مناهج البحث 2025 PDF

Summary

This document introduces readers to scientific research methodology, including the stages and processes of conducting research. It discusses different types of knowledge and how they relate to scientific research. The text also touches upon educational research and psychological aspects of learning.

Full Transcript

١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲟﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﻋـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣـﱴ ﻭﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎ ﻫـــﻮ ﻋﻠﻴـــﻪ ﺍﻟﻴـــﻮﻡ ﻣـــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـــﻮﺭ ﰲ‬...

١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲟﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﻋـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣـﱴ ﻭﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎ ﻫـــﻮ ﻋﻠﻴـــﻪ ﺍﻟﻴـــﻮﻡ ﻣـــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـــﻮﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳـــﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟـــﺘﻔﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺼـــﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﺸﱴ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺗﻄﻠـﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗــﺪ ﺑــﺪﺃ ﲟﺮﺣﻠــﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣــﻞ ﲟــﺎ ﺣﻮﻟــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴــﺎﺅﻝ ﻋــﻦ ﺃﺳــﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻗــﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺍﺟـﻪ ﺍﻟﺼـﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺴـﺎﺅﻻﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠـﻮﻝ ﳍـﺎ‪.‬ﻟﻜﻨــﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺫﻟــﻚ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟــﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄــﺄ‪ ) ،‬ﻭﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧــﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼــﻨﻊ ﻛﻤــﺎ ﺗﺼــﻨﻊ ﰲ ﺑﻌــﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗــﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺗﻴــﺔ( ﻭﻟﻜــﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻟـﻪ ﻗﺎﺻـﺮﺓ ﻟﻘﻠـﺔ ﺧﱪﺍﺗـﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿـﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣــﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗــﺖ ﺻــﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﺘﺴــﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋــﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼــﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ ﻭﺧﱪﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،.‬ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰒ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺃﺳــﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘــﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗــﺎﺋﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓــﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿــﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟــﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠــﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﻮﺻــﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘــﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼـﻮﺩ ﺑﻜـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ؟‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪Knowledge‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﲟﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻌﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳚﻤﻊ ﻋﱪ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺭﺻﻴﺪﺍﹸ ﻫـﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺭﻑ " ﻭﻳﻘﺼـﺪ ‪‬ـﺎ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻃـﺮﻕ ﻭﺃﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ"‪.‬ﻭﳛﺼـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻻﹰ ‪ :‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒـــﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌـــﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـــﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋـــﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـــﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺳـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺒﻴــﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛــﺬﻟﻚ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌــﺎﺭﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺣﻮﺍﺳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴـﻤﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻯ‪..‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﺳﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﻻﺳﺘﺤﺼـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﻘﻠـﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﻜـﺮﻩ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺘﻔﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺼـﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﳎـﺮﺩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﺍﻟﻈـﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻤﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ‪...‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗــﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴــﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨــﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑــﺮﺯﻍ ﺍﻟﺸــﻤﺲ ﻭﻏﺮﻭ‪‬ــﺎ‪..‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻷﺳــﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤــﺔ ﺑــﲔ ﻫــﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴــﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻠﻴــﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻠــﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺜــﺮ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪﺓ‪-‬ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳋﻠـﻖ ﻭﺍﳋـﺎﻟﻖ‪..‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﺣﺴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴــﺎﱐ ﻭﻧﻀــﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴــﺚ ﺍﺳــﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺠــﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌــﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺴــﺮ ﺍﻟﻈــﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺗﻔﺴــﲑﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ـﺎﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺭﺑﻄﺎﹰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺎ‪..‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑــ )ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴـﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻈـﻮﺍﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺘﻌـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﲟﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﲢـﺖ ﻇـﺮﻭﻑ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪.‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺾ ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻞ ﻫــﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗــﻊ ﺍﻟﺘــﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﺗــﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﺎﻣــﻞ ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟــﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻬــﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄــﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺑﺘﺠــﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻘــﺪﻣﺎﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺻﺪﻕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺗﺘﺤـﺪﺩ ﲟﻨﻬﺠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓــﺔ ﻣــﺪﻯ ﻣﺼــﺪﺍﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤــﺎ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ "ﻋﻠــﻢ" ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻬﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﻋ‪‬ﻠ‪‬ـﻢ ﻳ‪‬ﻌﻠﹶــﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻋﻜــﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬــﻞ‪.‬ﻭﰲ" ﺍﳌﻌﺠــﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺳــﻴﻂ" ﻓــﺈﻥ ﻛﻠﻤــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠــﻢ ﺗﻌــﲏ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﲝﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴـﻘﺔ ٍ‪ Systematized Knowledge‬ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻨﺸـﺄ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻭﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﺴـــﻴﻖ ﻭﺗﺮﺳـــﻴﺦ ﺍﳊﻘـــﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺒـــﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـــﺎﻫﺞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـــﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻭﲝﺴﺐ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺃﹸﻛﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺔ ﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑﺘﻜــﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘــﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﳊﻘــﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼــﻨﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟــﱵ ﲢﻜﻤﻬــﺎ ﻗــﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻋﺎﻣــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺘــﻮﻱ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻃــﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨــﺎﻫﺞ ﻣﻮﺛــﻮﻕ ‪‬ــﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻑ ﺍﳊﻘــﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳉﺪﻳــﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻄــﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻧﻼﺣــﻆ ﳑــﺎ ﺗﻘــﺪﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ ﺃﻭﺳــﻊ ﻭﺃﴰــﻞ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ‪ Reality‬ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ‪ The Fact‬ﺃﻭ ‪The Truth‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﹸ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘـﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﳓــﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻷﲝــﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻــﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴــﻪ‪.‬ﺃﻣــﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬــﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟـﺬﻫﲏ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲝﺴـﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﲝﺎﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺎﳌﻨﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻠـﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣـﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀـﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﻔـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟــﻴﺲ ﻛﻤــﺎ ﻧﻔﺴــﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫــﻲ ﺃﺷــﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺣــﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻮﺟــﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺼــﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘـﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻨﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ ﲢﻘﻴــﻖ ﺃﻗﺼــﻰ ﻣــﺎ ﳝﻜــﻦ ﻣــﻦ ﺃﺷــﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴــﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟــﺪﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﲟﻌﻨــﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌــﺎﻡ ﳏﺎﻭﻟــﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻــﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺷــﻲﺀ ﻣــﺎ‪) ،‬ﻭﻳــﺄﰐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴـﺐ ﻋـﻦ ﺷـﻲﺀ‪..‬ﻣﻌﲔ(‪.‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟـﻚ ﺧﺼـﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻥ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗـﻒ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺎﻳـﺔ ﺿـﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‪..‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗـﺪ ﺣﻘـﻖ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﲑ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﳕﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗﺆﻛـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣــﻞ ﻣﺸــﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜــﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳــﻒ ﺭﻭﻣــﻞ ‪ Rommel‬ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﺑﺄﻧــﻪ" ﺗﻘﺼــﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺤــﺺ ﺩﻗﻴــﻖ ﻻﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ"‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـﺚ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﺃﺷـﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﲔ ‪ Van Dalen‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ" ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﲢﲑﻩ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﱃ ﺣـﻞ ﳌﺸـﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﳉﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻟــﺔ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﳝﻜــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘــﻖ ﻣﻨــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟــﱵ ﺗﺘﺼــﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺸــﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳــﻊ ﺍﻷﺷــﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻔــﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣــﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫـ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﲟﻌـﲎ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺻـﻞ ﺍﱃ ﻏﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪).‬ﺃﻭ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﳍـﺪﻑ ﻣﻌـﲔ( ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﳌﻨـﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺍﺻـﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ " ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪".‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﳎﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻬــﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑــﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺔ ﻛــﻞ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴــﻠﻮﻙ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻮﻙ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻫـﻮ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـــﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤـــﺮﺑﲔ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴـــﻖ ﺍﻷﻫـــﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳـــﺔ ﺑـــﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄـــﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴـﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺑﻴﺌـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴـﺬ ﻭﺟﻌﻠـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻩ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺴـﺎﻉ ﳎـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸــﻤﻞ ﳎــﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑــﻮﻱ ﺍﻷﻫــﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳــﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘــﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـــﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸـــﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋـــﻖ ﻭﺃﺳـــﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻭﺳـــﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘـﻪ ﺑﺈﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠــﺔ ﻭﺗــﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﻓــﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﻳــﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻴــﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻤــﲔ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒــﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﲤﻮﻳــﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـــﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘـــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻭﻟﻮﻳـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗـــﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸـــﻤﻞ ﳎـــﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀـ ـﺎﹰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـــﺔ ﺍﳌـــﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳕﻮﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳـﺔ ﺑﻴﻨـﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻘـﻰ ﺃﺛـﺮﺍﹰ‪.‬ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺍﺗﺴـﻌﺖ ﳎـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑـﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄـــﺖ ﲟﺠـــﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـــﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـــﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨـــﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻟﺘـﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴـﺔ ﺃﻓﻀـﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﻴـﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻀـﻤﺎﻥ ﲢﻘﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﳎﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊـﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﲞﺎﺻــﺔ ﺳــﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴــﺎﻥ ﲜﻤﻴــﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠــﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺗــﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻓــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻔــﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑﺴــﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌــﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻬــﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ‪‬ـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤــــﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗــــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱄ‪..‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳــــﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒــــﺎﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪..‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤــﺎ ﺗﺘﻨــﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳــﺔ ﺍﻟﻘــﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠﻤــﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼــﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﳒـﺎﺣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑــﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻤﲔ‪..‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼــﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺸــﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﳝﻜــﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗــﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳕﻮﻫﻢ ﻭﳒﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪..‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺻــﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻬــﺎ ﺗﻠــﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﺟﺎﺑـﺎﺕ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜـﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻـﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘـﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﻗـﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﻹﺣـﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟـﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳــﺔ ﲢﺘــﺎﺝ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻔــﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺒــﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﻳــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﲝﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﱄ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻨــﺎ ﳓــﻮ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤــﻮ ﺑﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤــﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻨــﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳــﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋــﻖ ﻭﺍﻷﺳــﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﱃ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠــﻢ ﻧــﺎﺟﺢ‪.‬ﻟــﺬﺍ ﻧﻼﺣــﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘــﺔ ﺑــﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴــﺔ ﻭﻋﻠــﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻋﺼــﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﳊــﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳــﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤــﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒــﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻘـﺪﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻄـﻮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﲟﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ‪...‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﳎﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﳜﺼــﺺ ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻣــﻦ ﺃﻣــﻮﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴــﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨـﻪ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﻧﺸـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻫــﺪ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛــﺰ ﻭﳎــﺎﻟﺲ ﻗﻮﻣﻴــﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴــﺔ‪..‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﳎﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻢ ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﻫـﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼـﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﺮﳚـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻌـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﳌـﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ‪‬ـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﳌــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﲢﻘﻘﻬــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳــﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﻳﻘــﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤــﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻣــﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳــﺔ ﻣﻨـﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ‪.‬ﻓﻬــﻲ ﺗﺴــﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳــﺪ ﺍﳌﺸــﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺔ ﺗﺼــﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻄــﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺴــﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴــﺬﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤــﺎ ﲤﻜﻨــﻪ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﻘــﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗــﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﻭﻣﻠﺨﺼــﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳــﺪ ﺍﻷﺳــﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻜـﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨـﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻻﻏـﲎ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒـﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻠﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻲ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨـﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪...،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﺃﻓﻀـﻞ ﻟﻠﻈـﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺣــﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪..‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻــﻞ ﳊــﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺴــﺎﺅﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸــﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‪..‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﻓﻀــﻞ ﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲣــﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﱏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﱐ‪.‬ﻳـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ‪..‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﳑﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﲜﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺳـﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺻـﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﺍﺕ ﺳـﺮﻳﺔ ﳛـﺘﻔﻆ ‪‬ـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﳛﺮﺳﻮ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧــﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ‪..‬ﻛــﺎﻥ ﻫﻨــﺎﻙ ﺍﻫﺘﻤــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺎﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﺍﱃ ﺣــﺪ ﻣــﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨــﺪ ﻗــﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼــﺮﻳﲔ ﻛــﺎﻥ ﺍﲡــﺎﻩ ﺍﻟــﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﹰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴ ـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺑﺮﻋﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻼﹰ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻮﺩ ﻭﺑﻴـﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﲔ ﻣﺘﻤﻜﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﳊـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼــﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀــﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴــﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻴــﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳــﺠﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜــﺜﲑ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﱪﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻔﺮﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺠﺎﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ‪‬ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﲑﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺍﺣـﺮﺯﻭﺍ ﺗﻘـﺪﻣﺎﹰ ﻛـﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤــﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻤــﺎﺩﺍ ﻛــﺒﲑﺍ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣــﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈــﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠــﻲ ﺍ‪‬ــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺎﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﺘﻤﻌـﺎ ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻴﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺪﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻣﺚ )ﺣﻘـﲑ(‪.‬ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﱃ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﻢ ﺳﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﲑ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﰲ‪ -‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳـﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧـﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‪.‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺭﺳـﻄﻮ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﳌﻨـﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳـﻲ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‪ ،..‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻄﻦ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺩﻋـﺎ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨــﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻔﺼــﻞ ﺑــﲔ ﺧﻄــﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨــﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛــﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄــﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻔﻜـﲑﻩ‪.‬ﻟﻘـﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧـﺎﻧﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨــﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ـﺎﹰ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﺳــﺠﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻧﻘﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺍﻫـﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﻀـﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴـﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٦٠٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﻭﺩﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺲ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﺍﺫ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻴﺒــﻮﻗﺮﺍﻁ ﻓﻘــﺪ ﲰــﻲ " ﺃﺑــﻮ ﺍﻟﻄــﺐ" ﻛــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴــﺬﺍﹰ ﻟــﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺲ ﺍﻟــﺬﻱ ﻃــﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﺎﺻـﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸـﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌـﻴﻼﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻋـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪..‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺛﻴﻮﻓﺮﺍﺳﺘﻮﺱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺒــﺎﻉ ﺃﺭﺳــﻄﻮ ﺃﺳــﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘــﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴــﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪..‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺭﲬﻴﺪﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ﺑـﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‪..‬ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ)‬ ‫ﻓـﺮﻉ ﻣــﻦ ﻓـﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜــﺎ ﻳﺒﺤـﺚ ﰲ ﺗــﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺴـﺎﻡ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻮﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻄﻠﻴﻤــﻮﺱ ﺍﺳــﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿــﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ‪..‬ﻭﺷـــﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـــﻰ ﺃﺳـــﺎﺱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻓﺾ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟــﱵ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺳــﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺼــﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟــﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺗﻪ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣــﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﻟﻠــﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻋﻨــﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛــﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻭﺭﺛــﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛــﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﻬﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺮﻛــﺰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺃﻛﺜــﺮ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪..‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﻗـﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﲔ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻮ‪‬ﻢ ﻣﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺄﻣﻠﲔ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻓﺘﻘـﺪﺕ ﺃﻭﺭﺑـﺎ‪-‬ﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺰﻣﻦ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌــﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﻃــﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﻴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﱪﺍﻃﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﻓــﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻫـﻢ ﲪﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﱃ ﺃﺭﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼــﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳــﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻫــﻲ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﺍﺯﺩﻫــﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﺍﳊﻀــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﺣـﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪.‬ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﺴـﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳍﻢ‪..‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳊﻀــﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴــﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﺴــﻠﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘــﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼــﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﺣﻠﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻓﻮﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﳊـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﻨﻄـﻖ ﺃﺭﺳـﻄﻮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺧﺮﺟﻮﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼــﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘــﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪..‬ﻟﻘــﺪ ﺍﺗﺒﻌــﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘــﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﺘﻤﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑـﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻮﺻـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـــﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـــﺔ‪..‬ﻭﻧﺒﻎ ﻣﻨـــﻬﻢ ﻛـــﺜﲑﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﻭﺟـﱪ ﺍﺑـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳏﻤـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﻮ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪..‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻣـﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺗـﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫"ﺳﺎﺭﺗﻮﻥ" ) ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ ﻋﺸـﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪..‬ﻭﻟـﻮ ﱂ ﺗﻨﻘـﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻨـﺎ ﻛﻨـﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ‪..‬ﻓﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺴـﻦ ﺍﺑـﻦ‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﻭﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻣـﺎﹰ ﻭﳑﻬـﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ ﻏـﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‪..‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ ﻻﺿﻄﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺑـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺜﻢ‪..‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﱂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﺪﺃ‪..‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻟﻮﻻ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻟﺒﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻋﺸـﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺑـﺪﺃ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺏ ‪‬ﻀـﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻼﺩ(‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺘـﺎﺟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺍﻷﺻـﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﺻـﻄﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲣﺬﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗــﺪ ﻧﻘﻠــﻮﺍ ﻋﻠــﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﻌــﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳊﻀــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺃﻭﺭﺑــﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻳــﺔ ﻋﺼــﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪.‬ﻣﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪..‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣـــﺔ ﻣـــﻦ ﺃﺭﺳـــﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـــﺪ ﺍﻟـــﺘﻔﻜﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑﺎ " ﺭﻭﺟﺮ ﺑﻴﻜـﻮﻥ ‪"١٢٩٤-١٢١٤‬‬ ‫ﻭ" ﻟﻴﻮﻧــﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺩﺍﻓﻨﺸــﻲ ‪ "١٥١٥-١٤٥٢‬ﻭﻏﲑﳘــﺎ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳـﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴــــﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻮﺻــــﻮﻝ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳊﻘــــﺎﺋﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﺭﺿــــﻮﺍ ﻣﻨــــﻬﺞ ﺃﺭﺳــــﻄﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴــــﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘــﻲ‪.‬ﻭﺭﻏــﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒــﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﺌــﻚ ﺍﳌﻔﻜــﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺘـــﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ـــﻢ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﲔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻧــﺖ ﻣــﺎ ﺗــﺰﺍﻝ ﳍــﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘــﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗــﺪ ﻋــﺎﱏ ﺍﻟﻜــﺜﲑ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺗﻠــﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﺒــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌــﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺿــﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻳــﺪ ﺗﻠــﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﻭﺍ ﻹﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻏﻤﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪١٩‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﺒـﺪﺃ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸـﺮ ﻭﺣـﱴ ﻭﻗﺘﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪..‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺑــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑــﺪﺃﺕ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻳــﺪ ﺍﻟﻜــﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﻨــﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴــﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻜــﻮﻥ ﻭﺟــﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﺭﺩ‪..‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ ﺁﻓـﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤــﺚ ﰲ ﲨﻴــﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠــﻮﻡ ﻛﻌﻠــﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠــﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـــــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻵﺛـــــﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـــــﻢ ﺍﻟـــــﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـــــﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪..‬ﳑﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣـﺎ ﻗـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ "ﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻮ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﲤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ "ﻧـﺎﺑﲑ" ‪ ١٦١٤‬ﻭﲝـﻮﺙ‬ ‫"ﻫــﺎﺭﰲ" ﰲ ﺍﻟــﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗــﺪ ﺳــﺒﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟــﻚ ﺍﻟﻌــﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌــﺮﰊ "ﺍﺑــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔــﻴﺲ" ﻭﺍﺳــﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌــﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺸــﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻳــﺪ " ﺑﺮﳚــﺰ" ‪ ١٦١٧‬ﰒ ﻧﺸــﺮ‬ ‫"ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴــﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﻜــﻮﻥ" ﰲ ﻣﺆﻟﻔــﻪ " ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳــﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠــﻮﻡ" ﻟﻴﻔﺼــﻞ ﻓﻴــﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﳌﻨــﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺮﻳﱯ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺗــﻪ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ "ﺑﻮﻳــﻞ" ﻛـﺄﺏ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴــﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ "ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ" ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ١٦٧٩‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫"ﺟــﻮﻥ ﺳــﺘﻴﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴــﻞ" ﺷــﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑــﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋــﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻤــﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﱃ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﱐ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﺘـﻮﻫﻢ ﺃﺷـﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳛﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﻮﺍﻩ‪..‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺃﺧﻄــﺎﺀ ﺗﻌــﻮﺩ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐــﺔ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣــﻞ ‪‬ــﺎ ﺍﻟﻔــﺮﺩ ﻣــﻊ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﻧــﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺠﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻫـﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗـﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻗـﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸـﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﻣﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺿـﺢ ﺑﻴﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـــﺚ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤـــﻊ ﺍﳊﻘـــﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟـــﱵ ﺗﻌﺘـــﱪ ﺃﺳـــﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨـــﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫـﻲ ﳎـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻻ ﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﺣـﱴ ﻳﺘﺎﻛـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢١‬‬ ٢٢ ‫ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪Research Ethics‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺍﺣﺘـﺮﺍﻡ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘــﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛــﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟــﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺒــﺎﺣﺜﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻡ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﳌﺸــﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺒﲎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﱵ " ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ " ﻭ " ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ " ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ) ‪ : ( Truthfulness‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺑﺼــﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﺃﻣﻴﻨــﺎ ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﻳﻨﻨﻘﻠــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏـﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺤﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﲝﺜـﻪ ﻷﻫﻮﺍﺋـﻪ ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺋـﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻟﻔﺌـﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﰲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘــﻞ ﻋــﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟــﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴــﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﲢﻠﻴــﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻼﻋﺐ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﳛﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻤﲎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳋﱪﺓ) ‪ : ( Expertise‬ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺑـﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﺎﹰ ﳌﺴــﺘﻮﻯ ﺧﱪﺗــﻪ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻔﻬــﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــﺔ ﺑﺪﻗــﺔ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻘــﻲ ﺍﳌﻔــﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺟــﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪.‬ﻛﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﲟﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲝﺜﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ) ‪ ( Safety‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮ‪‬ﺽ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﳑﻦ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﳋﻄﺮ ﺟﺴـﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﻼﻗـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳛـﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴـــﺬ ﲝﺜـــﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌـــﺎﺕ ﻗـــﺪ ﺗﻜـــﻮﻥ ﺧﻄـــﺮﺓ ﻣـــﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـــﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻮﻳــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤــﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﻳﻌﺮﺿـﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣـــﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸـــﻌﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﳋﺠـــﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺮﺿـــﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﻄـــﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺜﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ) ‪ : ( Trust‬ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﲏ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺛﻘـﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﳛﺼـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻌـﺎﻭﻥ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣﻨـﻬﻢ ﻭﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺩﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ) ‪ : (Consent‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﳚﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺴـﺤﺎﺏ) ‪ : ( Withdrawal‬ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ ﻟـﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﳊـﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺴـﺤﺎﺏ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﺸـﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ ﻣــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻋﲔ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﳜﺼﺼﻮﻧﻪ ﻷﺟـﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﳝﻜﻨـﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻀـﻮﻩ ﰲ ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺁﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﲝﺎ ﻭﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺘﻮﻗـﻊ ﺍﻧﺴـﺤﺎﺏ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸــﺎﺭﻛﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻀــﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒــﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺑــﺄﻛﱪ ﻋــﺪﺩ ﳑﻜــﻦ ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﲢـﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴـﺚ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲝﺜﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﲎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤـﻲ) ‪ : ( Digital Recording‬ﻻ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺴــﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻــﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘــﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼــﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼــﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻴــﺪﻳﻮ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﻻ ﲟﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘـﻪ ﺍﳌﺴـﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ‬ ‫ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺻﻮﺕ ﳐﺒﺄﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌـﺔ) ‪ ( Feedback‬ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺇﻋﻄـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﻣﻠﺨﺼـﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌــﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻــﻴﺎﺕ ﻗــﺪ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﻲ ﺑـﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬـﻢ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻋـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼــﻮﺭ ﻋﻠــﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺻــﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼــﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋــﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻟﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﻱ ﺿــﺮﺭ ﺟﺴــﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨــﻮﻱ ﺑﺴــﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴــﲑ ﳌــﺎ ﻗــﺎﻟﻮﻩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﻒ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺏ) ‪ : ( False Hope‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ ﲜﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺃﺳـﺌﻠﺘﻪ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻣـﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﲝﺜﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸـﺮﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻳـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻄـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻮﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﲝﺜﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺍﻋــﺎﺓ ﻣﺸــﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻵﺧــﺮﻳﻦ)‪ : ( Vulnerability‬ﻗــﺪ ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﺑﻌــﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ‪‬ﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺴـﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ؛ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻫﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ) ‪ : ( Exploitation‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗـﻒ ﻟﺼــﺎﱀ ﲝﺜـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓــﻼ ﻳﻔﺴـﺮ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻈـﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣــﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟــﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﱴ ﳜﺪﻡ ﲝﺜﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ) ‪ : ( Anonymity‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﲢﻘﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪‬ﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ٢٦ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ‪‬ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻘﹶﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﺷﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﻘﹶـﺪ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﹺﺪ‪‬ﺗ‪‬ﻪ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺳ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻘﹶﻪ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﺄﺷ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻌ‪‬ﻪ ﲝﺜﺎﹰ ﻭﲢﻠـﻴﻼﹰ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻏـﲑﻩ ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﺑـﺄﺱ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘـﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒـﺎﹰ ﺃﺧـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻜـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴـﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﳒـﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﻮﻳـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴ ـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟــﻪ ﺻ‪‬ــﻠﺔ ﻗﻮﻳــﺔ ﲟﻴــﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟــﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺎﺟــﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤــﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺴﻌﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻘﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﳍﻢ ﻧﻔﻌـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻠـﻮﻻﹰ ﳌﺸـﺎﻛﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸـﺨﺺ ﳍـﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺿﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﺭﺍﺣﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑــﺔ ﲟﻮﺿــﻮﻉ ﺧﻴــﺎﱄ ﺑﻌﻴــﺪ ﻋــﻦ ﻭﺍﻗــﻊ ﺍﻟﻨــﺎﺱ ﻷ‪‬ــﻢ ﻟــﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‪ :‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﳒـﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺃﻳﻀـﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺰﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﺑﺎﳌﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﻟـﻦ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎﹰ ﻭﺳﻴ‪‬ﺘﻌ‪‬ﺐ ﻛﺎﺗﺒﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤـﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻡ ﻻ؟‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺿــﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﻨــﻬﺞ‪ :‬ﺫﻟــﻚ ﺑﺘﻨﻈــﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﺘــﻪ ﺑﺸــﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻲ ﻭﺍﺿــﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـــﺘﻮﻋ‪‬ﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴـــﻮﺯﻉ ﺃﻓﻜـــﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴـــﺔ ﺿـــﻤﻦ ﺃﺑـــﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻓﺼـــﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑـﺔ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻳﺴﻠﺴـﻞ ﺃﻓﻜـﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘــﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﻣــﻦ ﻧﻘﻄــﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧــﺮﻯ ﺑﺘــﺮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓ ـﻴ‪‬ﺤ‪‬ﺲ ﻗــﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﲝﺜــﻪ ﺃﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻀﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘـﺮﺃ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﳌـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺪﻩ ﺇﻻ ﻭﻗـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﻣـﺎ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﻗﹼــﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣــﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﱠﻘــﺔ ﺑــﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺼــﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺒ‪‬ﻴ‪‬ﻨــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺪ‪‬ﻗـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻄـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜـﺲ ﻣـﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﳉﹸـﺰﺍﻑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲤﺤﻴﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﲝـﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ‪.‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﻓﻴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﺻـﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﲝﺜـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺒـﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻨﻘﻠـﻪ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳌﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗــﺔ ﺑﺒﺤﺜــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜــﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘــﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺧﻄــﺎﺀ ﺗــﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿــﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒ‪‬ــﺮ ﻋــﻦ ﻣﻀــﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺤﺴــﺐ‪.‬ﻓﻴﺠــﺐ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﺤــﺪ‪‬ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻋﻪ ﲢﺪﻳــﺪﺍﹰ ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳜــﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉــﺔ ﻋﻨــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻬ‪‬ــﺪ ﻟــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳـﺄﰐ ﲟﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺗـﻪ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳ‪‬ـﻊ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺷﻄﻂ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳉﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧـﲑ ﺍﻟﻜـﻼﻡ ﻣـﺎ ﻗـﻞﱠ ﻭﺩﻝﹼ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳊﺸـﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋـﺮﻭﺝ ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ ﺗﻨﻔﱢﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﳑـﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻜﺴِـﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻄـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿـﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓــﻼ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻣﻀــﺔ‪.‬ﻭﳑــﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﻔﻘــﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺃﻭﻣﻴﺘــﻪ ﻛﺜــﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳ‪‬ﺤـﺮﹺﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﳏﺎﻭﻻﹰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻼﰲ ﻧﻘﺼﻪ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺘﻌﻦ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﺑﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻗﻮﻳـﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﲝﺜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺪﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺀﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻃﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿــﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨــﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻉ ﲝﺜــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼــﺎﺩﺭ ﻏــﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺛﻮﻗــﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴــﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪..‬ﺑــﻞ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـــﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴـــﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳـــﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳋـــﻮﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿـــﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ ﳍـﺎ ﺑﺒﺤﺜـﻪ‪.‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻀـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﻘـﺪ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﳊﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪..‬ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﳍﺎ ﺃﺳﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﲑ ﺇﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ــﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘــﻊ ﻣﺼــﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﻣﻌــﲔ‪.‬ﻟــﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤــﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻷﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻘـﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ٣٠ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻪ – ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ – ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﺓ – ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻧـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﳎﺘﻤـﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﺬﺍ ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺣﺮﺻـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺎﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﻭﻇﻬــﺮ ﺫﻟــﻚ ﻭﺍﺿــﺤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤــﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻧﺸـﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﻛــﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼــﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴــﻊ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﺴــﻬﻢ ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳍـﺪﻑ ﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﺑﺘـﻮﻓﲑ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﳚﺐ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳـﺎ ﰲ ﳎـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴــﺎ ﻭﺗﻠــﻚ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﻗﻄﻌــﺖ ﺷــﻮﻃﺎ ﻃــﻮﻳﻼ ﰲ ﳎــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘــﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺁﻣﻨﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﺃﺳـﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄـﻮﻉ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‪‬ـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ ﺃﺟــﻞ ﲢﻘﻴــﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘــﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪‬ــﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟــﺬﺍ ﻓــﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤــﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﰲ ﺻـﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﻋﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻏﲎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﺎﺡ ﻭﻣﻄﻠـﻮﺏ ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻧﺸـﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬـﺪ ﺇﻧﺴـﺎﱐ ﻣﺒـﺬﻭﻝ ﺑـﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺇﻣـﺎ ﻗـﺪ ﻳـﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳـﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﲟـﺎ ﻳﻔﻴـﺪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﻭﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﲤﲑﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﻟـﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻌـﺎﰿ ‪‬ـﺎ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨـﻬﺞ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻌـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟﺒــﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺑﻐــﺮﺽ ﺣــﻞ ﺍﳌﺸــﻜﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺴــﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻭﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ ﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﺷــﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﺎﻣﻀــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﮐﺘﺸــﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺋﻌــﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛــﻞ ﺍﻷﺣــﻮﺍﻝ ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﻫــﺪﻑ‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘـﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﻟـﻮ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﻪ ﺍﻷﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋــﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏــﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴــﺔ ﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴــﺔ ﻭﻏــﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺷـﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺴـﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﻭﻣﻐﺰﯼ ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻔﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻓﻴﺸﺮﺣﻪ‬ ‫‪-٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻄﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﺨﺘﺼﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻴﺠﻤﻌﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻂ ﻓﲑﺗﺒﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻓﻴﺼﺤﺤﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﻄﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳐﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﻔﺼﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻧﺸــﺎﻁ ﺇﻧﺴــﺎﱐ ﻣــﻨﻈﻢ ﻳﻘــﻮﻡ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻷﻓــﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺻـﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺘـﺒﻌﲔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳛﻈﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔـﺮﺽ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳘﻴـﺔ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺳـﺲ ﻭﺩﻋـﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺭﻛـﺎﺋﺰ ﻗﻮﻳـﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻴﻨـﺔ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﺎﺟـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺗﻼﺋـﻢ ﻇﺮﻭﻓـﻪ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﻟـﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺃﻣـﻮﺭ ﺗـﱪﺯ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﻲ ﻳﺴـــﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺴـــﻢ ﺍﳋـــﻼﻑ ﰲ ﻛـــﺜﲑ ﻣـــﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٥‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٦‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻀـﻞ ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﻞ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﲤﻜﻨﻨــﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻄــﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳉــﺎﻧﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤــﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔــﻲ ﳌﺨﺮﺟــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣـﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﳐﻄـﻂ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻻ ﻏﻤﻮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺗــﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺧﻄــﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒــﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴــﻠﺔ ﻭﻓــﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺳـﻮﻣﺔ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻻ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﺧﻄـﻮﺓ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺳـﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﻄـﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﺍ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﳐﻄﻂ ﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻞ ﺗـﺒﲏ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﲝﻴـﺚ ﻟـﻮ ﺗﻜـﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﳐﻄـﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﲰـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ‪....‬ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١١‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﳊﻘــﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌــﺎﺩ ﻋــﻦ ﺍﻟﺘــﺄﻣﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻫﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٢‬ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤـــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤـــﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﳎـــﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻱ ﲣﺼـــﺺ ﻳﻌﻄـــﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـــﺚ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺘﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳚﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄـﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﳝﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤــﻲ ﻳﺴــﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺸــﺘﻐﻠﲔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺗﻜــﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼــﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺴــﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀــﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸــﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺣـﻞ ﺍﳌﺸـﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﲢﺴـﲔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟـﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﲟﻨﻄـﻖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻐﻠﲔ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺧــﱪﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻗــﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺫﻟــﻚ ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬــﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ــﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﺗﻌﻄــﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲝﻮﺙ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓــﺔ ﲝــﺪ ﺫﺍ‪‬ــﺎ ﻭﺗﺴــﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧــﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــﺔ ﻭﻫــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺪﺋﻴـﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻻ ﳝﻨـﻊ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴــﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫــﻲ ﲝــﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ ﺃﻫــﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﻮﺙ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳـﺔ ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﺴـﺨﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠــﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨــﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫــﻲ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﻳﺴــﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﳋــﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺪﺭﺟـﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺠﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤــﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻘﻴــﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫــﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤ ـﻮﺙ ﺍﻟــﱵ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﲨــﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻜﺘـﺐ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺃﻫـﻢ ﺍﳌﻨـﺎﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬ ‫­ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫­ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫­ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻨﻔـﺬ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﲨـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣــــﺎﺕ ﻣــــﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻗــــﻊ ﺍﳌ?

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