Gothic Architecture PDF

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE England Possessed large domains in France and was linked THE GOTHS with Western Europe....

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE England Possessed large domains in France and was linked THE GOTHS with Western Europe. “Goths” - So-called “Barbaric Tribe” Affected by the movement: One Of The 2 Germanic Tribes, The Other Being The “Vandals”, Who Clashed with The Roman Empire Russia and Occupied Various Regions of Europe Around Sweden 5th - 8th Century Norway GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE FRANCE - birthplace of the Gothic Style, hence it was previously called the “Opus Francigenum” or “French Architectural style of the High Middle Ages in work” Western Europe which emerged from Romanesque and Byzantine forms in France in The Basilica of Saint-Denis - considered as the the later 12th century until the 16th century first true Gothic structure A radical departure from the Romanesque style rebuilt and expanded by Abbot Suger in the 12th known as the Era of the Cathedrals (esp. in Britain century, which introduced innovative structural and France) and decorative elements was known during the period as "the French Work" Notre Dame Cathedral, Reims Cathedral and The term Gothic originated as a pejorative Chartres Cathedrals are just some of the other description. In the 16th century, Giorgio Vasari, an notable examples Italian writer of the Renaissance period used it to ENGLAND - Gothic style also flourished in England during describe the art and style that was considered rude the High Middle Ages and barbaric. The Salisbury Cathedral and the Westminster IMPORTANT INFLUENCES ON GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Abbey are some of the examples I. GEOGRAPHICAL GERMANY - characterized by its intricate stone tracery and ornate details examples include Cologne Cathedral and Ulm Minster ITALY - although more famous for its Renaissance architecture, Gothic elements/ influence can be seen in some of its structures such as the Pisa Baptistery, Milan Cathedral and the Santa Maria Novella in Florence SPAIN - Burgos Cathedral and León Cathedral are examples of Gothic style in this region The various peoples of Western Europe, who had once PORTUGAL - Monastery of Batalha and Jeronimo’s been under the dominion and civilization of Rome, had Monastery in Lisbon by the end of the twelfth century formed into separate nations. BELGIUM and the NETHERLANDS - Cities like Bruges and Ghent boast stunning Gothic structures, including Independent Kingdoms: town halls and cathedrals. France Italy Spain Centre of Holy Roman Empire: Germany Under Norman Kings: Geological conditions vary so much in Europe that they ITALY contribute a definite influence in differentiating the style Stone was used for fortifications. But brick was according to countries. preferred for other buildings. Development of Gothic Architecture - local They also use marbles. availability of materials affected both construction Availability of Timber influenced the style of and style. Gothic Architecture. affects the method of Roof Construction across France Europe. Limestone (for sculptural decorations) Hammer Beam Roofs - It is said to be developed in response to the lack of Timber. England Sandstone Purbeck Sandstone Marble Limestone Purbeck Marble (used for architectural features) Limestone Countries where building stones are not available Northern Germany Hammerbeam Roof - Is a decorative timber roof Netherlands truss typical of English Perpendicular Gothic Northern Poland Architecture and has been called the most Denmark spectacular endeavor of the English Medieval Baltic Carpenter. Strong tradition of building brick II. SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCE The rapid growth of towns and the Style is known as ― Brick Gothic” Backsteingotik” development of commercial activity, with the Backsteingotik - a specific architectural style that consequent increase of wealth, inspired a flourished in Northeast and Central Europe, particularly in rivalry between neighboring cities which was regions around the Baltic Sea expressed in the creation of magnificent buildings both municipal and ecclesiastical. examples are Stralsund Town Hall - A UNESCO In Germany towns united for mutual defense, World Heritage Site as exemplified in the famous Hanseatic St. Nicholas’ Church (Nikolaikirche) in Stralsund; League. St. Mary’s Church (Marienkirche) in Lübeck, Civic buildings were of great importance to Germany these towns as a sign of wealth and pride France and England were much under the heel of the feudal system, which retarded municipal activity but gave opportunity for domestic architecture. Stralsund Town Hall  Italy was divided into republics and GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE dukedoms, in which smaller cities were France & Germany subject to the more powerful and where they developed with greater freedom owing to 1. Early Gothic disputes between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire and to the comparative freedom The first phase of Gothic architecture (Early of Italy from the feudal system. Gothic or Primaries) lasted from 1150 to the 1200s Hanseatic League - medieval network of (12th century). merchant guilds and market towns in Central It is a period distinguished by pointed arches and and Northern Europe. The League’s initial aim geometric traceried windows. was to protect traders against robbery and Its foremost example is the Abbey of Saint Denis. expand their commercial interests. III. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE Abbey Church of Saint-Denis BENEDICTINES - Whose Great Abbey Churches In the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, architects Outnumbered Any Others in England. linked the transept and the choir together, They Built Abbeys in Towns. reducing the size of the transept, and creating single or double ambulatories with radiating CISTERCIANS - Have Ruined Abbeys and It Is Seen in The chapels and side aisles Remote Countryside. church exterior was also characterized by double span flying buttresses and the light admitting FRANCISCANS - Established by St. Francis Of Assisi in the rose window 13th Century. more realistic sculptures “Grey Friars” - A Mendicant Order tracery, pinnacles, and gargoyles also became another common feature DOMINICANS - Founded by St. Dominic In The 13th Century in Toulouse and Bologna 2. High Gothic / Rayonnant Famous For the Oratorical and Fiery Sermons, Rayonnant or Secondary period (13th century) Hence They’re Called Order of Preachers. was a period characterized by circular windows with wheel tracery. 3 Phases of Gothic Architecture More of the wall surface than ever before was In France and Germany: pierced by windows and buildings were often given lace-like tracery screens on the exterior to hide the Early Gothic bulk of load bearing wall elements and buttress. High or “Rayonnant” Increase in the size of window openings and the Late Gothic or “Flamboyant” development of the band window, in which a In England: central strip of richly colored stained glass is positioned between upper and lower bands of clear Early English or “Lancet” or grisaille glass, allow in even more light to flood Decorated in. Perpendicular  3. Perpendicular Style 3. Late Gothic or “Flamboyant” CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC STYLE 1. POINTED ARCHES likely borrowed from Islamic architecture served to relieve some of the thrust from the roof 1. RIBBED VAULTS 2. FLYING BUTTRESSES are masonry structures typically consisting of an inclined bar carried on a half arch that ENGLAND extends(“flies”) from the upperpart of a wall toa pier some distance away and carries the thrust of a 1. Early English/ Lancet Style roof or vault 3. ROSE AND STAINED GLASS WINDOWS 4. PIERS FOR STRUCTURAL STABILITY decorated with colonnettes to disguise its massiveness 5. SPIRES 6. AXIALITY/ SYMMETRY 7. STRUCTURAL BASED ARCHITECTURE, A PURELY STRUCTURAL STYLE 8. LIGHTNESS VERSUS DARKNESS introduced more light inside the structure through tall stained-glass windows 9. VERTICAL PERCEPTION OF SPACE 2. Decorated Style 10.GARGOYLES 11.HUGE IN SCALE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICS THE RENAISSANCE - “La RinasCita” = REBIRTH Renaissance architects rejected the intricacy and verticality of the Gothic style for the simplicity First developed in Florence, Italy and balanced proportions of classic sm. Recovery of Vitruvius’ ten books of Architecture Adapted distinguishing features of classical The return to ancient models of Art, Architecture, Roman architecture. and Literature. Structures built was analyzed and reconstructed to RENAISSANCE PRINCIPAL PHASES serve new purposes. Style was no longer dependent on technical Early Renaissance (ca. 1400–1500); also known as possibilities but was based on aesthetic the Quattrocento principles, on abstract concepts like symmetry High Renaissance (ca.1500–1525) and proportion, and the use of the system of Mannerism (ca. 1520–1600) orders. THREE LEADING RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS Renaissance championed the style’s idea by studying Romanesque Buildings. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI EARLY RENAISSANCE The first great Renaissance architect was primarily a designer of churches. His most famous 16th Century work is the octagonal brick dome of Florence Region – Italy, especially Florence Basilica. Rebuilding of Florence’s ancient cathedral One of the founding fathers of the Renaissance. became the defining achievement of the Early Developed the technique of linear perspective. Renaissance. Brunelleschi received the commission and looked LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI to Ancient Rome for inspiration. Became the most influential architectural theorist CENTRALIZED PLANS of the Early Renaissance. Instructed on the adaptation of ancient classical The plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, forms to modern buildings. symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module. Within a church, MICHELOZZO di BARTOLOMEO the module is often the width of an aisle. Was another architect under patronage of the The Early Renaissance saw the first experiments Medici family, his most famous work being the with the neo platonic ideal of the centralized plan. Palazzo Medici Riccardi, which was commissioned to design for Cosimo de' Medici in 1444. COSIMO de MEDICI Founder of one of the main lines of the Medici Bramante’s original plan for St. Peter’s Basilica. Family that ruled Florence during much of the FACADE Italian Renaissance Wealthiest man of his time Façades are symmetrical around their vertical Italian banker and politician axis. Known as “father of his country” Church façades are generally surmounted by a Great patron of learning, arts, and architecture. pediment and organized by a system of He used his fortune to control the Florentine pilasters, political system and to sponsor orators, poets, arches and entablatures. philosophers, artists. The columns and windows show progression towards the center. Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice.  There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as balcony, or rusticated surround. COFFERED VAULT OF ST. ANDREA DOME PALAZZO RUCELLAI, FLORENCE by Leon he plans of Renaissance buildings have a square, Battista COLUMNS AND Alberti PILASTERS symmetrical appearance in which proportions The Roman orders of columns are used: Tuscan, are usually based on module. Within a church, the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. module is often the width of an aisle. The orders can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. Dome Of St. Peter’s Basilica CEILING EXTERIOR OF SAGRESTIA VECCHIA ARCHES Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are frequently painted decorated. Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental. Arches are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua. Sistine Chapel Decorative Coffered Ceiling WINDOWS Windows may be paired and set within a semi- circular arch. They may have square lintels and triangular or segmental pediments. ARCADED COURTYARD OF PALAZZO MEDICI RICCARDI BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANC RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE VAULT Vaults do not have ribs. Façade Details, Ospedale Degli Innocenti in Florence. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular. THE TEMPIETTO Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (Donatello) designed by Donato Bramante Worked mainly as a sculptor signifies a full-scale revival of ancient Roman Famous work: Saint Mark commemorative architecture was constructed from bearing masonry. circular temple supports classical entablature and was framed in the shadowy arch of the cloister. ARCHITECTS EARLY RENAISSANCE MOST IMPORTANT RENAISSANCE ARTISTS Filippo Brunelleschi Leonardo da Vinci 1377-April 15, 1446 an Italian designer Best known renaissance artist oldest amongst the founding fathers of the Famous for his masterworks “The Mona Lisa “and Renaissance architects “The Last Supper” recognized to be the first modern engineer, Not only an artist, but also an inventor, scientist, planner and sole construction supervisor architect, engineer. developing a technique for linear perspective in Made the famous sketch the Vitruvian man art and for building the dome of the Florence Cathedral. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Ospedale degli Innocenti (Hospital of the Innocents) An accomplished artist, poet, architect, engineer. Best known work is a sculpture known as “David” COLUMN TONDO TABERNACLE WINDOW Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore "Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers” or Florence Cathedral Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) Sept. 9, 1296 - 1436 the main church of Florence, Italy Known as the third of the great master artists of Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called Renaissance Italy. the largest brick dome ever constructed Famous works: “The School of Athens”  Cortile del Belvedere “Belvedere Courtyard “ 1506 a major architectural work of the High Renaissance at the Vatican Palace in Rome The herringbone Part of the lower visible brick pattern inside wood chain inside the the dome. dome Michelozzo di Bartolomeo Michelozzi 1396 – October 7, 1472 The Tempietto of San Pietro an Italian architect & sculptor Considered one of the great pioneers of 1502 – 1510 architecture during the Renaissance a small commemorative martyrium (tomb) Known primarily by non-historians for designing considered masterpiece of High Renaissance Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence Italian architecture He remained for his biographers a shadowy, active, competent, second-rate figure, circling around the glowing glory of the two dominant masters. Palazzo Medici Riccardi 1444 - 1484 a Renaissance palace located in Florence, Italy. It is the seat of the Metropolitan City of Florence. MANNERISM I quattro libri dell' architecture The Four Books of Architecture 1508–1580 an Italian treatise on architecture Villa Capra "La Rotonda "Villa La Rotonda “ San Marco 1508–1580 proper name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana 1437 - 1438 one of Michelozzo’s first and most influential architectural projects in Florence called the first Renaissance church Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni HIGH RENAISSANCE 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564 an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of 1444 – March 11, 1514 Western art. an Italian architect Also known as Bramante Lazzari or Donato Bramante  Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since also been described as one of the greatest artists of all time. Facade Church of San Lorenzo in Florence Sagrestia Nuova "New sacristy” a companion piece to the Old Sacristy Brunelleschi and Donatello, now part of the museum complex of the Medici Chapels. Architects’ Contribution in Bldg. The St. Peter’s Basilica 1. Donato Bramante - Greek Cross Plan 2. Raphael, Guillano De Sangallo, and Fra Glocondo - (Strengthen foundation) P-Latin Cross Plan 3. Baldassari Peruzzi - Greek Cross Plan 4. Antonio Da Sangallo (The Younger) - Latin Cross Plan 5. Michelangelo - Changed the Plans + Dome 6. Vignola - Continued Plans of Michelangelo and Added “Cupolas” on the Side of the Dome 7. Giacomo Della Porta + Domenico Fontana - continued bldg. Michelangelo’s DOME 8. Carlo Maderna - Lengthen Nave — L. Cross Plan 9. Rainaldi - Designed + Planned - Campanile 10. Gian Lorenzo Bernini - Colonnades — Plaza