Medicinal Plants Lecture 1 PDF

MEDICINAL PLANTS 2024/2025 FALL SEMESTER  Important Notifications 1-Attendance: 2-Study well  3-GRADING: Quizzes: 5 Marks (Before & After Mid Term) Assignments: 5 Marks Practical Exam(s): 15 Marks Practical exam WILL BE ANNOUNCED Mid Term Exam ( An Hour ): 10 Marks Fin...

MEDICINAL PLANTS 2024/2025 FALL SEMESTER  Important Notifications 1-Attendance: 2-Study well  3-GRADING: Quizzes: 5 Marks (Before & After Mid Term) Assignments: 5 Marks Practical Exam(s): 15 Marks Practical exam WILL BE ANNOUNCED Mid Term Exam ( An Hour ): 10 Marks Final Exam ( 2 Hours ): 50 Marks Oral Exam: 15 Marks 10/1/2024 6  Objectives of the course To enable the student to: 1. Acquire knowledge about the modern concept and scope of Pharmacognosy. 2. Describe and differentiate between the plant cells and tissue systems. 3. Have general information about cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants 4. Identify various types of plant cell contents.  Objectives of the course (contn) 5.Detect the active constituents of medicinal plants and identify the major groups by chemical test. 6. Determine the biological effects of the identified active constituents. 7. Classify the plant kingdom into different families depending to systematic botany. The course consists of: 1. Introduction and definitions. 2. Production of natural drugs. 3. Plant Anatomy. 4. Cell contents and their importance. 5. Plant Taxonomy.  Lecture 1 Introduction to Medicinal plants  What is meant by Pharmacognosy? "Pharmakon“ means a drug, or medicine "gignosco“ means to acquire knowledge of  Pharmacognosy is one of the important branches of pharmacy.  It deals with “ the study of structural 1, physical 2, chemical 3 and sensory 4 characters of crude drugs of:  plant, animal,marine or mineral origin and includes their history, cultivation, collection, storage and use.“ Pharmacognosy is a broad spectrum of biological and socio-scientific subjects, including botany, ethnobotany, medical anthropology, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry (Phytochemistry), pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice. Pharmacognosy aims for the search of new drugs from natural sources. Is Pharmacognosy a new science?  History of Pharmacognosy The history of pharmacy was for centuries identical with the history of Pharmacognosy, which dealt mainly with plants but also minerals, animals and fungi. Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC) Old Indian (Ayruveda) & Chinese Medicine Authors of antiquity Hippocrates (460-377 BC) “The Father of Medicine” Dioscorides (40-80 AD) “De Materia Medica” (600 medicinal plants) The Islamic era Ibn Al Tabari )Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari) (770850) “‫” فردوس الحكمه‬ Ibn Sīnā (980– 1037 ) Canon of Medicine ‫)‪Ibn Albaytar (1148-1197‬‬ ‫”الجامع لمفردات األدوية واألغذية“‬ ‫”‪“Jame-al-Muffradat‬‬ The era of pure compounds (In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine) Isolation of morphine from opium (1803) Strychnine (1817) Quinine and caffeine (1820) Nicotine (1828) Atropine (1833) Cocaine (1855)  In the 19th century, the chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined In the 20th century, the discovery of important drugs from the animal kingdom, particularly hormones and vitamins. Microorganisms have become a very important source of drugs.  Modern Age Phytotherapy The main shift in herbal medicine ---19th century Pharmaceutical properties of plants are due to specific molecules that can be isolated and characterized. This led to the development of a field of research now called natural product chemistry i.e. Phytochemistry A flowering plant Crude Drug = Raw Drug Natural product A medicinally useful A chemical compound or substance drug of plant or animal produced by a living organism , found in origin in its raw or nature and usually has a natural form without pharmacological or biological any further processing activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design. or modification  Examples of Crude Drugs Entire plants or animals: Cochineal. Mentha Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.) Entire organs of plants or animals: Clove Senna  Examples of Crude Drugs (cont.) Minerals: chalk, kaolin, talc. Substances derived from plants or animals (unorganized): opium Do we use any crude drug? Official & Unofficial Drugs:  Official and Unofficial Drugs  Official Drug is one that is listed and described as being a definite therapeutic agent in the Pharmacopœia.  UNofficial Drug is that one that is not recognized in the Pharmacopœia and is used as therapeutic agent.  Pharmacopœia. Pharmacopœia is a book recognized by the government as legal authority for standardization of drugs, e.g. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996. The British Herbal Compendium Vol. 1& 2, 1993. The United States Herbal Pharmacopoeia. German Commission Monographs. The Chinese Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The 1st Egyptian Pharmacopeia appeared in English in 1953 and in Arabic  Monograph The descriptive material of any of the drugs in the Pharmacopœia is known as the monograph. In the monograph of a crude drug, the following information are generally covered: English, Arabic, Latin, French names, definition, description, special condition for collection or preparation for the market, identity tests, tests for adulterants, method of assay, special storage requirements, dose , natural or biological origin. Monographs on a large number of crude drugs : British Herbal Pharmacopoeia American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Chinese Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Materia medica)  Classification of Drugs 3-Morphological 5-Pharmacological 1- Alphabetical 2-Taxonomic 4-Chemical 1. Alphabetical: using either the Latin or English name e.g. Aconite, Belladonna, Cinchona, etc.... 2. Taxonomic: according to phyla, orders, families, genera and species. 3. Morphological: by dividing drugs into groups as leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, herbs, roots, rhizomes, bark, woods ( organized drug) and unorganized drugs e.g. lattices, extracts, juices, exudates, gums, resins, oils, fats and waxes. 4. Chemical: crude drugs are classified according to their active constituents into drugs contain volatile oils, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, etc............... 5. Pharmacological: according to the pharmacological action or uses of drugs while some drugs affecting gastrointestinal tract, others acting on circulatory system, nervous system etc................  2-Cultivation 3- Collection& 4- Drying 1-Origin. 5- Packing Detailed Description of any Drug : 10-Uses of the drug 6-Active Constituents in folk medicine & and therapy 7- Chemical tests 9-Isolation and 8-Adulteration. purification of the active constituent  Origin of the Crude Drug It is the scientific name of crude drug which has 3 origins I- Biological II-Geographical III- Commercial Botanical zoological  Origin of the Crude Drug I- Biological Origin is the Latin name of the plant or animal drugs and the family related to them. Binomial system - It is the nomenclature of the drugs, developed by Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish scientist). -Deals with two successive names (Genus and Species). Each plant is termed by two words or parts Genus or generic name Species or specific name It begins always with a It begins always with small Capital letter letter followed by the name of the author or the botanist who identified the plant The binomial name of many plant can never be used to another plant. I- Biological Origin ( cont.) Atropa acuminata Atropa belladonna L. (beautiful lady) Genus Starts with capital letter name Species Starts with small letter name or Genus species (Underlined Genus or written in italic). species e.g.: Atropa belladonna or Atropa belladonna not atropa Belladonna & not Atropa Belladonna The generic or specific names may indicate some characters for the plant: 1- Pharmaceutical activity e.g. Strychnos nux vomica (from two latin words, nut causing vomiting) e.g. Papaver somniferum (hypnotic) 2- Characteristic colour e.g. Piper nigrum (black) Citrus aurantium (= golden yellow) Digitalis purpurea (= purple) 3- Geographical source e.g. Cannabis indica Indian Indian (growing in India) 4-General meaning or specific indication e.g. Triticum sativa (cultivated) or Triticum vulgare (wild). 5. Taste: Glycyrrhiza, is referring to sweet taste of the root (Glycyr, from glucose =sweet, rhiza = root). 6. Odour: Myristica fragrance having fragrant odour. 7. Touch: Glycyrrhiza glabra having smooth fruit (glabrous = smooth).  II-Geographical Origin Habitat of the drug Is the region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows or lives. Indigenous plants Naturalized plants Plants growing in their native countries are said to be indigenous to these region, while plants not of native origin are called exotic plants. e.g. –Cannabis indica - Cotton is indigenous to America, naturalized in Egypt  Flora Indicates the plants of particular region. Egyptian flora includes about 2000 species. Drug plants are distributed in four main regions:- The Libyan Desert The Arabian Desert The Northern Mediterranean coast The Nile -Valley  II-Commercial Origin The countries included in their production and/or their channels of trade 1-The city from which they are shipped e.g. Alexandrian Senna 2- Indicate a certain variety e.g. Spanish Liquorice  FIRST UP CONSULTANTS THANK YOU Assistant Prof. Dr. Amr Kotb 53