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NUTRITION DURING INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE AND ADULT GROUP 3 Hadjimalic, Hani Manjares, Paolo Herce, Erica Hicana, Shaira Item, Marinel Lelina, Tasha Llaguno, Mikyla Lualhati, Althea Madarang, Krystel Magalong, Kristelle Mantilla,...

NUTRITION DURING INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE AND ADULT GROUP 3 Hadjimalic, Hani Manjares, Paolo Herce, Erica Hicana, Shaira Item, Marinel Lelina, Tasha Llaguno, Mikyla Lualhati, Althea Madarang, Krystel Magalong, Kristelle Mantilla, Aliyah List of contents PRE- SCHOOL ADOLESCENCE SCHOOL-AGE ADULTHOOD CHILDREN  INTRODUCTION Nutrition is a vital aspect of human health and development, with specific requirements varying across different life stages. This topic will examine the critical nutritional considerations from infancy to adulthood, including nutrient allowances, feeding problems, eating disorders, nutrition needs, physiological changes, common health problems, the effects of aging on nutrition, and the importance of vitamins and minerals for the elderly. NUTRITION DURING CHILDHOOD  PRE-SCHOOL Carbohydrates - 50% to 60% of Toddlers and preschoolers may undergo rapid calories growth spurts, which can cause significant shifts Vitamin A in their nutritional needs. Their bodies need extra Protein Vitamin C energy and nutrients to sustain growth during - 19 grams of Vitamin D these times of rapid development. This can lead to protein each day. Calcium increased appetite and a seemingly insatiable Iron hunger. Fats Zinc - between 30% and 35% of calories FEEDING PROBLEMS Preschoolers can experience various feeding challenges that can be frustrating for both parents and children. 1. Picky Eating - Picky eating often manifests as a refusal to try new foods or textures, leading to a limited variety of foods consumed 2. Overweight and Obesity - result from excessive intake of unhealthy foods and lack of physical activity FEEDING PROBLEMS 3. Underweight - due to insufficient calorie intake or underlying medical conditions. 4. Food allergies and Intolernce - allergic reactions or digestive discomfort to certain foods, limiting a child's diet 5. Feeding disorder - such as Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), can involve persistent refusal to eat due to concerns about sensory characteristics, safety, or nutritional properties of food.  Nutrition, Diet, and Therapy for School- age Children Nutrient allowance and feeding problems  Introduction to School-age children nutrition Definition: School-age children refer to those between the ages of 6 to 12. This period is marked by significant physical growth and cognitive development. Importance of Nutrition: Proper nutrition is crucial to support their growth, learning, and overall health.  Nutrient Allowances for School-age Children Energy Requirements: -Children need an average of 1,600–2,400 kcal per day depending on age, gender, and activit andy level. Key Nutrients -Protein: 19-34g/day for muscle growth and tissue repair. -Carbohydrates: 130g/day for energy. -Fats: 25-35% of total daily calories for brain development. -Calcium: 1,000-1,300 mg/day for strong bones and teeth. -Iron: 8-10 mg/day to support increasing blood volume and oxygen transport. -Vitamins (A, D, C, and B-complex): Essential for immunity, energy, and metabolism. Nutrient Allowances for School-age Children 1.Energy Requirements (1,600–2,400 kcal/day) 2.Protein 19-34g /day 3. Carbohydrates (130g/day) 4.Fats (25-35% of total daily calories) 5.Calcium (1,000-1,300 mg/day) 6.Iron (8-10 mg/day 7.Vitamins (A, D, C, and B-complex) Common Feeding Problems in School-age Children Picky Eating: Refusing certain foods, leading to imbalanced nutrient intake. Appetite Fluctuations: Periods of overeating or undereating linked to growth spurts or emotional stress. Inadequate Intake of Vegetables: School-age children often prefer processed snacks over fruits and vegetables. Food Neophobia: Fear of trying new foods, common in this age group, limits diet variety.  Conclusion Key Takeaways: School-age children require balanced nutrition to support their growth, learning, and development. Addressing feeding problems early can prevent long-term health and behavioral issues. °Healthy Diet: A varied and balanced diet with proper nutrient allowances is crucial for their physical and mental growth. °Feeding Strategies: By managing common feeding problems with practical approaches, parents and caregivers can foster better nutrition habits in school- age children. Adolescence  Pre-puberty EARLY PUBERTY The period in a child’s life before they start to develop sexual characteristics. Physical Change/ Early changes Growth Spurts Emotional Changes  Puberty This involves hormonal changes that lead to physical growth and sexual maturation. Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child's body. Matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction. (Late Adolescence) Post-puberty Psychological and emotional development emotional maturity the stage or phase of life after puberty. identity and independence Physical changes: Reproductive Health end of growth fertility hormonal stability sexual heath full sexual maturity Health and Social Implications health habits social roles nutrient allowances PROTEIN CALCIUM IRON VITAMIN D Nutritional Nutritional problems can encompass a Problem wide range of issues, from deficiencies to excesses in nutrient intake. Malnutrition occurs when the body What are the 4 types of malnutrition doesn’t get enough nutrients. It can be due to undernutrition not getting Undernutrition Macronutrient enough calories or nutrients or Micronutrient Overnutrition overnutrition getting too many calories or certain nutrients. Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder ADULTHOOD NUTRITIONAL NEEDS Macronutrients and Fluids As people age, their basal metabolic rate declines, averaging a 1% to 2% decrease per decade, with men experiencing a sharper decline around age 40 and women around age 50. This decrease, combined with reduced physical activity, results in lower energy requirements. Factors like health, physical activity, and living conditions also affect energy requirements. Obesity in older adults increases the risk of disability, highlighting the importance of weight control and disease prevention. Carbohydrate Should make up 45%-65% of total kilocalories, with a focus on complex carbs like whole grains and vegetables. Simple sugars should be limited to less than 10% of daily intake, and a minimum of 130 grams of carbs is required daily for brain function. Fat Should contribute about 30% of total kilocalories, prioritizing mono- and polyunsaturated fats. Proteins Adults need about 0.8 g/kg of protein daily, or 56 g for men and 46 g for women. Protein should make up 10%-35% of total calories. Older adults (over 65) need more (1.0-1.5 g/kg/day) due to slower metabolism, muscle loss, and increased needs during illness. Protein quality and overall calorie intake are crucial. Dietary Protein Recommendations for adults Fluid Needs Water requirements do not decrease with age, and fluid intake should be maintained in proportion to energy needs. Micronutrients and Health Concerns Bone Health Vitamin D and calcium are crucial for bone growth and maintenance. Osteoporosis, characterized by low bone mineral density and brittle bones, becomes more prevalent with age, increasing the risk of fractures. Osteopenia, a precursor to osteoporosis, and the resulting disability also rise with age.  Nutrient Supplementation in Older Adults Vitamin B12 People aged 50 and older are at a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency due to decreased gastric acid production, which impairs absorption. The DRIs recommend getting B12 through supplements or fortified foods. Vitamin D Approximately half of the elderly population may be deficient in vitamin D, which is crucial for bone health. The recommended daily intake is 600 IU for those aged 1-70 and 800 IU for individuals over 70. Magnesium Supports bone health, helps regulate blood pressure, and maintains normal muscle and nerve function. Whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and leafy greens.  Nutrient Supplementation in Older Adults Zinc Supports immune function, wound healing, and taste perception. Deficiency is common in older adults and can lead to immune dysfunction. Can be found in meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, and nuts. *Excessive supplementation can be counterproductive. Older, educated, active women with higher incomes often take supplements but usually have healthy diets, reducing their need for extras. It’s important to inform healthcare providers about any supplements being taken, though serious side effects are rare with multivitamins, B12, or vitamin D. PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES METABOLISM Beginning at about the age of 30 years, a gradual loss of functioning cells occurs, which result in reduced cell metabolism and changes in body composition. This change in metabolic rate reflects both Lean muscle mass loss as well as a loss of high metabolically active organ tissues such as the brain, liver, heart, and kidneys. Solutions: The current Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend 150 minutes of moderate- intensity physical activity (or 75 minutes of vigorous- intensity physical activity) per week to reduce the risk of chronic disease For more extensive health benefits, adults should participate in twice as much activity per week (i.e., 300 minutes of moderate- intensity activity or 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity. HORMONES Hormonal changes during the aging process have many repercussions in general health. The common decline in insulin production or insulin sensitivity results in elevated blood glucose levels and diabetes. Decreases in the level of melatonin may interfere with normal sleep cycles. MENOPAUSE involves the cessation of estrogen and progesterone production by The ovaries. This dramatic change in a woman’s life, which usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years, represents the most significant hormonal change associated with age. COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS  INTRODUCTION As individuals transition from early adulthood to middle and late adulthood, they encounter various health challenges. These issues are often influenced by lifestyle choices, genetics, environmental factors, and age. Understanding common health problems in adulthood is crucial for promoting preventative measures and ensuring timely treatment. This report outlines some of the most prevalent health concerns faced by adults today. Part Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle Decreased enzyme and mucus secretion in the intestine. General decline in gastrointestinal motility Individual medical symptoms range from vague indigestion or irritable colon to specific diseases such as peptic ulcer or diverticulitis. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is one of the standard assessment tools routinely used to evaluate nutritional risk in elderly individuals residing in nursing homes (Figure 12-6)." The MNA is a reliable tool that is highly sensitive and can detect the risk of malnutrition early. Other assessment tools that are used in the geriatric population include the Malnutrition Screening Tool, the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, and the Subjective global assessment  DENTAL Poor oral health-related quality of life is asso- ciated with malnutrition in the elderly. The number of healthy teeth remaining; the ability to chew food; the presence of xerostomia (dry mouth), periodontal disease, or dental caries; the degree of taste perception; the ability to swallow; and the perception of oral health are all important aspects in one's ability to eat, speak, and socialize comfortably.  Dehydration. Dehydration, which can be a problem in any age group, is common in the elderly population. Physiologic changes in the hypothalamus naturally occur with age, and, as a result, elderly individuals exhibit an overall decreased thirst sensation and reduced fluid intake compared with younger adults  The effects of aging in nutrition DECREASED METABOLIC RATE As adults age, their basal metabolic rate (BMR) declines. CHANGES IN APPETITE AND TASTE Older adults often experience a diminished sense of taste and smell, which can reduce appetite and enjoyment of food. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CHANGES Aging can affect digestion due to a reduction in stomach acid production, leading to malabsorption of essential nutrients like calcium, iron, and vitamin B12.  LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS (SARCOPENIA) A common effect of aging is sarcopenia, or the gradual loss of muscle mass and strength BONE HEALTH Bone density decreases with age, especially in postmenopausal women, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. HYDRATION ISSUES Older adults may have a reduced sense of thirst, which increases the risk of dehydration. CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY With age, many adults reduce their physical activity, further decreasing their caloric needs and increasing the risk of weight gain. NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES Older adults may face deficiencies in several key nutrients, including vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and B vitamins. ORAL HEALTH Dental issues such as tooth loss or gum disease can affect the ability to chew food properly, leading to a preference for soft, processed foods that may be lower in essential nutrients. MENTAL HEALTH AND COGNITIVE DECLINE Aging adults may experience depression or cognitive decline, which can negatively impact their ability to plan and consume nutritious meals. Social isolation may also contribute to poor dietary habits.  "Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Age-Related Diseases" OSTEOPOROSIS PREVENTION COGNITIVE DECLINE AND DEMENTIA HEART DISEASE PREVENTION DIABETES MANAGEMENTS SARCOPENIA AND MUSCLE LOSS INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE HEALTH VISION HEALTH DIGESTIVE HEALTH  Some important vitamins and minerals necessary for nutrition in elderly Vitamin B12 Calcium Omega 3 Fish oil Vitamin E Potassium Vitamin B6 THANK YOU