Midterms Uno Reviewer.pdf

ORAL COMM used, who the message is for, Communication what effect the message has -the process of sharing and conveying 3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model: messages/information from one person mathematical communica...

ORAL COMM used, who the message is for, Communication what effect the message has -the process of sharing and conveying 3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model: messages/information from one person mathematical communication to another. concept. First to recognize noise. 4. Berlo’s SMCR Model: Sender, Nature of Communication Message, Channel, Receiver -it is a process -it involves 2/more people VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL -it can be expressed through Verbal: words are utilized to relay a written/spoken words, actions, or both message (spoken) at the same time Interpersonal - others Intrapersonal - inner dialogue Elements of Communication Non-Verbal: meaning is conveyed Sender/Speaker: conveys a message without words (source) Paralanguage: the “how” of Message: information, idea, thought saying something conveyed Gestures: small movements (head Receiver: recipient of the message & hand) Encoding: the process of speaking or Facial expression: facial features conveying the message to express feelings/emotions Decoding: the process of interpreting Posture & Appearance: the way the message one carries oneself Feedback: the reaction/response to the Language of Time (Chronemics): message the use of time to depict Context: environment/setting where meaning, position/power communication takes place Language of Space (Proxemics): Channel: medium used to send/convey use of space the message Language of Touch (Haptics): use Noise: the hindrance/problem faced of touch Kinesics: body movements and MODELS OF COMMUNICATION gestures Linear: a straight line/one-way of Language of Colors: signals and communication leading from the sender meanings of colors and hues directly to the receiver. Language of Flowers: meaning 1. Aristotle’s Model: focused on the behind different types of flowers speaker & message. Setting EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION dictates the message. (ex. Public SKILLS speeches) -the ability to express yourself concisely 2. Lasswell’s Model: who is saying and organized something, which channel is BARRIERS ACCEPTANCE (recognize & appreciate), ➔ PHYSICAL: distance ADAPTATION (incorporate other’s ➔ LANGUAGE: use of language that worldviews), INTEGRATION (experience is unknown to the receiver diverse cultural experiences.) ➔ GENDER: male & female have different styles of communication INTERACTIVE MODEL ➔ INTERPERSONAL: distance -two-way communication, real-time oneself from others feedback, multimodal interaction ➔ PERCEPTUAL: different world -vital in fields where feedback & active views participation are essential ➔ CULTURAL: ethnic, religious & Application in various fields: Education, social differences Customer Service, Social Media, ➔ EMOTIONAL: consumed by Efficient Communication, Engagement, emotion Feedback Integration 7 Cs OF COMMUNICATION Challenges and Limitations: complexity, ❖ Clarity: goal/purpose overload, misinterpretation ❖ Coherence: must be relevant & FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION connected from start to end -how people use language for different ❖ Courteous: polite/respectful purposes ❖ Concise: straight to the point ➔ Sharing Information: convey ❖ Concreteness: based on solid information from one person to facts another ❖ Correctness: grammatically ➔ Social Interaction: build and correct (clear message) maintain relationships ❖ Completeness: fully detailed ➔ Persuasion: influence others’ INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION attitudes, beliefs, behaviors -exchange of information between ➔ Problem-Solving and individuals from different cultural Decision-Making: analyzing backgrounds. situations, discussing options, -for better understanding, enhanced and making decisions. collaboration, personal growth, and ➔ Emotional Expressions: express diplomatic reasons their feelings, build empathy, Challenges: culture - avoid foster connections ethnocentrism, gender - avoid ➔ Control & Regulation: set stereotypes, age - avoid ageism, social expectations, enforce rules, status - avoid assumption, religion - maintain order avoid religious bias ➔ Education & Learning: knowledge DMIS: DENIAL (fail to see cultural is transmitted, learning is differences, isolate), DEFENSE (their facilitated own culture is the only good culture), ➔ Cultural Transmission: preserve MINIMIZATION (begin to recognize), cultural identity  ➔ Entertainment: engage with others in a fun manner 1. PSYCHOLOGY: study of the human ➔ Identity Formation: allows mind and how it affects human individuals to express & develop behavior. Helps people in a large part their identity because it can explain why people act the way they do. (WILHELM DISS MAXIMILIAN WUNDT: the first psychologist, Structuralism. IVAN PAVLOV: classical conditioning. JOHN Society: a system of interrelationships WATSON: theory of behaviorism, little that connects individuals together. An Albert. B.F. SKINNER: Law of Effect - organized group of people. Reinforcement, skinner box. SIGMUND Social Science: scientific study of FREUD - Psychoanalysis) human & its relationship to society 2. LINGUISTICS: study of language. The 17th & 18th Century: Age of The Sophists invented linguistics in Enlightenment: Social sciences begins. ancient Greece. It helps us understand Revolt against feudalism (John Locke, our world. Improve communication Montesquieu.) between people, contribute to Auguste Comte: Father of Sociology translation activities, assist in literacy Humanities: deals with understanding efforts, and treat speech disorders. human reactions to social events. Focus (NOAM CHOMSKY: Father of Linguistics. on the perspective of individuals on FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE: founder of what’s happening around them. modern linguistics and semiology) Influenced by historical events. 3.GEOGRAPHY: study of describing the (Communication arts, arts, theater, earth. Describe the physical features of religion, literature, philosophy) the earth and how men make Natural Science: focus on natural adjustments to its environment. events using scientific methods (MARCO POLO: Italian merchant during Nat vs SoSci - natural uses methods the age of exploration. ERATOSTHENES: that are repetitive and conventional lab father of geography, calculated the experiments. SoSci involves alternative circumference of Earth. ANAXIMANDER: methods of observation & interaction one of the first geographers, and with people cartographers who provided a round Human vs SoSci - Humanities are more map of 3 continents, STRABO: philosophical and concerned with the seventeen-book Geography, PTOLEMY: question of what makes us human. geocentric theory, GERARD MERCATOR: SoSci involves an empirical, rational, standard map, CARL RITTER: and objective methodology to present comparative method in understanding facts. & classifying different formations) Can help us understand the planet’s 9 Disciplines movement, changes, and systems. Topics that are relevant today are easily 7. POLITICAL SCIENCE: understand understood by those who know political ideas, ideologies, institutions, geography well. policies, behavior, government, 4. History: study of human past events diplomacy, law. JOHN W. BURGESS: in order to understand the meaning, established a school of polsci. dynamics, and relationship of the cause HAMMURABI: king of Babylon. Code - and effects of events. (HERODOTUS: an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a father of history and lies, THUCYDIDES: tooth. CONFUCIUS: confucianism. recorded events during the PLATO: philo-king. ARISTOTLE: father of Peloponnesian War) Studying history polsci. Elaborated thinking of the ideal allows us to observe & understand how state, slavery, forms of govt., etc. (The people and societies behave. Provides one, few, many or monarchy, us with data used to create aristocracy, democracy.) NICCOLO laws/theories. MACHIAVELLI: father of modern polsci. 5. SOCIOLOGY: youngest of all social “Ends justify the means.” THOMAS sciences. Study of human behavior HOBBES: mankind is selfish and brutish. within society & the consequences of Absolute monarchy. JOHN LOCKE: those behaviors. (AUGUSTE COMTE: father of classical liberalism. Natural father of sociology, Positivism. EMILE condition of mankind is a state of DURKHEIM: founding father of modern nature characterized by freedom and sociology) It helps the individual to equality. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: understand human society & how social French aristocrat, executive, legislative, systems work. and judicial. VOLTAIRE: challenged the 6. ECONOMICS: How individuals & authority of the Catholic Church. Wrote societies make decisions about ways to against the evils of organized religion. use scarce resources to fulfill wants & JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: Man was needs. PLATO: ideal city-state run by born good. All men are born free but philosopher-kings. ARISTOTLE: believed everywhere they are in chains. Social in private property. THOMAS AQUINAS: inequalities develop. DENIS DIDEROT: concept of “just price.” ADAM SMITH: the Encyclopedia. Political Science helps creation of free-market economy. set the rights & rules we have to live by. Focuses too much on wealth. ALFRED 8. ANTHROPOLOGY: scientific study of MARSHALL: supply & demand graph. man/human being and their societies in DAVID RICARDO: comparative the past and present. HERODOTUS: advantage (ability to produce a good at recorded the Greek-Persian Wars. a lower cost) JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES: EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR: father of government must step in. Economics cultural anthropology. Wrote the first provides an analytical framework article on anthropology. FRANZ BOAS: required to understand the way our Father of modern anthropology, world works, from our everyday choices concept of cultural relativism (cultures to businesses. are equal with each other.) 9. DEMOGRAPHY: study of human -ang mga teorya ay haka-haka ng mga populations. JOHN GRAUNT: Founder of indibiduwal na nagtangkang demography. Paved the way for magpaliwanag ng anumang bagay na contemporary demography & modern naitala sa kasaysayan statistics. Using gathered data, he TEORYANG BIBLIKAL: batay sa bibliya, provided an estimation of birth and ang wika ay kaloob ng Diyos sa tao. death rates in London. THOMAS Tore ng Babel: Noon ay iisang MALTHUS: an economist that analyzed wika lamang kaya madali ang population and economic growth. pagkakaunawaan at pagkakaisa Malthusian Theory (the human ng mga tao. population grows more rapidly than the Pentecostes: Sa biyaya ng food supply.) Demography helps to Espiritu Santo, natuto ang mga understand the structure of a apostol ng mga wikang hindi nila population in order to plan health & nalalaman. public health interventions. TEORYANG SIYENTIPIKO ❖ Bow-Wow: tunog ng kalikasan KOMPAN (meow, tilaok, lagaslas ng tubig) ❖ Ding-dong: mga bagay-bagay ANTAS NG WIKA (tunog ng kampana, tiktak ng ➔ Balbal: pinakamababang antas. orasan, talbog ng bola) Mga salitang kanto. (Epal, Olats, ❖ Pooh-Pooh: masidhing Syota, Bokal) damdamin (galit, tuwa, lungkot, ➔ Lingua Franca/Panlalawigan: takot) mga salitang katutubo sa ❖ Yo-he-ho: nag-eeksert ng pwersa lalawigan. (Nasi - bigas, (nagbubuhat ng mabibigat na Mapintas - maganda, Amo - bagay, sumusuntok, unggoy) nanganganak) ➔ Pambansa: madalas gamitin ❖ Ta-Ta: kumpas ng kamay ng tao (malaya, buhay, tao, wika) at paggalaw ng dila (goodbye) ➔ Kolokyal: pag-iiksi ng salita, ❖ Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay: ritwal ng impormal at pang araw-araw. mga sinaunang tao May pagkabulgar. (Aysus, tsaka, WIKANG PAMBANSA meron, musta, pano, penge) “Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling ➔ Pampanitikan: wika ay higit sa hayop at pinakamayamang uri. Salitang malansang isda; kaya ating may iba pang kahulugan. (Isulat pagyamaning kusa, gaya ng sa tubig - makalimutan, makati inang sa atin ay nagpala.” -Jose ang dila - madaldal, Rizal mapagkandili - mapag-alaga) Hindi ko nais na Kastila/Ingels MGA TEORYA NG WIKA ang maging Wikang  Pamahalaan. Kailangan Pilipino: mamamayan ng Pilipinas magkaroon ng sariling wika. Filipino: asignatura, wikang pambansa -Manuel L. Quezon -Multilinguwal na bansa “Kapag naghandog ng akda ang -pagiging daan nito tungo sa manunulat para sa bayan, pagkakaisa & pag-unlad ng mga nakikisangkot siya sa mga bansang gumagamit nito gawaing mapagpalaya.” Kumbensiyong Konstitusyonal ng 1935, 1872: itinatag ni Andres Bonifacio ang Artikulo XIV, Seksyon 3: Ang Katipunan. Ang wikang TAGALOG ang pambansang asemblea ay gagawa ng ginamit nila sa mga kautusan at hakbang tungo sa paglinang & pahayagan. Sinasabing unang hakbang pagpapatibay ng isang panlahat na sa pagtataguyod ng wikang ito. Wikang Pambansa na nasasalig sa isa 1899: Konstitusyon ng Biak-na-Bato ang sa mga Wikang Katutubo, ang Ingles at unang kongkretong pagkilos ng mga Kastila ay magpapatuloy na mga Pilipino. wikang opisyal. Unang Republika: pamumuno ni Batas Komonwelt Blg. 184 (1936): Aguinaldo. Lumikha ng isang institusyong Thomasites: mga naging guro noon. pangwika na mangangasiwa sa Ginamit ang wikang Ingles bilang pagkakaroon ng Wikang Pambansa. panturo. Surian ng Wikang Pambansa: 1906: kurso sa wikang Tagalog. pag-aralan ang mga pangunahing Sang-ayon sina Jorge Bocobo at wikang sinasalita ng hindi bababa sa Maximo Kalaw nang sabihin rin na kalahating milyong Pilipino. Patibayin at “hindi kailanman magiging wikang paunlarin ang isang pangkalahatang pambansa ng mga Pilipino ang Ingles, wikang pambansa. Piliin ang spaagkat hindi ito ang wika ng katutubong wikang higit na mayaman tahanan.” sa panitikan. -Kahit napakahusay ang maaaring Opisyales ng SWP: Jaime C. De Veyra, pagtuturo sa wikang Ingles ay hindi pa Cecilio Lopez. MGA PUMALIT: Isidro rin ito magiging wikang panlahat dahil Abad (pinalitan si Sotto), Gulamo Rasul, ang mga Pilipino ay may kani-kaniyang Lope K. Santos, Jose I. Zulueta wikang bernakular na nananatiling NOBYEMBRE 9, 1937: ang wikang ginagamit sa kanilang mga tahanan at tagalog ang magiging batayan ng sa iba pang pang-araw-araw na wikang pambansa gawain. -mas marami ang nakapagsasalita at 1937: Kautusang Tagapagpaganap blg. nakauunawa ng Tagalog 134 na nag-aatas na Tagalog ang -mas madaling matutuhan batayan ng wikang gagamitin sa -Maynila ang sentro ng kalakalan sa pagbuo ng wikang pambansa. Pilipinas Tagalog: pinagbatayang diyalekto ng -wikang Tagalog ay may historikal na wikang pambansa basehan (Andres Bonifacio) -Tagalog ay Lingua Franca ➔ Pidgin: nobody’s native DISYEMBRE 30, 1937: naiproklama ni language. Bagong wika na Manuel L. Quezon na ang wikang nabubuo sa magkaibang wika ng Tagalog ang magiging batayan. Siya dalawang tao. (Ikaw aral para ang ama ng wikang pambansa. ikaw kuha taas grado) ➔ Creole: wikang unang naging Bilingguwalismo & pidgin at kalaunan ay naging Multilingguwalismo likas na wika. (Wikang Monolingguwalismo: iisang Chavacano: Donde tu hay anda?) lengguwahe/wika (Richard A. Schmidt) ➔ Rehistro: pag-angkop ng isang Bilingguwalismo: pantay na nagsasalita ng uri ng wikang kakayahang umintindi at magsalita ng ginagamit niya sa sitwasyon at dalawang wika (Leonard Bloomfield) kausap Multilingguwalismo: Ang Pilipinas ay ◆ Taglish: grabe naman so multilingguwal. 170 na wika at wikain. init naman here Dalawa/higit pang wika. ◆ Barok na Filipino: ako HOMOGENOUS: mula sa homogenes bigay sa iyo discount pag (homo - uri, genos - lahi.) Nag-iisang bili ka dami tama at angkop na paraan lamang sa paggamit ng wika. (puNO - full, PUno - tree) HETEROGENOUS: ang wika ay ang pagkakaiba-iba ng uri at katangian ng isang wika. Hindi pormal, pang-araw-araw. (Ama - fudra/fader, Ina - mudrakels, Bakla - beki) Barayti ng Wika: pagkakaroon ng pagkakaiba depende sa estilo, punto, at iba pang salik pang wika na ginagamit ng isang lipunan. ➔ Dayalek: ginagamit ng pangkat ng tulo mula sa partikular na lugar (Tagalog, Cebuano) ➔ Idyolek: iba’t ibang accent. Personal na wika ng isang tao. (pagbigkas ni Noli De Castro ng “Kabayan”) ➔ Sosyolek: katayuan/antas panlipunan (Gay Lingo) ➔ Jargon: tanging bokabularyo, salitang balbal