the leadership of Bhagirathi Mohapatra and gopabandhu Chaudhary. - Swaraj Mandir was established in Balasore by Harekrushna Mahatab. - Swaraj Sevak Sangh was established in Cuttack to coordinate activities of students. Boycott of Foreign Goods: - Rama Devi organised bonfire of foreign clothes to bring awareness among the people of Cuttack. - Kuntala Kumari wrote Ahwana and Kantabaki Laxmikanta wrote poetry to encourage, spinning of Charkha, boycotting foreign goods etc. - Niranjan Pattnaik popularised Khadi in Berhampur. Resignation from government services: - Nilakantha Das resigned from the post of professor of Calcutta University. Lingaraj Mishra resigned from Sanskrit College of Muzaffarpur. - Gopabandhu Chaudhary, Mukunda Prasad Das, Mohammed Haneef, Chandrashekar Behera and panda resigned from government services. Boycott of Courts: -Law Courts were boycotted. Banchhanidhi Mohanty in Bhadrak and Gouramohan Das in Srijang of Balasore administered justice, by establishing local Adaalat. Local adalats were also established in Aul, Jajpur and Tirtol. Important newspapers supporting the Movement: - Samaj, Utkalaa sevak, Asha publish from CUttack, Sambalpur and Behrampur respectively. Swarajya Samachar, Seva, Utkal Deepika Purabasi, Shakti etc Were some other important newspapers. Suppression of the movement: - Gopabandhu, Das was imprisoned for one month or his editorial entitled ‘Satya Hele Sanghatik’. - The Mishra press of Sambalpur was fined Rs.25 for publishing Swaraj Sangeet. - other important leaders like Harekrushna Mahatab, Balaram Das, Daitari Sahu, Banchanidhi mohanty, Qamaruddin Haq, Matrumohan Behera were imprisoned. 11 Kanika revolt during NCM: - The ruler of Kanika Raja Rajendra Narayan Bhanj Deo exploited the people. Thus there was popular uprising known as Kanika Meli. Samaj and Utkalaa Deepika criticised the ruler for killing two people during police fire. - The congress leaders were not allowed to enter Kanika. Gopabandhu Das and Bhagirathi Mahapatra were arrested on charges of breaking the law and were sent to Hazaribagh jail. Civil disobedience movement ( CDM) and Orissa: - with the withdrawal of non-cooperation movement. There was a period of lull in the freedom struggle. - During this period, Gandhi ji visited Odisha two times( in August 1925, and in 1927). - With the coming of Simon commission and its rejection of Nehru report led to adoption of the resolution of Poorna Swaraj and permission to launch the CDM in Lahore congress, 1929. Dandi March: - The mask Gandhi with 78 followers began on 12 March 1930. Sitanath Acharya from Balasore had participated in Dandi March. Satyagraha at Inchudi: - The Dandi March, influenced people in Orissa, to to hold a satyagraha at Inchudi. - 21 Satyagrahis marched to Inchudi from Swaraj Ashram of CUttack. - It was led by Gopabandhu Chaudhary and Acharya Harihar. - satyagrahis such as Sudarshan Praharaj, Akulananda Behera and Sadashiv Sarangi explain the people, the significance of salt satyagraha. - Gopabandhu Chaudhary was arrested on 8th April. So Acharya Harihar let the movement after it. - Ramadevi and Malti Devi garlanded the Satyagrahis at CUttack before the left for Inchudi. - Acharya Harihar broke the salt Law on 13th April. He along with seven other volunteers where arrested by police. - Women under the leadership of Rama Devi, Malti Devi, Kokila Devi, Jahnabi Devi and Subhadra Mahtab violated the salt law on 20th April. - Lauhastambha Bahini of Cuttack, Patitapaban Bahini of Puri, Ganjam Bahini and Sambalpur Bahini violated the salt law at Inchudi in different phases. - Jamubati Devi led 10 women to Inchudi from Sambalpur. Satyagraha at Kujang: - Narayan Birabar Samanta, Rama Devi and Malti Devi led the satyagraha at Kujang in Cuttack. - Rani Bhagyabati Patamahadevi of Kujang joined the satyagraha and this gave a great impetus to the movement - 500 women violated the salt law under her leadership. Satyagraha in Puri: - it was organised under leadership of Nilakantha Das and Jagannath Rath. Satyagraha at Ganjam: - Biswanath, Das, Niranjan Patnaik, Dibakar Patnaik, Sarala Devi, Malti Devi, Sashibushan Rath, Narasingha Sahu organised the moment in Ganjam. - Niranjan Pattnaik and Sarala were arrested. Other Programmes of CDM: - Social ostracism: people ostracised government servants and journalists who represented the government. People refused to provide them essential commodities like food, fuel, etc. - protest against chaukidari tax: Under the leadership of Gouramohan Das and Bidyadhar Rath, people of Srijanga( Balasore) protested against chaukidari tax. The government inflicted atrocities on the people. Leaders like Ramadevi, Malti Devi and Kokila Devi visited the place and criticised the government. - Prohibition: ticketing was organised before the liquor shops. Rama Devi and Malti Devi faced lathicharge picketing. - Boycott of foreign goods: women and children used to picket before fall in good shops. A Banarsena was organised, children of this group were very active in picketing. Suppression of the movement: - Leaders where imprisoned. - Newspapers like Samaj, Prajatantra and Asha were censored. - 2 secret pamphlets named Bidrohi and Biplabi were secretly circulated. - Finally, the movement came to an end in 1934. 12 Quit India Movement and Odisha: - with the failure of Crips mission, Gandhi ji launch the Quit India movement. - The Quit India resolution was passed in congress session at Bombay on 8 August 1942. - H.K. Mahatab, Surendranath Dwivedi, Malati Chaudhary, Prahlad Ray, Laxmi Narayan Mishra attended it. - before the moment could be launched, the government arrested top leaders on 9th August and congress was declared illegal. Spread of the movement in Orissa: - Harekrushna Mahatab was arrested in Bombay. - Surendra Nath, Dwivedi, and Malathi Chaudhary reached Odisha after attending congress session at Bombay. This accelerated the movement. Cuttack: - students of Ravenshaw college joined the movement under student leaders like Bibhudendu Mishra, Surajmal shah, Ashok Das and Biren Mitra. - Bibhudendu Mishra and Surajmal Saha were arrested and sent to Berhampur jail. - Gouranga Charan Das of Bagalpur taught the use of lathi to protect themselves from police. - Rakta Bahini was formedin Batimara village. Marana Bahini and Sangram Bahini were formed. - Surendra Nath Dwivedi made the moment active while remaining underground. Kaipada Firing: - The arrest of Gopabandhu Chaudhary and Ramadevi resulted in protest in Bari. This turned violent as Banarsena set fire to the post office. - To control the protest, police fired upon the people and arrested Indra Mani Tripathi, Benudhar Das, Dambarudhar Ray. - under her leadership of Annapurna, Maharana people demanded the release of the arrested leaders. - Hadibandhu Honda died during the tussle. Bhandari Pokhari Incident: - 5000 people attacked the police station and destroyed the official records. A fine of Rs.6000 was imposed on 12 villages Dhamnagar Firing: - Here, the movement movement became widespread under the leadership of Murlidhar Panda. - Muralidhar Panda was arrested and please opened fire, killing 9 people. Nidhi Mallick, was a martyr here. Tudigadia and Khairadihi firing: - police opened fire killing some people and arrested the leader Baidyanath Rout. Eram Firing: - people protested against being of taxes. They had gathered at the Melana ground of Eram of Basudevpur on 28 September. - Police opened fire and 28 men including a woman called Pari Bewa where killed. this place witnessed the highest death during the quit India movement in India. - Hence, this place is remembered as Rakta Tirtha Eram. Nimapada Firing: - The people had decided to not pay the revenue to the government. They also tried to hoist the national flag in the police station. - The police resisted.People set fire to the police station. Police opened fire and Uchchab Malik died. Ganjam: - rebels disrupted the telephone line at Aska. Post office at Berhampur was burnt. - Sarala Devi was imprisoned for participating in the revolt. Koraput: - Laxman Nayak of Tentuligumma had provided the leadership in Koraput. - on 21 August 1942, carrying a congress flag he tried to besiege the police station at Matili. - Laxman Nayak was arrested on false charge of killing a Officer. On 29 March 1943, he was hanged in Berhampur Jail. he was the only person to be hanged from Orissa during quit India movement. 13 Sambalpur: - A procession was led by woman satyagrahi Gurubari Meher. She died of police firing. - Other women leaders like Prabhavati Devi, Jamubati Devi and Parbati Giri played a significant role. Princely States: - Pabitra Mohan Pradhan in Talcher and Baishnav Charan Pattnaik in Dhenkanal were prominent leaders of the movement. Programmes of the movement Parallel Government: - Jatiya Sarkar was established in various places of Orissa. - Swadhina Banchinidhi Chakala was established in Basudevpur of Balasore district. It consisted of 6 panchayats and 24 villages. - Chasi Maulia was established in Talcher. - another parallel government was established in Gurpal of Dhenkanl. Here it will also established Jatiya Nyayalaya. 14  MAHIMA DHARMA Founder of Mahima Cult: - The founder of Mahima Dharma is Mahima Gosain. People called him Dhulia Gosain, as he used to sleep on sand. - He started Mahimabda. He talked about Non-Dualism and opposed idol worship. Govinda Das, Bhagirathi Mahindra Bahadur- king of Dhenkanal, Biswanath Baba, Bhima Bhoi were his disciples. The disciples of Mahima Gosain became popular as Abadhuta Monks. Bhima Bhoi: - He belonged to a Kondh Family of Rairakhol. He was born-blind. He spent a long time in Joranda and popularised the Mahima Cult. - Literary works: Stuti Chintamani, Brahmanirupana Gita, Shrutinisedha Gita, Adyanta Gita, Chautisa Madhuchakra, Chautisa Madhuchakra. - He died in Khariapali, Sonepur in 1895. Doctrines of Mahima Dharma: 1. Monotheism: belief in one god. 2. Non-Dualism: God is one and next to none. He is the supreme soul and cause of creation of the world. He is a Nirakara that is without form, Avyakta Unexpressible, Adeha without a body. He is present starting from the insect to the man. 3. Teacher or Guru occupies a pivotal position in the teaching of Mahima gosai: He shows the path of salvation. 4. Theory of Creation: The world has been created by Alekha Prabhu. He should be worshipped as the creator of the Universe. 5. Denial of idol worship: Raised voice against brahmanical ritual. 6. Opposition to Caste System 7. Universe is a single family: so Mahima Dharma desires welfare of all. 8. Common Meal for all: started in Kashipur, Dhenkanal - to show all souls are equal. It is similar to Upanishadic doctrine “Sahano Bhunaktu” (Let's all eat together). 9. Bisuddha-advaita Brahma-veda: Mahima Dharma was a Bhakti Cult and Its philosophy is called Bisuddha-advaita Brahma-veda. Similar to Advaita Vada of Shankaracharya that advocates Jnana as exclusive means of Salvation. 10. Emphasis on Values: One should leave meat and pervicious goods. Leave anger,conceit and pride. It gained popularity. Common people were attracted towards it because it was free from ritualistic practice of Brahmins. Though it rose in Odisha during the time of 19th century Renaissance but it was never influenced by the latter. 15  BRAHMO MOVEMENT IN ODISHA - Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Advent of Brahmo Movement in Odisha: The visit of Rabindranath Tagore in Odisha was the stepping stone of the Brahmo Movement in Odisha. In 1849 Mahesh Chandra Roy a Munsif of Cuttack led the foundation of Brahmo Samaj in Cuttack. Brahmo Movement in Cuttack: - Jaganmohan Roy, the deputy magistrate of Cuttack, gave his house at Odia bazar for the function of brahmo samaj. Literary figures like Gauri Shankar Roy Jagan Mohan Lala became its members. -Early proceedings of the organisation were made in Bengali language. -Utkala Shubhankari was published in 1869 under the editorship of Trailokyanath Mukhopadhayay. -A Brahmo temple was also constructed at Cuttack. -Another Brahmo organisation on the model of Keshav Chandra Sen was founded in Cuttack under the leadership of Harnath Bhattacharya. Radhanath Roy the poet joined this organisation. Cuttack printing Company was associated with it. -Prarthana Sabha was founded in 1883 at Mangala Bagh. Prarthana Samaj was established by some medical students at Cuttack, where Lalit Mohan Chakraborty became its secretary. -Chaturbhuj Pattnaik, Pyari Mohan Acharya, R. Venkataratnam from Madras, Rajmohan Basu Bishwanath kar, Reverend Belly, Madhusudan Das and Madhusudan Rao were associated with Brahmo Samaj. Brahmo Movement in Balasore: - Speech of Ishan Chandra Basu from Calcutta attracted people towards Brahmo faith. Fakir Mohan senapati also discussed Brahmo faith. Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1869 in Balasore. - Dharmabodhini a periodical was published from Balasore. Brahmo Movement in Puri: -Brahmo Samaj was founded in Puri by Prasanna Kumar Ganguly -Nilachal Brahmo Samaj was established at Puri. Brahmo Movement in Feduatory States: - Damodar Samantha founded Braham samaj in Dhenkanal. -Madhusudan Rao, Rajmohan Basu, Nandalal Bandopadhyay, Vishwanath kar visited Sambalpur for the spread of Brahma faith. - Aghomath Gupta preached Brahmo faith in Mayurbhanj. Achievements of the Brahmo Movement: Spread of education: -Pyari Mohan Acharya established Cuttack academy which letter became Pyari Mohan academy - Madhusudan Rao founded Town Victoria high school. -The ladies of Cuttack who wear follower of brahmo faith founded Sunday School -Literature: ○Chaturbhuj Pattnaik wrote books - Tatvamala, Bhajanamala, Future Church ○ Madhusudan Rao wrote books: Sangeetamela, Jeevanachinta, Atmasamarpana, Nababasanta, Staba. -Encouragaged: female education Journalism: - Progress in Journalism: Utkala Shubhankari, Dharmabodhini, Asha, Brahmo Social reform: - against Untouchability Failure of Brahmo Movement in Odisha: - Could not attract the common men - Orthodox section of Hindus didn't like the movement. They considered Brahmo as Christians in disguise. - The young mass took active part in the politics. They didn't want to come to the fold of Brahmo samaj 16  HISTORY OF PRESS & JOURNALISM Growth of press: 1. in 1837- the first printing press of Orissa - ‘Cuttack Printing Press’ established by Baptist missionaries 2. In 1866 the second printing press in Orissa- ‘Cuttack Printing Company’ was established by Bichitrananda Das inspired by T E Ravenshaw-. 3. In 1868 the 3rd printing press was established by Fakir Mohan Senapati (father of Odia Prose) in Balasore Journals and Newspaper: 1. First Odia newspaper Kujibara Patrika in 1937 published by Sadhu Sundar Das. 2. Journal Jnanaruna in 1849 published by missionaries for the propagation of religious ideas 3. Journal Prabodha Chandrika and Arunodaya published by missionaries 4. Utkal Deepika edited by Gauri Shankar Ray 5. Monthly journals bodha dayani and Balasore Sambad vihika published by Fakir Mohan Senapati. Letter on samvad vihika became a weekly journal. 6. Monthly journal Sevak & Weekly journal Samskaraka launched by Cuttack Mission Press. 7. Hitasini- in Sambalpur - under the patronage of king Sudhaladev - edited by Nilmani VidyaRatna 8. Praja Bandhu editor VidyaRatna - under the patronage of Harihara Mardaraj of Khallikote. It was meant to check the dominance of Telugus. 9. Utkal Darpana in 1873 published by Raja Baikuntha Nath Dey of Balasore 10. Utkala Madhupa- edited by Pt. Neelamani Vidyaratna 11. Utkala Putra- Pyari Mohan Acharya 12. Dainika Asha- the first daily newspaper in the Odia language, in 1928 published from Brahmapur founded by Sashibhusan Rath 13. Samaja - Founder Gopabandhu Dash- started in 1919 in Cuttack 14. Prajatantra- Harekrushna Mahatab Cuttack https://t.me/opsc_simplified https://youtube.com/@opscsimplified?si=kwe8zXv1eGiEzuzL 17