Human Development Lesson 2-1 PDF

Lesson 2 of 2 Lesson 2- Human Development After completing this lesson, the student will be able to identify human development principles in accordance with prescribed guidance and publications. Basic Human Needs Basic Human Needs Theory All humans have basic needs to live and survive. We must have...

Lesson 2 of 2 Lesson 2- Human Development After completing this lesson, the student will be able to identify human development principles in accordance with prescribed guidance and publications. Basic Human Needs Basic Human Needs Theory All humans have basic needs to live and survive. We must have food, water, air and shelter and if any one of these basics are not met, then humans cannot survive. The extent their basic human needs are met determine their level of health. Everyone’s needs are different and some may have to be met before other needs can be obtained. Maslow's hierarchy of needs  Self-actualization is the highest expression of one’s individual full potential and allows for continual self-discovery. A person’s basic needs must be met before this can be achieved. Maslow’s hierarchy provides a basis for medical personnel to care for all patient’s needs depending on their unique individual experiences and priorities, rather than on a strict adherence to the hierarchy. You must apply Maslow’s hierarchy to each patient individually. In all instances, an emergent physiological need takes precedence over all other needs In other situations, a psychological or physical need takes priority. Click on the hotspots below to read what need is in each block.       Physiological Oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temperature, elimination, shelter, and sex and at the bottom of the pyramid and must be full-filled before anything else can be full-filled in the pyramid.  Safety and Security Safety and Security is our physical and psychological safety that we have through-out our daily lives.  Love and Belonging Love and Belonging: Friendship, Family, Intimacy.  Self-Actualization Self-Actualization: Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity, Problem Solving, Lack of Prejudice, Acceptance of Facts.  Self Esteem Self-Esteem: Confidence, achievement, respect for others, respect by others. Multiple Choice What is the highest expression of one’s individual full potential and allows for continual self-discovery? Safety and Security Physiological Self-actualization Self-esteem SUBMIT Complete the content above before moving on. Environmental and Community Health Health is more than a concept. Humans are concerned continually with their own health and the health of family and friends. The health of patients, as it relates to both the environment and community health, includes areas where health care personnel can be very involved. Many programs currently in place are designed to help ensure a healthy patient care environment. Additionally, programs designed to improve the health of a community are relied on as important preventive programs. Environmental health is the sum of elements and factors that surround a patient, which influences their care. The purpose of understanding these factors is to help prepare healthcare workers in providing a safe and comfortable environment for their patients. Florence Nightingale established a theory linking health with various environmental factors. This theory links the health of patients to the following controllable factors: Ventilation – Keep windows closed; allow hospital ventilation system to filter air. Promptly report ventilation system problems to the proper personnel. Perform routine cleaning to eliminate unfavorable odors. Maintain a room temperature between 68 degrees F and 74 degrees F. Efficient Drainage – Remove waste from patient rooms/care areas frequently. Remove food trays promptly after use. Promptly report mechanical problems in the restroom to proper personnel. Change drinking water in pitchers frequently. Cleanliness – Ensure patient hygiene standards are strictly adhered to. Ensure healthcare workers and patient visitors are in observance of proper hygiene. Ensure appropriate aseptic techniques and infection control guidelines are followed. Light – Open curtains to patient rooms during daytime when practical. Ensure adequate and proper functioning of artificial lighting in patient rooms/care areas. Ventilation Efficient Drainage Cleanliness Light C O NT I NU E Community Health Various programs have been established that are designed to enhance the health of a community as a whole. When a community is healthy, the chances of a widespread health problem diminish greatly. Community health focuses on educating the community about overall primary health and promotes care outside the traditional institution such as a hospital. The primary goal for community health is to increase life expectancy and quality of life and promote preventative healthcare through improved health care services. 1 The first component is assessment of needs, which entails evaluating systematic data based on individuals, families and the community. Assessment of needs also includes data, monitoring the health of the community and any extra available information like incident rates. 2 Incident rate examples – Reporting/identifying infections or diseases, motor vehicle accidents caused by adolescents, and underage pregnancy. 3 Comprehensive community assessments focus on the efforts and programs determined by the information obtained, such as sex education, infection control or teen driving. The second component in improving community health care is developing policies. Healthcare staff and professionals provided guidance when developing policies supporting the health of the community. Evidence-based practices help determine which policies will better manage chronic illness of the community addressed by healthcare professionals and their patients. The final component is patient access to care. To ensure that community-wide healthcare is available and accessible, access to care addresses insurance coverage, developing relationships with providers and geographic location. Focusing on access to care, community health programs can promote prenatal care programs, disease prevention and overall health prevention. Community healthcare utilizes a concept of five-level health services to deliver care within an established health service. C O NT I NU E Nutrition and Exercise Nutrition is the result of consuming nutrients and breaking them down through bodily functions that can be used to build strong bodies and promote a healthy lifestyle. Nutrients are substances provided primarily by food. Nutrients function to provide heat or energy (as we have seen), build and repair tissue, and regulate life processes. Failure to include even one of these nutrients in the diet can result, over a period, in severe health problems that may eventually lead to disease and/or death. In this section, we discuss carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. We will also review the recommended allowances and identify sources for obtaining these nutrients. Nutritional Fact - Just as a car needs gasoline as its fuel to run the engine and warm the car, the body must be furnished food (calories) to meet energy requirements and release the heat required to regulate body temperature. What is a calorie? A calorie is a unit for measuring energy. We use kilocalorie (1,000 calories) when food is involved because the amount of energy is much larger; therefore, the energy requirement of the body is expressed as the caloric requirement. The calorie is the name of a standard unit for measuring heat. Since the body produces heat in energy expenditure, the calorie can serve as a measure of energy metabolism. In addition, each food has a specific caloric value: a given amount of a specific food will yield a certain amount of heat when metabolized (burned). This amount of heat is expressed as the number of calories. Of all the nutrients, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are the only ones that the body can use as fuel sources; however, other nutrients must be present to release the energy. The caloric yield of a food depends on how much of these four nutrients it contains. The following values have been established: One gram of protein yields four calories One gram of carbohydrates yields four calories One gram of fat yields nine calories One gram of alcohol yields seven calories Dietary Guidelines Depending on a person’s age, sex and activity will dictate the food intake amount to maintain body weight. Servings should consist of three main The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) developed a new food guidance meals with two snacks. The USDA publishes system titled MyPlate. MyPlate was designed to be consumer friendly as explained how all guidance every 5 years, and the current guidelines five food groups are correlated on your typical plate. This is to help promote a healthy diet are as follows: and explain the use of each group. MyPlate visually orchestrates that about half of an Follow a healthy diet plan individual's plate should consist of fruits and vegetables. Personalizing your nutrition is important. Focus on nutrient dense, food amounts and variety Limit caloric intake from saturated fats and added sugars, and minimize sodium intake Make healthy food and drink decisions Click each factor below to learn how they affect nutrition. Illness – Though desire (appetite) to eat decreases during illness, nutritional needs also increase. Special diets are often required. Various methods of feeding are often implemented to provide nutritional needs. Appetite – Hunger may result in over consumption of foods. Anorexia (loss of appetite) can have adverse effects on the body. Personal Preference – Most likes/dislikes established during childhood. Some foods may be avoided if associated with illnesses (such as history of abdominal pain associated with a food, allergic reactions, and so forth). Culture – Types of foods regularly consumed are often influenced by an individual’s ethnic background. Food preparation habits often vary between different ethnic groups. Religion – Some religious beliefs observe complete or occasional avoidance of certain foods. Method of food preparation is sometimes a necessary consideration. Financial Status – Lower incomes often result in an over consumption of less expensive foods containing carbohydrates and an under consumption of foods containing proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Protein – All cells contain protein. Essential for tissue growth and repair. Sources include dairy products, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, cereals, some vegetables, and nuts. Carbohydrates – Essential for energy. Provide fiber for bowel elimination. Sources include fruits, vegetables, cereals, breads, and sugar. Fats – Provide energy. Assist in maintaining body temperature. Help the body to metabolize some vitamins. Sources include dairy products, eggs, meat, oils, and nuts. Vitamins – Various vitamins are needed to assist in body metabolism. Each vitamin is necessary for specific body functions. Vitamins A, D, E, and K can be stored by the body when ingested. Vitamins B and C cannot be stored by the body and must be ingested daily. Sources vary depending on the vitamin. Minerals – Necessary to support various body functions. Especially essential for bone and tooth formation, muscle function, nerve function, and fluid balance. Examples include calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, and zinc. Sources vary depending on the mineral. Multiple Choice How often does the USDA publish guidance regarding dietary guidelines? every three years every four years every five years every six years SUBMIT Complete the content above before moving on. Physiology of Nutrition There are many factors that affect the natural reactions of the body. The functions of the cells are the primary factors that affect the body’s processes. A proper diet is one of the building blocks for the body’s ability to perform properly. Our ability to ingest, digest, use, and eliminate all the nutrients we need are vital. There are two major components of nutrients we will discuss: vitamins and minerals. Both are vital to the body’s ability to process the chemicals needed for cellular functioning, healing, fighting disease processes, and interacting with medications. Vitamins are organic compounds that must be present in order for the normal metabolic process to occur in the body. It is essential to obtain these nutrients through a well-balanced diet because the body cannot synthesize adequate amounts for normal metabolic process. Our focus will be to understand how these nutrients interact with the cells, functions and the disease/injury processes. C O NT I NU E