Media and Information Literacy Review PDF

**COMMUNICATION - broadly defined as the imparing and exchanging of information or news.** **Examples of communication medium:** **CONVERSATION - Person to person interaction Person to person interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message.** **PUBLIC SPEAKING - One to many inter...

**COMMUNICATION - broadly defined as the imparing and exchanging of information or news.** **Examples of communication medium:** **CONVERSATION - Person to person interaction Person to person interaction using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message.** **PUBLIC SPEAKING - One to many interaction** **using one's voice as the tool to deliver the message** **to a large number of people, at any given time.** **DOCUMENTS / LETTER / MAIL - Written messages in** **whatever form, usually on paper and print.** **VISUAL ART - Messages rendered in the form of paintings,drawings, photography, videos, images,** **and the like, that conveys specific emotion, idea or thought.** **PHYSICAL MEDIUM - Physical things such as tarpaulin,** **billboards, posters, in package** **Information contained in product packaging, and the like.** **DIGITAL / INTERACTIVE - Digital and electronic means** **to convey messages such as website or computer application, primarily by the use of internet.** **MEDIA - refers to the different means of communication, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet. One of the oldest forms of media is print.** **LITERACY - The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts.** **MEDIA LITERACY - The physical objects used to communicate with or the mass communication through physical objects such as radio, television, computers, film, etc.** **INFORMATION - A broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals or symbols.** **INFORMATION LITERACY - The ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats.** **TECHNOLOGY - technology comes from the Greek words techne, which means art or skill, and tekhnologia, which means systematic treatment. technology can be defined as \"the systematic application of one\'s art or skill for a practical purpose.\"** **TECHNOLOGY LITERACY - The ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological tools** **MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY - The essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens.** **INFORMATION - This are knowledge communicated or receivedconcerning a particular fact or circumstance** **GOOD INFORMATION - is relevant for its purpose, sufficiently accurate for its purpose, complete enough for the problem, reliable and targeted to the right person.** ASSESSING INFORMATION 1. **FINDING THE PAGE** 2. **AUTHORITY OF THE PAGE** 3. **ACCURACY AND OBJECTIVE OF THE INFORMATION** 4. **UPDATES OF THE PAGE** 5. **FUNCTIONALITY**.org -- advocacy websites, such as non-profit organization.edu -- site affiliated with a higher education institution.gov -- federal government sites.com -- business or commercial site **ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION** 1. **GIVE CREDIT TO WHERE IT IS DUE** 2. **PRACTICE DUE DILIGENCE** 3. **RESPECT EVERYONE'S PRIVACY** 4. **SEPERATE FACTS FROM OPINION** **FAKE NEWS** **DISINFORMATION -- Information that is false and deliberately created to harm a person, social group, organization, or country.** **MISINFORMATION -- Information that is false but not created with the intention of causing harm harm.** **MAL-INFORMATION -- Information that is based on reality, used to inflict harm on a person, social group, organization, or a country.** **RESPONSIBLE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA** **MEDIA - It is a \'channel of communication\' - a means through which people send and receive information. When we read a newspaper or magazine, information is communicated to us in some way. Similarly, electronic forms of communication -television, telephones, film, and such - are media.** **Print Media - is any form of \'ink and paper' communication that is not hand-written. These include books, circulars, journals, lithographs, memos, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, and periodicals.** **Broadcast media - is made up of radio and television, which are transmitted through local stations ,national networks, and public organizations.** **NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF USING MEDIA** **ADDICTION - The prime bad effect of social media is addiction. Constantly checking Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn other social media updates. This addiction could negatively affect other valued activities like concentrating on studies, taking active part in sports, real life communication, and ignoring ground realities.** **DISTRACTION - Students, who attempt to multi-task, and check social media sites while studying, show reduced academic performance. Their ability to concentrate on the task at hand is significantly reduced by the distractions that are brought about by YouTube, Facebook, or Twitter.** **REDUCED SOCIAL INTERACTION - The more time students spend on social sites, the less time they spend socializing in person. Because of the lack of body signals and other nonverbal cues, like tone and inflection, social networking sites are not an adequate replacement for face-to-face communication. Students who spend a great deal of time on social networking are less able to effectively communicate in person.** **FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) - A form of anxiety that someone gets when they're scared of missing out on a positive experience that someone else is having.** **AFFECTS STRESS AND MOOD - It can result in a flame war which is a series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments by two or more people in an ongoing online argument.** - **Always prioritize safety at all times.** Don't post: Too much personal information Location Telephones and cellphone numbers, - **Embody good conduct at all times.** Avoid replying to negative comments, instead break the cycle with a positive post. - **Be open to learning and constructive criticisms** Some people may share our view while some will disagree. Thus, it is important to keep an open mind to contrasting opinions and constructive suggestions and understand that these may actually be learning opportunities for you, which will help you establish well-informed opinions. - **Share expert knowledge** The Internet is a great platform for sharing good information. However, it can also be used to spread misinformation and distortions. If you hold a lot of knowledge about a certain topic or subject, don't be afraid to share it online in a manner that is helpful and accurate. - **Avoid sharing raw and unverified information** We can say that a piece of information is verified if credible people, news outlets, or organizations present pieces of evidence of cases of facts to support the truthfulness and reliability of such information **MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES** **INFORMATION - is widely accessible from various sources---indigenous media, the library, and the internet.** **INDIGENOUS - refers to native; local; originating or** **produced naturally in a particular region.** **INDIGENOUS MEDIA - Defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people worldwide as vehicles for** **communication.** **USE OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA - Popular media cannot reach some rural areas. While print,** **broadcast, and new media have a wide reach, there are still areas that these media forms have not reached.** **INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND INFORMATION are highly crediblebecause they are near the source and are seldom circulated for profit.** **INDIGENOUS MEDIA are channels for change, education,** **and development because of their direct access to local channels.** **Examples** ** Northern Dispatch Weekly (NORDIS) Philippines -- a newspaper** **and an online news website covering the three regions of Northern Luzon (Ilocos, Cordillera, and Cagayan Valley).** ** Zigzag Weekly -- a weekly newspaper that is created by and for** **the people of Baguio City.** ** Northern Philippine Times -- a weekly publication of opinion and** **news from the Cordillera, Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, and** **Central Luzon.\ ** **LIBRARY - A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale.** **Library is divided into different sections with their own functions. Periodical, Archive, Reference, Circulation, Filipiniana, Internet section, etc. are some of the sectionsin the library.** **INTERNET - It is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.** **As there is so much information available and because** **such information can be published quickly and easily by anybody at any time, you must be vigilant in choosing reliable sources.** **DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION** 1. **Author** 2. **Date of publications or of update** 3. **Citations** 4. **Domain or owner of the site or page** 5. **Site design and the writing style** 6. **Look for facts** 7. **Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency** 8. **Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information** 9. **For advertising** **CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SOURCES** **Ex:** **Journal articles** **Editorial articles** **Literacy criticism** **Book reviews** **Biographies** **Textbooks** **TERTIARY SOURCES** **These are sources that organize,** **compile, or digest other sources. Tertiary sources are usually not credited to a particular author.** **Ex:** **Reference Works: encyclopedias,** **abstracts, almanacs, and dictionaries** **Lists or Collections: bibliographies,** **finding aids** **Search Tools: library database or** **catalog, indexes** **THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA** **PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700S)** - the **early hominids discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and built weapons.** [U]sed **stone tools and metals as part of their daily activities like hunting and gathering**. They also used crude stone tools to create things considered rock art. - These prehistoric arts such as petroglyphs and pictographs were considered the earliest forms of traditional media (Magpile , 2016, p 17-18). Cave paintings (35,000 BC) Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) Dibao in China (2nd Century) Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) **INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700S - 1930S)** - This period brought in economic and societal changes, such as the **substitution of handy tools with** **machines like the power loom** **and the steam engine.** - long-distance communication became possible. **ELECTRONIC AGE (1930S - 1980S)** - **started when people utilized the power** **Of electricity that made electronic** **Devices.** - The creation of the transistor piloted the rise of the electronic age. - was used in radio, electronic circuits, and early computers. In this period, people made use of air access to communication. **INFORMATION AGE (1900S - 2000S)** - The information age is **a period also** **known as the digital age. This period** **signified the use of the worldwide web** **through an internet connection.** - Communication became faster and easier with the use of social networks or so cial media platforms such as Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Twitter, among others. **THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE** **VALUES AND NORMS OF PEOPLE** - Norms are standards of behavior that are expected in a society based on their customary laws or conduct. - These norms entail conformist behavior following social standards like respect for elders, obtaining education, getting married, and gender roles. - The set of norms begins at home and continues to develop as we expand ourselves to the social world. - With the use of social media, people are no longer limited to his/her social group and become more readily connected to global society with diverse values and norms. - According to Arias (2016), the influence of media may have (1) individual or direct effect, and (2) social or indirect effect. He argued that the process of information dissemination has significance to the beliefs of a person and subsequently to their behavior. - This is in line with Bandura\'s (1986) Social Learning Theory, wherein media operates by means of educational models. These educational models perform vital functions by transmitting information, values, and behaviors, among Language - A system of arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all people in a given culture or other who have learned the system of that culture to communicate or to interact. (Finnochioro, cited in Jiang 2010) Language in media - Pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that media and information professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information and knowledge. Media products can be classified according to its categories or genre. Each genre uses codes and conventions to easily convey a message. MEDIA LANGUAGE - Codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience. Codes - Codes are systems of signs, which create meaning and is divided into three categories- technical, symbolic, and written. Technical Codes - Technical Codes are the ways in which equipment is used to tell the story (ex. camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting, and exposure, etc.). It includes sound, camera angles, types of shots, and lighting. Technical Codes: Camera Movements Shot Sizes Lighting Camera Angle https://wpscloud-weboffice-apse1.obs.ap-southeast-3.myhuaweicloud.com/shapes/89315877931691/3299321ea94924e40ecd588020de3d58612e8072?AWSAccessKeyId=QYRXLV44SVOBWYMOAFT6&Expires=1725969599&Signature=6wA8bkRFKIhQyOFlPJHTNFkoYJA%3D  Basic Camera Shots EXTREME LONG SHOT - An extreme long shot is a long shot that covers a wider area. It is also known as an extreme wide shot. The shot frames the subject from a distance and focuses on its surroundings. WIDE SHOT - A wide shot (WS), also referred to as a long shot, is a camera angle that shows the entire object or person and their relation to what surrounds them. MEDIUM SHOT - A medium shot (also referred to as MS), or waist shot is captured at a medium distance from the subject. It is used for dialogue scenes, but also depict body language and more of the setting. MEDIUM CLOSE UP SHOT - A medium close-up (MCU) frames the subject from just above the head to just below the chest. A neutral shot, the medium close-up captures the subject\'s facial expression and body language while still leaving some background in the frame CLOSE UP SHOT - A shot taken of a subject or object at close range intended to show greater detail to the viewer. Close-up shots signal to the audience that something is important, and this can be a prop or reaction, but often it is best when the subject or object has a significant influence on the story and the viewers understanding of your story.  EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT - An extreme close-up shot frames a subject very closely, often so much so that the outer portions of the subject are cut off by the edges of the frame. On an actor, this is commonly used to show specific portions of the body, like the face or hip, but it can go closer to show only an actor's mouth, or even a single eye.  Basic Camera Shot Angles LOW ANGLE SHOT - a low-angle shot is a shot from a camera angle positioned anywhere below the eye line, pointing upward. It can even be below the character's feet which is called an extreme low angle shot. EYE LEVEL ANGLE SHOT - The level of your camera is placed at the same height as the eyes of the characters in your frame. An eye level camera angle does not require the viewer to see the eyes of the actor, nor does the actor need to look directly into the camera for a shot to be considered eye level. Eye level shots simulate standard human vision and thus present visual information through a familiar viewpoint.   HIGH LEVEL ANGLE SHOT - A high angle shot is when the camera looks down on the character or subject from an elevated perspective. This is usually achieved by placing the camera higher than the subject and then angling it down on them. This can range from a shallow angle just above eye level all the way to directly above the subject. WORM'S EYE ANGLE SHOT - Worms eye view photography is a point of view in photography where the image is captured from a very low angle with camera pointing towards the top. It is like the view from a worm\'s eye in the ground, hence the name. CANTED/DUTCH ANGLE SHOT - A Dutch angle (known as a Dutch tilt, canted angle, or oblique angle) is a type of camera shot that has a noticeable tilt on the camera's "x-axis." It's a camera technique that was used by the German Expressionists in the 1920s --- so it\'s not actually Dutch. Directors often use a Dutch angle to signal to the viewer that something is wrong, disorienting, or unsettling. BIRD'S EYE ANGLE SHOT - An overhead shot is when the camera is placed directly above the subject. It\'s somewhere around a 90-degree angle above the scene taking place. Overhead shots are also called a bird view, bird\'s eye view, or elevated shot. Basic Camera Movements ZOOM - the most used (and therefore, most overused) camera movement there is. It is often used as a clutch when the videographer is not sure what else to do to add interest to a shot Zoom in or out from an unexpected, yet important, object or person in your shot. Use a quick zoom to add energy to a fast-paced piece. PAN - Panning is when you move your camera horizontally; either left to right or right to left, while its base is fixated on a certain point. You are not moving the position of the camera itself, just the direction it faces. These types of shots are great for establishing a sense of location within your story. TILT - Tilting is when you move the camera vertically, up to down or down to up, while its base is fixated to a certain point. Like panning, this move typically involves the use of a tripod where the camera is stationary but you move the angle it points to. These shots are popular when introducing a character, especially one of grandeur, in a movie. DOLLY - A dolly is when you move the entire camera forwards and backwards, typically on some sort of track or motorized vehicle. TRACK - Tracking is the same as dollying, only you are moving the camera from left to right instead of in and out. It is best to do this using a fluid motion track that will eliminate any jerking or friction. PEDESTAL - A pedestal is when you move the camera vertically up or down while it is fixated in one location. CRANE - A crane shot is created by attaching a camera to the arm of a crane allowing the camera to be raised or lowered. It's often used to create a high angle shot that looks down onto a scene or gives details to a new location. A Jib is smaller than a crane but effectively creates a similar movement. As such the words crane and jib are often used interchangeably. STEADICAM - It isolates the camera operator's movement and makes the shot look smooth and controlled, capturing the action without any wobbles. A Steadicam combines the stability of a tripod with the fluidity of a dolly and the flexibility of a hand-held camera. A Steadicam is a camera stabilizer, so it absorbs bumps and shakes, even if the camera is jostled or moves over an uneven surface, the shot will still appear smooth. POV (Point of View) - A point of view  is a film angle that shows what a character is looking at in the first person. In other words, the camera acts as the eyes of a character and the audience sees what they see. It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a character looking at something, and a shot showing the character\'s reaction.  Symbolic Codes show what is beneath the surface of what we see (ex. objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc. ). Symbolic codes include the language, dress, or actions of characters, or iconic symbols that are easily understood. Symbolic Codes: Objects Setting Colour Costume Body Language Written Codes -- newspaper Conventions - the generally accepted ways of doing something, a standard or norm that acts as a governing behaviour. Other concepts related to media language are the following : Messages - the information sent from a source to a receiver. Audience - the group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the message. Producers - People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media product. Other stakeholders - Libraries, archives, museums, internet and other relevant information providers.