Introduction to Media and Information Literacy PDF

Introduction to Media and Information Literacy Sir DEL  What is communication? Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system, signs, or behavior (Merriam Webster dictionary). It the process by which messages or information is sent from...

Introduction to Media and Information Literacy Sir DEL  What is communication? Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system, signs, or behavior (Merriam Webster dictionary). It the process by which messages or information is sent from one place or person to another, or the message itself. (Cambridge.org Dictionary)  The Two (2) Basic Types of Communication 1. Verbal – it can be oral and written communication. 2. Non-verbal – are signs, symbols, colors, gestures, body language, facial expression  Seven (7) Major Elements of Communication Process 1.Source 2.Message 3.Encoding 4.Channel 5.Decoding 6.Receiver 7.Feedback  The Origin of the Word “Media” The original means of mass communication were print – magazines, journals, and newspapers – and their collective was already in place: publications. Soon after, radio and television were added to the mix. However, the term “publications” would not stretch to fit. Needing a term that would encompass all these means of communication, writers borrowed the term ‘media” from advertising people, and used it since then to accommodate there means of communication and even the newer ones, such as the internet. (Turow 2009)  Categories of Media Category Example Modality Text Format Digital or Analog Way of Transmitting Electromagnetic or Radio Waves, Light waves Mass media form TV, Radio, Print, Internet, Telephone or mobile The media modality refers to the nature of message, whether it is relayed using text, audio, video, graphics, animation, or a combination of any of this. The media format is the way the data is arranged. The or massage may be transmitted through radio waves (for audio) and light for other modalities. The mass media form refers to the particular media technology to which the message is transmitted.  Media Literacy Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyze, response to a range of media. It also evaluates and create media in a variety of forms. It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies. Media literacy uses forms of communication and produces ways of communication. It is about media content. It builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as essential skills of inquiry and self- expression needed for democratic citizens. Example of “range of media” are: print, moving images, other hybrid forms such as multimedia text. Access – denotes the knowledge of where to find these forms of media. It might mean having access to cable, knowing how to play the DVD player, knowing how to adjust setting and knowledge where to access the media texts that are crucial to your life and to your community. Analysis – includes thinking reflectively and critically on what has been read, seen or experienced, and its implications to oneself and to one’s community. Response – includes the ability to experience and explore the pleasures of the media text, and how these are realized through the language of the media.  Information Literacy Information Literacy is the ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats. The information literacy is about using, managing, gathering, and verifying information. It is about library science. Students learn how to evaluate the quality, credibility, validity of websites, and give proper credit from effective search strategies to evaluation techniques.  Technology (Digital) Literacy Technology Literacy is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use technological tools. Using these tools an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information. Technology literacy is applying new found knowledge from digital environments, participating in digital media, organizing, and evaluating information. Also, it is the ability to effectively use technology to access, evaluate, integrate, create, and communicate information to enhance the learning process through problemsolving and critical thinking. Source: MIL Curriculum Guide for Teachers by UNESCO, 2011  Media and Information Literacy Our brains depend on information to work optimally. The quality of information we engage with largely determines our perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. It could be information from other persons, the media, libraries, archives, museums, publishers, or other information providers including those on the internet. Media and information literacy (MIL) provides answers to the questions that we all ask ourselves at some point. How can we access, search, critically assess, use and contribute content wisely, both online and offline? What are the ethical issues surrounding the access and use of information? How can we engage with media and ICTs to promote equality, intercultural and interreligious dialogue, peace, freedom of expression and access to information? Media and information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information – since it empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers, to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as user and producer of information and media content. Media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy are all similar in terms of goals. They all share the common goal of cultivating people’s ability to access, understand, use, evaluate, and create media messages, information, or content using information technology. They are all similar to the mastery and understanding of a thing.  Being Media and Information Literate Individual There are two factors that can influence you to become a media and information literate individual. One is clarifying your goals and motivations for seeking information. The greater your need, the more effort you exert to become selective of the information at your disposal. Second is acquiring more skills in discerning, appreciating, and filtering information. This involves being more media savvy and better acquainted with information sources. When you are literate, you are expected to be intellectually critical in interpreting the things that you see and experience around you. You are able to decode and have a deeper understanding of how things are and how they work, being literate means empowering you to be able to affect change to yourself and to others  Critical Thinking Skills The critical thinking is the ability to evaluate the kind of information you access and share which is very vital skill as producers and consumers of information. Being critical means being capable of judging the merit of something based on certain standards or parameters.  Eight (8) Fundamental Elements of Media Literacy (by Art Silverblatt, the media scholar) 1. A critical thinking skill enabling audience members to develop independent judgments about media content. 2. An understanding of the process of mass communication. 3. An awareness of the impact of media on the individual and society. 4. Strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages. 5. Understanding of media content as a text that provides insight into our culture and our lives. 6. The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate messages. 7. Development of effective and responsible production skills. 8. An understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners The media literate person is in control of his or her media experiences because he or she understands the basic conventions of various media and enjoys their uses in the deliberately conscious manner.  Activity 1 Instruction: Based on your learning answer the following questions, write your answer in a concise manner. 1. From your own point of view, make a list that describes a person who is literate in media and information. Write down at least five (5) characteristics. a. ____________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________ e. ____________________________________________________ 2. Make a Weekly Online Activity Log. (Sample of media and information providers are youtube, Weekly Onlinefacebook, Activity Log radio, television, books Media and etc.) Provider or Information Number of Hours in a week (168 hours/week 3. Of the list that you have enumerated in your Weekly Online Activities, which media provider did you spend the most time? And what role does this media provider play in your life as SHS student? ___________________________________________________________ __ ___________________________________________________________ __ ___________________________________________________________ __ 4. Looking at the total number of hours you have spent online activities per week, do you think the figure is essential for you to be able to be a media and information literate individual? _____________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________ _ _____________________________________________________________ _ End of Lesson 1  Lesson 2: The Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media After going through this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Identify traditional media and new media and their relationships. 2. Explain how the evolution of media from traditional to new media shaped the values and norms of people in the society. 3. Editorialize the roles and functions of media in democratic society. 4. Search latest theory on information and media.  BACK TO THE PASS!! What famous world event happened on April 14, 1912. Guess the drawing  Questions: 1. If the Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean, how did the news reach the people in England and New York at that time? 2. If the Titanic sank today, in what format will people received or read the news? The Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media  Prehistoric Age (1500 BC – 1500 AD) The Prehistoric refers to the time before the existence of written or recorded history. According to archeologist, the Prehistoric Age occurred some 4.5 million years ago or approximately 30, 000 years ago. It also known as Stone Age and the Metal Age. They are called such because of the kind of tools that the prehistoric people used during those times. The tools were relatively crude, archeologist believe that a system of writing hat not yet existed during this era. The prehistoric men learned how to sharpen their tools and use them for hunting, they also acquired the knowledge on how to use these materials in carving stones. Eventually, this paved the way for them to create a system of writing, which marked the start of the historic period. The Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC), the early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer, 3100-3000 B. C.E., another notable invention was the Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD), originated in china, it is technique or printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia.  Prehistoric Art as the Earliest Form of Traditional Media The two kinds of rock art during the Stone Age are petroglyphs and pictographs. There is no concrete system of writing during the Prehistoric Age so people communicated their way of life, beliefs, and other practices through music and dance  Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) The Industrial Age began in the 18th century in Great Britain when the country made drastic reforms to improve their economy. Technology shifted from using hand tools to operating power-driven machines. Most people associated factories and machines to industries. Selling of goods boosted during the Industrial Age. The concept of mass production or manufacturing of goods in large quantities was introduced, increasing the demand for bigger and better machines. Special machines were fabricated to meet the specific needs of different factories. The Industrial Age has improved the people’s way of living as new inventions such as steamboats and steam locomotives, made transportation faster. However some business owners during this era focused only on earning profit so they took advantage of the poor economic condition of the working class. When the steam press was invented, the printing of materials like newspapers became much faster, cheaper and easier. Before this development, publishers used to receive financial support from political parties and rich patrons so that the latter can be features in the newspaper. When printing cost marked down, publishers started to print articles for the common interest of the public. The earlier injustices experienced by the laborers were also published in the newspaper. Communication during the Industrial Age also became viable because of the invention of the telegraph. The telegraphy key used to send the famous message “ What Hath God Wroght” over the prototype telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington D.C. in 1844. A mechanical typewriter used for writing characters was also invented around 1800.  Electronic Age (1930s – 1980s) Electronic refers to an object that has electronic components, such as sensors, microchips, which functions once it is connected to an electronic outlet. The Industrial Age and Electronic Age are quite similar – they thrived in the manufacturing industries, the only different because of the equipment used. Example Transportation and Communication. By early 1954, Transistor Radio was introduced by Texas instruments (TI) had perfected production to the point that transistors became cheap enough for use in consumer items. The television began its popularity in the 1940s. It was a novel item that everyone wanted to have. It opened the doors for a variety of new experiences for all Americans.  Information (Digital) Age (1900s – 2000s) The Information Age has upgraded what it can offer to consumers in terms of gadgets and devices that can make their way of life not only functional and comfortable, but also offer endless possibilities. Digital Age or Informational Age is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information computerization. The internet paved the way advanced the used of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, devices wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sounds, and data are digitalized. This is the period of computers, laptops, smartphones and social media.  Relationship between Traditional Media and New Media In the present time, new media is undeniably very useful, but this does not mean that traditional media has already become obsolete. Traditional media is still valuable and influential because it has a wider reach and market. Examples the people whole live in remote areas and people opted to traditional media. The choice of media is based one’s needs, interests, and lifestyle as both traditional media and new media can carry out their purpose of keeping the people informed and helping everyone to stay connected. The Traditional Media and New Media  Four Main Categories of New Media (according to McQuail) a. Interpersonal communication media. Examples would be the telephone, and e-mail where’’ content is private and perishable and the relationship established and reinforced may be more important than the information conveyed.’’ 1. Interactive play media. Video and computer-based games, plus virtual reality devise compose this category. 2. Information search media. The Internet and the World Wide Web become repositories or sources of a vast collection of information that can be accessed real-time despite geographical location. Broadcast teletext and radio data services are also examples. Information retrieval is no longer limited to personal computers because this functionality has been extended to smart phones and tablets. Other means of information storage and retrieval include the personal video recorder, CD-ROM, compact disc, and DVD. 3. Collective participatory media. This refers to the to the use of the Internet for ‘’sharing and exchanging information, ideas, and experiences and developing active (computer-mediated) personal relationships active (McQuail, 2010),  Normative Theories of the Press 1. Authoritarian Theory – it describes that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite or authorities or influential bureaucrats. Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the national threats through any form communication. The press is an instrument to enhance the ruler’s power in the country rather than any threats. 2. Soviet Media Theory – The Soviet Union was restructured with new political system based on the Marxist-Leninist principles. The newly formed communist party by Lenin shows much interest in the media which serves to the working class in the country and their welfare. So the Soviet originates a theory from Marxist, Leninist and Stalinist thoughts, with mixture of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ideology is called “Soviet Media Theory” is also known as “The communist Media Theory”. The same theory was developed and followed by Adolf Hitler’s Nazi in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy 3. Marxist Theory – The basis which our analysis perspectives, programme, and participation in the movement are based. It is our “guide to action” and is why the international Marxist Tendency places so much emphasis on political education. 4. Marxist Theory and Leninist Theory – The crimes we shall expose are to be judge not by the standards of Communist regimes, but by the unwritten code of the natural laws of humanity. 5. Stalinist Theory – The method of rule, or policies of Joseph Stalin, Soviet Communist Party and state leader from 1929 until his death in 1954. Stalinism is associated with a regime of terror and totalitarian rule. 6. Libertarian Theory – Sees people are more enough to find and judge good ideas from bad. The theory says people are rational and their rational thoughts lead them to find out what are good and bad. The press should not restrict anything even a negative content may give knowledge and can make better decision while in worst situation. The libertarian thoughts are exactly against or opposite to the authoritarian theory which means the authoritarian theory says “ all forms of communication works under the control of government or elite like king”. 7. Social Responsibility Theory – Allows free press without any censorship but at the same time the content of the press should be discussed in public panel and media should accept any obligation from public interference or professional self-regulations or both. The theory lies between both authoritarian theory and libertarian theory because it gives total media freedom in one hand but the external controls in other hand. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel – a German Philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis.  Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society During the Colonial Period, people had been restricted to express their ideas and fight for their rights. Democratic comes from the Greek words “demo” (people and “kratos” (rule) which means rule of the people. In democratic society, the welfare of the public is important and their rights are protected by the government. The Philippines’ 1986 and 2001 People Power Revolutions perfectly show the importance of the role of media in today’s society. Prior to People Power 1, local newspapers such as The Manila Times, Daily Mirror and The Manila Chronicles have reported about the pervasive protests of people against the government because of its inability to respond to issues regarding labor, poverty and education. As a result, in September 21, 1972, President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial Law in hope of restoring the peace and order in the country. Instead, this dictatorial government had taken over the mass media. Some editors and journalists were arrested and detained to control the dissemination of negative news against the government, particularly the president. During the People Power II on 2001, the tenure of President Joseph Estrada. Media reported about his involvement in illegal gambling and adultery. Impeachment trial where the President Estrada was accused of plunder, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of the Constitution as cited in Article XI. When the second envelop, which allegedly contained incriminating evidences against President, was not opened based on the senators’ majority vote, the prosecutors walked out. Also, the people who were watching it since the first day of the senators’ majority vote, the prosecutors walked out. With the growing number of people encamped in EDSA and the majority of President Estrada’s cabinet members leaving their posts, the President had no choice but to step down from office. This proves that in democratic society, the media’s role is very crucial as it becomes a reliable source of information. People in democratic society also use different media platforms as a means to express their opinion on social issues. With the massive each of media, it can greatly influence people’s views and actions. Media, whether traditional or new, has a role to play in the proper functioning of a democratic society such as the Philippines. In order for a democratic society to function in an ideal way, media and communication must fulfill its mandate. According to McNair, communication and media function to: a. Inform citizens of what is happening around them (also called the monitoring function); b. Educate the audience as to the meaning and significance of the “facts”; c. Provide a platform for public political discourse, facilitating the formation of “public opinion” and feeding that opinion back to the public from whence it came, the provision of space for the expression of dissent; d. Give publicity to government and political institutions, (known as the “watchdog” role of journalism); e. Serve as a channel for the advocacy of political viewpoints.  Philippine Internet Timeline On March 29, 1994, the free and open Web first opened its doors to Filipinos. To celebrate Philippine Internet's 20th year, we've put together a timeline leading up to the day that would forever change how we communicate, consume media, do commerce, and access information—essentially, how we live our lives. August 1986: The first Philippine-based, public-access BBS [bulletin board system], First-Fil RBBS went online with an annual subscription fee of P1,000. A precursor to the local online forum, it ran an open-source BBS software on an IBM XT Clone PC with a 1200bps modem and was operated by Dan Angeles and Ed Castañeda. 1987: The Philippine FidoNet Exchange, a local network for communication between several BBSes in Metro Manila, was formed. 1990: A committee helmed by Arnie del Rosario of the Ateneo Computer Technology Center was tasked with exploring the possibility of creating an academic network comprised of universities and government institutions by the National Computer Center under Dr. William Torres. Recommendations were made but not implemented. 1991-1993: Emergence of email gateways and services in the Philippines, including some from multinational companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments, which used a direct Internet connection, X.25, or UCCP protocol. Local firms ETPI, Philcom, and PLDT also operated commercial X.25 networks. June 1993: With the support of the Department of Science and Technology and the Industrial Research Foundation, the Philnet project (now PHNET) was born. The Philnet technical committee, composed of computer buffs working at the DOST and representatives from the Ateneo de Manila University (Richie Lozada and Arnie del Rosario), De La Salle University (Kelsey Hartigan-Go), University of the Philippines Diliman (Rodel Atanacio and Rommel Feria), and University of the Philippines Los Baños, would eventually play a significant role in connecting the Philippines to the World Wide Web July 1993: Phase one of the Philnet project shifted into full gear after receiving funding from the DOST. It proved to be successful, as students from partner universities were able to send emails to the Internet by routing them through Philnet's gateway at the Ateneo, which was connected to another gateway at the Victoria University of Technology in Australia. November 1993: An additional P12.5-million grant for the first year's running cost was awarded by the DOST to buy equipment and lease communication lines needed to kickstart the second phase of Philnet, now led by Dr. Rudy Villarica. March 29, 1994, 1:15 a.m.: Benjie Tan, who was working for ComNet, a company that supplied Cisco routers to the Philnet project, established the Philippine's first connection to the Internet at a PLDT network center in Makati City. Shortly thereafter, he posted a short message to the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.filipino to alert Filipinos overseas that a link had been made.  The Evolution of Media in the Philippines 1500 – Pre-colonial: Baybayin or Alibata (referred to in Unicode as the Tagalog content) is a pre-Hispanic Philippine composition framework that started from the Javanese content Old Kawi. The written work framework is an individual from the Brahmic family and is accepted to be being used as ahead of schedule as the fourteenth century. It kept on being used amid the Spanish colonization of the Philippines up until the late nineteenth Century. The term baybayin actually implies spelling. 1800- Print Industry and Filipino Freedom: Philippines was acquainted with books, magazines, and daily papers like "La Solidaridad" by the Spaniards who colonized the Philippines for around 333 years. American colonialization left a blemish on the press and molded its style: a flourid lingua, a nonpartisan state of mind, matched with the commitment of obstinate and prevalent writers. 1890 – Broadcast Industry: The first telephone system of the country began its operations, and the whole archipelago enjoyed this system of information and communication exchange. 1897 – European Film Import: The cinematography film camera and projector developed by the Lumpier siblings got through the Spanish fighter named Carlo Naquera. Naquera demonstrated a few Spanish-dialect movies to choose gatherings of people in 1987. 1922 - During this time, the Filipinos readily accepted radio news and entertainment programs, and local businessmen, who recognized its profitability, established their own radio stations to advertise their products and services. A couple of 50-watt radio stations were established in Pasay and in Manila by Henry Hermann. 1980 – Electronic Age: Broadcast or storage media that exploits electronic innovation. They may incorporate TV, radio, Web, fax, Disc ROMs, DVD, and some other medium that requires power or computerized encoding of data. The term 'electronic media' is regularly utilized as a part of appearing differently in relation to print media. 1994 – Local Online Media: Benjie Tan, who was working for ComNet, an organization that provided Cisco switches to the Philnet venture, set up Philippine's first association with the Web at a PLDT arrange focus in Makati City. Presently, he presented a short message on the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.filipino to ready Filipinos abroad that a connection had been made. As of Walk 29, 1994 at 1:15 am Philippine time. 2011 - Philippines was names as the "Social Media Capital of the World"  References Books Liquigan, Boots C. Media and Information Literacy. Philippine: DIWA Learning System Inc., 2016 Zarate, Jovita E. Media and Information Literacy. 1st ed. Philippine: Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016 Web sites Gurrero, Alora U., A timeline of Philippine Internet, Accessed on 27 of July 2020, https://ph.news.yahoo.com/timeline-philippine-internet-20th- anniversary-225454753.html Baculi, Joyce Shymna Mae. The Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media, Accessed on 30 of July 2020, https://www.sutori.com/story/the- evolution-of-traditional-media-to-new-media-- 6EnZMSt2SqCEmNnYTdYXh2XN  Asynchronous Activity Instruction: 1. Draw in a short bond paper a political cartoon depicting your opinion about how Philippine Media performs its roles and function in the Philippines which is a democratic country. 2. Explain the message of your political cartoon in not less than 3 sentences. End of Lesson 2  Media and Information Literacy Lesson 3 Information Literacy is an important skill in life. An individual who is literate in the location, access, evaluation, and use of information also displays a certain sense of critical literacy. When you are information literate, you are able to evaluate what information you need, what to discard, and how to use the information you selected.  Literacy and Empowerment Literacy is widely known as the ability to read and write. The advent of modernity and the expansion of access to general education has enabled societies to produce literate populations. Literacy always associated with a set of tangible skills, particularly the skills of writing and reading. Its counterpart is the concept of numeracy, which is the skills associated with basic mathematical operations involving numbers. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) cites the importance of literacy in the modern world: “Literacy is a fundamental human right and the foundation for lifelong learning. It is fully essential to social and human development in its ability to transform lives. For individuals, families, and societies alike, it is an instrument of empowerment to improve one’s health, one’s income, and one’s relationship with the world.” (UNESCO, 2003) Empowerment is very significant in our appreciation of how literacy provides us with means to access the world of knowledge so we can lead better lives. Empowerment is an idea of power, as linked on the idea that power can change, that the ownership of power can shift form one entity to another. Empowerment is also possible because power can expand or diminish as the case may be. “Let us first review our notions of power. Power is often related to our ability to make others do what we want, regardless of their own wishes or interests (Weber, 1946). Power is not always relational. One needs to cultivate a notion of power within to fully realize. True enough, power can reside inside, you given the opportunity to access the knowledge, skills, and attitudes.  Information and Internet Information can be the answer to a question, a news, or a data. It is that which informs, that which enables us to know and something also communicable.Information literacy is best understood on how we navigate the complex and networked world of the internet. The internet has more than practical uses in our lives. It has been transformed to be the primary source for research, complementing what can be found in school libraries. Today, we live in a knowledge-based society surrounded by cutting-edge technology that makes every aspect of our lives faster and easier. The internet arose in 1968, but it was in 1989 when a fully developed World Wide Web (WWW) arose and turned it into the global platform for knowledge-sharing, communication, and achieving. The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the world. But if you've never used the Internet before, all of this new information might feel a bit confusing at first. The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online. When someone says a computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's connected to the Internet. The World Wide Web—usually called the Web for short—is a collection of different websites you can access through the Internet. A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can resemble other forms of media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be interactive in a way that's unique to computers.  Who Puts Information on the Internet? There are many kinds of Internet sites that you might find during the course of a search – sites created by different people or organizations with different objectives. The three-letter code preceded by a dot (.), simply known as the domain, gives you a fairly good idea of who is publishing the internet site. There are many kinds of Internet sites that you might find during the course of a search – sites created by different people or organizations with different objectives. The three-letter code preceded by a dot (.), simply known as the domain, gives you a fairly good idea of who is publishing the internet site.  What Determines Your Need for Information? Information seeking is relatively synonymous to the idea of research. When you locate information. You employ the necessary skills to engage in the research process. Your need for information depends on your prior knowledge and experience, as well as your goals and objectives. Your information needs to rely on what questions or problems you would like to solve or, simply, what you need the information for. These needs also depend on the relevance of the information you seek to the task you are supposed toaccomplished. Ask yourself who will consume and/ or benefit from the information you are trying to locate. You must also identify how much information you need and its adequacy to address your task. Consult your personal knowledge base so that you can plan what else to search to augment what you already know.  Sources of Information 1. Popular Publications: Most of what rules in the print and non-print media are popular publications with the general public as its target audience. Included under this category are journalistic articles, features articles, manuals, flyers, fact sheets, and even blogs by netizens. They serve to both inform and entertain the general public. 2. Scholarly Publications: These are well- researched articles found mostly in academic journals and published for the specialists of a specific field. The language is very technical because it is geared toward the consumption of specialists, scholars, and those seeking research-based information on a particular area of knowledge such the social science, the natural sciences, and the arts and humanities. 3. Trade Publication: These are also highly specialized materials meant for the players and specialists of a specific industry. Some good examples are publications on motoring or publications on construction. Trade Publications combine popular appeal and specialized knowledge because it also needs toattract the non-specialist who are the potential consumers of users of a particular product. Format of Information There is a need to do an analysis of what type of information will best serve your need, what access tools are you going to utilize, and what results will be critical to the success of your information retrieval. End Of Lesson 3  Lesson 4: Types of Media After going through this Lesson, you are expected to: 1. Classify contents of different media types. 2. Define media convergence through current examples. 3. Compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the different types of media (print, broadcast, online).  Lets Play a Game!! Matchy Matchy tayo ngayon.  Types of Media 1.Print Media 2. Broadcast Media (Broadcasting) 3. Movies (Film/Cinema) 4 Internet / New Media 5) Video Games  What is Media Convergence? Converge means to meeting at a point, it is synonymous to the words: join, unite, interest, merge, connect, coincide. Media Convergence happens when different (two or more) media sources join together. It allows media texts to be produced and distributed on multiple media devices. Media convergence is the ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code, which is then accessible by a range of devices. Media convergence usually occurs in various platforms such as: 1. Social Network 2. Learning Management System 3. Product Advertisement 4. News Agency 5. Multimedia Personality Media convergence have a vital element of life for many people. With the development of technology in different platforms and cooperation such as television, Internet and mobile communication, audiences have had both a bigger choice of media and a life which media technologies has made easier.  CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA There are different ways to classify media. 1. Print media, non-print media, electronic media · Print media. They include: books, journals, magazines, newspapers, workbook, textbooks · Non-print media: they include: projected and non- projected media · Electronic media: they include: Audio media, Visual media and Audio-Visual 2. Projected media & non-projected media ·Projected media: they require light source for projection. E.g. film projector slides etc. ·Non-projected media: they do not require light source. They include 3 dimensional objects, 2dimensional objects, prints, charts, models etc. 3. Audio media, Visual media & Audio-visual · Audio media: this form of media carry sounds alone. E.g. audio tapes, record player, ·Visual media: These are the ones that can be seen. E.g. TV, computer, white board ·Audio-Visual: this term refers to those instructional materials which provide students with audio and visual experiences by appearing to the hearing and seeing senses at the same time. E.g. TV, video tapes, closed circuit television (CCTV). 4. Hardware and software ·Hardware: this the classification of machines or equipment used in the instructional process. It is upon these gadgets that the software is transmitted. E.g. Television set, tape recorder etc. ·Software: this classification consists of all materials used with the machine. They are the real carrier of knowledge or information. They include, films, tapes transparencies.  Activity!! Think of yourself as a program monitor/analyst in a television network. Your job is watch the programs of the network in a particular timeslot or segment of the day. The head of the program monitoring division assigned you to watch a prime time soap opera of your network and the soap opera of a competing network in the same time slot. You were asked to write a report comparing the two programs in terms of theme, content, target audience and advertisements. The report must; - be between 500 and 700 words; - be logical and critical; - be professional in tone; and - suggest ways on how the two programs can be improved in terms of content and production value. End of Lesson 4  Lesson 5: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES After going through this Lesson, you are expected to: 1. Compare potential sources of information 2. Contrast indigenous media to the more common sources of information such as library, internet, etc.  Agpanonot kay pay “A LIBRARY IS NOT A LUXURY BUT ONE OF THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE.” By Henry Ward Beecher Guide Questions: 1. What is the message? 2. Do you agree with the message? Why or Why not?  Media and Information Sources 1. Indigenous Source What is Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Media? Indigenous is a native, local, originating or produced naturally in a particular region and locality. Its indigenous knowledge is unique to a special culture or society, most often it is not written down. The transmission of information is through local channels or forms. It is a means by which the culture is preserved, handed down and adapted. This include local knowledge, it is owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in the languages understood by the community. Characteristics of Indigenous Knowledge a. Oral tradition of communication b. Store information in memories c. Information exchange is face to face d. Information is contained within the border of the community Indigenous Media can be defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous peoples around the globe as vehicles for communication. Forms of Indigenous Media 1. Folk or Traditional Media 2. Gatherings and Social Organizations 3. Direct Observation 4. Records (written, carved, oral) 5. Oral Instruction 2. Library Library is a place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale. (Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ library) Types of Library: a. Academic Library – serves colleges and universities. b. Public Library- serves cities and towns, of all types. c. School Library- Serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12. d. Special Library – specialized environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and the government.  3. Internet Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The Internet is one of the newest sources of media. The majority of the users prefer the internet to watch news quickly. It is more fast and capable in compare to any other source of media. Internet changes the world and connects the people also deliver the users to keep in touch with the latest inventions and news. One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost instantly with anyone in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most universal ways to communicate and share information on the Internet, and billions of people use it. Social media allows people to connect in a variety of ways and build communities online. There are many other things you can do on the Internet. There are thousands of ways to keep up with news or shop for anything online. You can pay your bills, manage your bank accounts, meet new people, watch TV, or learn new skills. You can learn or do almost anything online. As we all know billions of websites online today, there is a lot of information on the Internet. Search engines make this information easier to find. All you have to do is type one or more keywords, and the search engine will look for relevant websites.  Top 6 Best Search Engine websites in the World 1. www.google.com – Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of most popular products from Google. Almost 70 percent of the Search Engine market has been acquired by Google. 2. www.bing.com – Bing is Microsoft’s answer to Google and it was launched in 2009. Bing is the default search engine in Microsoft’s web browser. 3. www.yahoo.com - Yahoo & Bing compete more with each other than with Google. Yahoo is an American web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, and owned by Verizon Media. 4. www.baidu.com - Baidu is the most used search engine in China and was founded in Jan, 2000 by Chinese Entrepreneur, Eric Xu. This web search is made to deliver results for website, audio files and images. It provides some other services including maps, news, cloud storage and much more. 5. www.aol.com - Aol.com is also among the top search engines. These are the guys that used to send out CD’s which you’d load onto your PC to install their browser and modem software. 6. www.ask.com - Founded in 1995, Ask.com, previously known as Ask Jeeves. Their key concept was to have search results based on a simple question + answer web format. It is a question & answer community where you can get the answers for your question and it integrates a large amount of archive data to answer your question. Because of this dependency on archived and active user Evaluating Information Found in the Internet a. Authorship b. Published body c. Accuracy and Verifiability d. Currency  Things to Consider in Evaluating Information 1. Reliability The Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluate. Others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in evaluating the reliability of information. 2. Accuracy Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of information being evaluated. Forecasts are similar to the actual data and financial values are correct. 3. Value The information is said to be valued if it aids the user in making or improving decisions. 4. Authority The authority of the source is the one authored or published the information and the credibility of the sources. 5. Timeliness. The source reliability, accuracy and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or acquired. It may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of time (thus making it less valuable). Other information may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy, and value throughout history Skills in Determining the Reliability of Information: a. Check the Author b. Check the Date of publication or of update c. Check the Citations d. Check the Domain or owner of the site / page.com – commercial.edu – education.mil – military.gov – government.org – nonprofit Skills in Determining Accurate Information A. Look for facts B. Cross-reference with other source for consistency C. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information Books - In-depth, detailed coverage of a topic and background information. Book reference - a book intended to be consulted for information on specific matters rather than read from beginning to end. Articles a) Scholarly Journals - Up-to-date and highly specific for scholars and researchers. b) Trade Publications - Targeted towards professionals in a discipline or industry. c) Magazines - Broad summaries of issues for a general audience. Newspapers - Up-to-date, national and regional information for a general audience. Internet - Wide variety of information. Evaluate websites carefully. End of Lesson 5