Media And Information Literacy Review PDF

**LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MEDIUM** **CONVERSATION -** Person to person interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message. **PUBLIC SPEAKING -** One to many interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message to a large number of people, at any given time. **DOCUMENTS/L...

**LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MEDIUM** **CONVERSATION -** Person to person interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message. **PUBLIC SPEAKING -** One to many interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message to a large number of people, at any given time. **DOCUMENTS/LETTER/MAILS** - Written messages in whatever form, usually on paper and print **VISUAL ART --** Messages rendered in the form of paintings, drawings, photography, videos, images, and the like, that conveys specific emotion, idea or thought**.** **PHYSICAL MEDIUM** -- Physical things such as tarpaulin billboards, posters, in-package information contained in product packaging, and the like. **DIGITAL/INTERACTIVE** -- Digital and electronic means to convey messages such as website or computer application, primarily by the use of internet**.** **INFORMATION** - data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or instruction, signals or symbols - knowledge of specific events or situations **LESSON 2: CONCEPTS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY** **MEDIA** - refers to various channels of communication between a person or persons and their intended audience - the means of communication that reach or influence people widely - The physical objects used to communicate with or the mass communication through physical objects such as radio, television, computers, film, etc. It also refers to any physical object used to communicate messages. **LITERACY** - *The ability to:* Identify,understand,interpret,create,communicate,compute - using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts  - Literacy involves a continuous of learning, wherein individuals are able to: - achieve their goals - develop their knowledge and potential, - participate fully in their community and wider society **MEDIA LITERACY** - The ability to *access, analyze, evaluate, and create media* in a variety of forms.  - It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the *competencies* (knowledge and skills) necessary *to engage with traditional media and new technologies* **INFORMATION** - A broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols. **INFORMATION LITERACY --** The ability to recognize when information is *needed*, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats. **TECHNOLOGY (DIGITAL) LITERACY** - The ability of an individual to *responsibly*, *appropriately*, and *effectively* use technological tools.  - Using these tools an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information. **MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY -** The essential skills and competencies that allow individuals *to engage with media and other information providers effectively*, as well as develop *critical thinking* and *life-long learning skills* to socialize and become active citizens. **LESSON 3: STAGES OF INFORMATION LITERACY** **INFORMATION LITERACY** - the ability to recognize when information:\ - is needed\ - where to locate it\ - how to evaluate\ - effectively communicate information in its various formats **STAGE 1 : [Identifying/ recognizing information needs. ]** *The realization that there is a need or a problem exists that requires information, for its satisfactory resolution. * **STAGE 2:[Determining sources of information]** *Know how to determine if the needed information exists, and to source out from varied avenues.* **STAGE 3:[Citing or searching for information.]** *Know how to find needed information, to give credits to the source of the information.* - **Plagiarism** is presenting someone else\'s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. - **Defamation** - The action of damaging the good reputation of someone A. **Libel** is an untrue defamatory statement that is made in writing. B. **Slander** is an untrue defamatory statement that is spoken orally. **STAGE 4:[Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information ]** *Know how to fully understand found information, or know where to go for help if needed to understand, and to assess the accuracy and reliability of the information acquired**. *** **STAGE 5:[Organizing, storing or archiving information.]** *Know how to preserve, store, reuse, record and archive information for future use, or to dispose of information no longer needed, and safeguard information that should be protected.* **STAGE 6:[Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way.]** *Know how to utilize information to solve problem, make decision, or meet need. * **STAGE 7:[Creating and communicating new knowledge]** *Know how to communicate and present information to others in appropriate, usable formats/ mediums. * **LESSON 4: RESPONSIBLE USE OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION** **ETIQUETTE** -- Properties of conduct as established in any class or community or for any occasion. **FLAME WAR --** Series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments by two or more people in an ongoing online argument. **NETIQUETTE** -- Set of rules for behaving properly online **DIGITAL LITERACY/TECHNOLOGY LITERACY** - The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use and create information. - ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to *responsibly*, *appropriately*, and *effectively* use technological tools **DIGITAL ACCESS** - The ability to fully participate in digital society - ability to fully participate in digital society, this includes access to tools and technologies, such as the internet and computers, that allow for full participation **DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP** -- appropriate, responsible, and empowered technology use  **DIGITAL ETIQUETTE** - electronic standards of conduct or procedures and has to do with the process of thinking about others when using digital devices  - recognizing Online Proper conduct is a must and it has something to do with "Netiquette" **NETIQUETTE --** set of rules about the proper and polite way to communicate with other people when using the internet **RULES OF NETIQUETTE** **Rule 1:** Remember the Human**, ** **Rule 2:** Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life,** ** **Rule 3**: Know where you are in cyberspace,  **Rule 4:** Respect other people\'s time and bandwidth,  **Rule 5**: Make yourself look good online,** ** **Rule 6**: Share expert knowledge,** ** **Rule 7:** Help keep flame wars under control,** ** **Rule 8:** Respect other people\'s privacy,  **Rule 9**: Don\'t abuse your power,  **Rule 10:** Be forgiving of other people's mistakes. **LESSON 5: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA** **WHY MEDIA IS IMPORTANT?** - entertaining and providing an outlet for the imagination - educating and informing - serving as a public forum for the discussion of important issues and - acting as a watchdog for government, business and other institutions **PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700s)** - People discovered fire - Developed paper from plants - Weapon through stone, bronze, copper and iron - Cave Painting (35,000 BC) Pictographs and Petroglyphs - Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) - Actu Diurna in Rome (130 BC) - Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) - Codex in Mayan Region (5^th^ Century) - Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD**)** **INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s-1930s)** - People used the power of steam, - Developed machine tools, - Established iron production and - Manufacturing of various products through the printing press - Telegraph - Typewriter **ELECTRONIC AGE (1930-1980)** - People harnessed the [power of electricity]  - Electrical telegraphy - Electrical circuit - In this age, long distance communication became possible - Transistor Radio - Television - Apple 1 Computer - EDSAC & UNIVAC I - Hewlett-Packcard 9100A - Overhead projectors & LCD Projectors **INFORMATION AGE (1990-PRESENT)** - Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. - voice, image, sound and data are digitalized - Computer - Web Browser (World wide Web, Mosaic, Internet Explorer,Opera,Safari,Firefox,Google Chrome,Google Search,Yahoo Search,Bing) - Social Networks(Six Degress,Friendster,LinkedIn,MySpace,Multiipy,Fcaebook,Google Plus) - Micro Blogging Sites (Twitter,Tumblr,Plurk) - Photo and Video Sharing Sites(Flckr,Vimeo,Youtube,Pinterest,Instagram,Snapchat,Vine,Tiktok) - Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing (Yahoo Messenger,Skype,Whatsapp,Viber,WeChat,Messenger,Zoom,Telegram,Google Meet) - Portable computers (Laptop,Pocket CP,Tablet,Netbook( - Mobile Phones (Portable Phone,Handset,Colored-display,Camera Phone,3G Phone,Touchscreen Phone,Smartphone) - Wearable Technology (Calculator watch,Walkman,Smartwatch,Wireless Earbuds) - Cloud and Big data (Dopbox,Onedrive,iCloude,Google Drive **4 THEORIES OF PRESS** 1. **AUTHORITARIAN THEORY** - The government directly controls the communication outlets.  - The government controls the press, information, and communication systems directly and indirectly  2. **LIBERTATIAN THEORY** - "freedom of the press"; mass media outlets are entirely free to publish any ethical news and information - The press works as the watchdog of the community and society in the country. 3. **SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORY** - It encourages total freedom to press and no censorship, but it should be regulated according to social responsibilities and external controls. - for the people and society - code of conduct - develop a standard in Journalism 4. **COMMUNIST SOVIET THEORY** - the state have absolute power to control any media for the benefits of people **LESSON 6: FIVE TYPES OF MEDIA** **USES OF MEDIA** 1. **SOURCE OF INFPRMATION** -  provides knowledge & information 2. **MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION** - channel to convey information **5 TYPEES OF MEDIA** 1. **PRINT MEDIA** a. **NEWS PAPER** - Printed and distributed on a daily or weekly basis. b. **MAGAZINES** - Printed on a weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. It contains information about finance, food, lifestyle, fashion, sports, etc. c. **BOOKS** - Focused on a particular topic or subject, giving the reader a chance to spread their knowledge about their favorite topic. d. **BROCHURE** - A type of booklet that includes everything about one company -- its products, services, terms and conditions, contact details, address, etc.  e. **BANNER** - Used to advertise a company's services and products, hung on easily-noticed sights to attract people's attention. f. **FLYERS** - Used mostly by small companies due to the low cost of advertising.  g. **BILLBOARDS -** Huge advertisements created with the help of computers. Their goal is to attract people passing by**.** 2. **BROADCAST MEDIA -** This means to communicate or transmit a signal, a message, or content, such as audio or video programming, to numerous recipients [simultaneously] over a communication network and reach over a wide area.  3. **FILM -  **created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera  - **FILM** is the medium on which motion pictures are fixed - **CINEMA** is from the French [cinématographe] meaning movement - **"Movies"** is slang for a motion picture**. ** 4. **VIDEO / DIGITAL GAMES** -  Any of various interactive games played using a specialized electronic gaming device or a computer or mobile device and a television or other display screen, along with a means to control graphic images.  5. **NEW MEDIA** -  are digital interactive media. - involve two-way communication - allow consumers to become producers - new media are not just [digital media](https://helpfulprofessor.com/digital-media-examples/). - They're more than that -- they're also interactive. **MEDIA CONVERGENCE -  **the merging of previously distinct media technologies and media forms due to digitization and computer networking  **LESSON 7: MEDIA EFFECTS AND PROPAGANDA** **MEDIA EFFECTS THEORIES** 1. **THIRD PARTY THEORY -** People think they are more immune to media influence than others.  2. **RECIPROCAL THEORY -** When a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts or the way the event functions**. ** 3. **BOOMERANG EFFECTS** - our messages don't work out the way they're intended, or they end up having the opposite effect than what is desired. 4. **CULTIVATION THEORY** - media shapes our social reality by giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world 5. **AGENDA-SETTING THEORY -** Process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about. **PROPAGANDA** - Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order [to help a cause, a political leader, a government], etc. - ways that a company gets you to believe something, do something or buy something - they appeal to your emotions, persuade you with facts, and/or persuade you with a credible source **BE AWARE OF PROPAGANDA!!!** - Propaganda manipulates and diverts you from logical analysis of issues - Propaganda hides the truth. - By [understanding propaganda], you will be able to protect yourself from deceitful tactics. **HOW TO SPOT A PROPAGANDA** - Propaganda distorts and oversimplify evidence - Shows internal inconsistency after examining facts. **HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS** - Consider the source - Read beyond - Check the Author - Supporting sources - Check the date - Is it a joke - Check your biases - Ask the experts **LESSON 8: NEOLOGISM** **NEOLOGISM** - neo (new) - logos (study) - word or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use but has not been fully accepted into mainstream language **LASER --** LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION **SICK** -- good; cool **FOMO-** Fear Of Missing Out **NOOB --** person new to an online gaming community **STAYCATION** -- vacation at home **TROLL --** person who posts obnoxious comments to an online community **DWEEPS --** drunken tweets **MEME** - a humorous image, video or piece of text that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users - coined by Richard Dawkins in 1976 **LESSON 9: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES** 1. **LIBRARY** - A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. 2. **INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE -** This would include as follows: local knowledge knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community 3. **BOOKS** - Cover virtually any topic, fact or fiction useful for the complete background on an issue or an in-depth analysis of a theory or person. Can take years to publish, so may not always include the most current information**.** 4. **REFERENCE BOOKS -** Include facts, figures, addresses, statistics, definitions, dates, etc. Useful for finding factual or statistical information or for a brief overview of a particular topic. Examples: dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories 5. **NEWPAPERS -** Provides very current information about events, people, or places at the time they are published. Useful for information on current events or to track the development of a story as it unfolds.  6. **MAGAZINES -** Include articles on diverse topics of popular interest and current events. Articles typically written by journalists or professional writers Geared toward the general public. 7. **ACADEMIC JOURNAL -** include articles written by and for specialists/experts in a particular field. Articles must go through a peer review process before they're accepted for publication. Articles tend to have a narrower focus and more analysis of the topic than those in other types of publications. Include cited references or footnotes at the end of research articles.  8. **INTERNET** - An electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world. The Internet is by far the most popular source of information and the preferred choice for news ahead of television, newspapers and radio, according to a new poll in the United States.  **EVALUATING INFORMATION** - **CURRENCY --** Information is current and updated - **RELEVANCE --** Content is relevant to your topic or research - **ACCURACY --** Content is grammatically correct,verifiable and cited when necessary - **AUTHOR --** Defines who created the content, the individual or groups credential /expertise and provides contact information - **FAIRNESS --** Content is balanced, presenting all sides of an issue and multiple point of view **LESSON 10: DECONSTRUCTING MEDIA** **MEDIA MESSAGES** - Are also *CONSTRUCTED* : Assembled by someone ,Could be an individual, Could be a large organization  - made by ***creators*** **PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION** - The process of construction requires the use of deliberate choice on *what and what not to include*, what to put on spotlight, and what should serve as a backdrop. - the first step to fully appreciate the "constructedness" of media and information messages is to deconstruct. - It means closely examining and taking apart the media message so that its parts are exposed to you. **DECONSTRUCTING MEDIA MESSAGES** - Help us understand who created the message, and who is intended to receive it; - reveal how the producer put together the message using words, images, sounds, design, and other elements; - expose the point of view of media makers, their values, and their biases; and - uncover hidden meanings-- intended or unintended. **KEY CONCEPTS** - **SOURCE --** the originator - **AUDIENCE** -- Media messages are intended to *reach audiences.** *** - **TEXT --**We often use the word "text" to mean "written words." what you actually *see and/or hear*.  - **SUBTEXT --** The *"subtext"* is an [ *individual interpretation of a media message*]. It is sometimes called the *"hidden text." * - **PERSUASION TECHNIQUES -- **to persuade us - **POINT OF VIEW --** No one tells the whole story. Deconstructing **PERSUASION TECHNIQUES** - **INTENSITY --** Reinforcing an effect of a statement by superlatives, comparatives or exaggeration - **REPETITION** -- Repetitive displaying and presenting of a message, image, key word.  - **EXPLICIT CLAIMS --** Exact and specific claims about quality, reliability, or effect. - **EXPERTS -  **respect authority - **PLAIN FOLKS --** REGULAR PEOPLE and authenticity of their [story]. - **FLATTERY --** appealing to sensitive side of citizens **LESSON 11: MEDIA CODES,CONVENTIONS AND MESSAGES** **CODES --** are systems of signs which when put together [create meaning] **SYMBOLIC CODES** -- include the language, dress or actions of characters, or iconic symbols that are easily understood. - **SETTING -** time and place of the narrative - **MISE EN SCENE** -  \'everything in the frame\'; all objects within the frame - **ACTING** - actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character development, creating tension or advancing the narrative - **COLORS -** media producers use color to specifically connect connotations to specific scenes, characters or objects  **TECHNICAL CODES** - **SOUND** - includes sounds like OMINOUS MUSIC to communicate danger . sound effects, music beds - **CAMERA ANGLES -** refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for specific effects - **TYPES OF SHOTS ;** 1. EYE ANGLE 2. LOW ANGLE SHOTS 3. HIGH ANGLE SHOTS 4. KNEE/GROUND LEVEL 5. SHOULDER LEVEL SHOT 6. DUTCH ANGLE/TILT SHOT 7. AERIAL SHOT 8. DOLLY ZOOM/VERTIGO SHOT - **LIGHTING -** the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene**.** - **EDITING** - process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound **WRITTEN CODES** -- are the formal written language used in a media product. - **Printed Language** -- text; script - **Spoken Language** - dialogues and song lyrics **MEDIA CONVENTIONS** - are accepted ways of using media codes - \"stereotypes\"; typecast; standard; - are repeated ways of constructing media works, using codes that over time have become accepted by the audience 1. **FORMS OF CONVENTIONS -** arrangement of media codes 2. **STORY CONVENTIONS -** are common narrative structures and understandings that are common in story-telling media products 3. **GENRE CONVENTIONS** - typical or standard analogy on plot, character or setting **AUDIENCE -** group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed. anyone else who is exposed to the message **Types of Media Audience** 1. **Mass Audience** - mainstream consumers 2. **Niche Audience** - small group of influential audience with unique tastes **LESSON 12: COPYRIGHT, FAIR USE, PLAGIARISM AND NETIQUETTE** **COPYRIGHT --** a [legal device] that provides the creator of a literary, artistic, musical, or different inventive work the only real right to publish and sell that job. **INFRINGEMENT** -- Violation of a copyright **FAIR USE** - commentary or criticism - parody (imitating in a comic way) - for transformative purposes - comment upon, criticize **PLAGIARISM --** an act or instance of victimization or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author WITHOUT authorization **ETTIQUETTE** -- polite behavior in society **NETIQUETTE** - refers to a collection of rules that governs what conduct is socially acceptable in a web or digital scenario. - set of rules for behaving properly online - correct manners and behavior online **DOs:** 1\. Respect other people\'s privacy 2\. Verify facts before reposting 3\. Check messages and respond promptly **DON'Ts:** 1\. Name-call or express offensive opinions 2\. Post embarrasing images or comments 3\. Talk about people behind their backs **BASIC RULES OF NETIQUETTE / INTERNET NETIQUETTE** 1. REAL PEOPLE TAKE PRIORITY 2. IF YOU WOULDN'T SAY IT TO SOMEONES FACE,DON'T SAY IT ONLINE 3. IF YOU WOULDN'T SHOW IT IN PUBLIC, DON'T SHARE IT ONLINE 4. DON'T EXCLUDE YOUR AUDIENCE 5. DON'T \ AND THEN \ PEOPLE **LESSON 13: DIGITAL DEVIDE, ADDICTION, AND BULLYING** **DIGITAL DIVIDE** - economic difference in terms of access to, use of, or data of information and communication technology **COMPUTER ADDICTION --** excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with standard of living, particularly in using technological device **BULLYING** -- unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance A. **VERBAL BULLYING** - saying or writing mean things - teasing - name-calling B. **PHYSICAL BULLYING** - hurting person's body or possessions - taking or breaking someone's things - making mean or rude hand gestures C. **CYBER BULLYING** - bullying that takes place online - humiliating photos, videos, websites - text messages or emails composed to insult or demean