Meaning and Relevance of History PDF

Meaning and Relevance of History Chris Jezrel B. Barleta Part-time Instructor, LSPU-SPCC Description of the Lesson This lesson is divided into two parts: (1) meaning and relevance of history, and (2) text, context and subtext. The first part of the lesson will help students to be more acquaint...

Meaning and Relevance of History Chris Jezrel B. Barleta Part-time Instructor, LSPU-SPCC Description of the Lesson This lesson is divided into two parts: (1) meaning and relevance of history, and (2) text, context and subtext. The first part of the lesson will help students to be more acquainted with the meaning and importance of studying history. Moreover, the other part guides students to comprehend reading materials by becoming more familiar with its text, context and underlying meaning.  Intended Learning Outcomes 01 02 Evaluate primary Analyze the context, sources for their contents and credibility, authenticity, perspective of different and provenance. kinds of primary sources. 03 04 Determine the Develop critical and contribution of different analytical skills with kinds of primary exposure to primary sources in sources understanding Philippine history  Targets/ Objectives 01 02 Discuss the meaning Evaluate historical and importance of sources towards history conducting historical research 03 04 Conduct historical Investigate news criticism through reports and articles internal and external criticism  01 A. Origin of the Word A. Origin of the Word The origin of the word History came from: Ancient Greek Historia which means ‘information’, ‘an inquiry”, “gaining knowledge” or “to judge” Old French estoire and modern French histoire means “story” and “chronicle” Latin historia means “narrative of past events” and “account” Middle English history which is not differentiated from the word story which means “narrative record of past events” 02 B. Meaning of History B. Meaning of History History is the significant study of past events. analysis and investigation on how the world changes from then until now. examining different materials such as written documents, artifacts, relics, arts, oral communications and others. analyze what had happened before have a picture on how the world works even during the time period that we were not yet born. gives us an idea on how to deal on the present times and even help us to predict the future. B. Meaning of History the process of acquiring organized knowledge of the past on the basis of evidences the process of understanding the relationship between the cause and effect in the development of human societies the process of interpreting the sources to identify the relevance of these developments or changes to human societies as a whole knowing how and why it happened in the past B. Meaning of History has various approaches and methods on attaining the vast scope of past human experiences While historical evidences provide possibilities for validation, historical understanding results to varied perspectives and interpretations causes historical controversies B. Meaning of History B. Meaning of History B. Meaning of History Ang Kasaysayan [at kultura ng Pilipinas] ay SALAYSAY hinggil sa nakaraan o nakalipas na may SAYSAY—kahulugan, katuturan, at kabuluhan—sa SARILING LIPUNAN at KULTURA o kabuuang kinabibilangan. Ito ay iniuulat gamit ang mga konsepto at kategorya ng sariling kultura. ~ ZEUS A. SALAZAR  03 C. The history of History  C. The history of History The Histories a long account about the origins and execution of Greco-Persian Wars (499- 479 B.C) published by Herodotus in 425B.C. explains how Greco-Persian Wars started and ended also included some fictional stories during his travels. Herodotus considered as the Father of History produce a complete story of an event C. The history of History Thucydides criticized Herodotus’ work for including fables. The rival historian of Herodotus who mainly focused on “factual” evidences. Some called Thucydides as “the first Historian” and Herodotus as “the first liar”. But then no one can erase the fact that the credit of making an event in the past into literature is for Herodotus. C. The history of History Prehistory events before the practice of written records oral tradition was mainly used Artifacts, relics and other material remains were studied to explain past human experiences use of oral history and material remains to supplement the written documents C. The history of History History defined similarly to the word story in the Middle English (1500 C.E.) a collection of thousands of stories about the past. ***history and past is not really the same. C. The history of History To know the difference between History and Past, refer to the link below: The difference between 'history' and 'the past' https://youtu.be/Rzus5 nwQFPs C. The history of History Past an earlier time, and everything happened and existed in this time concrete and unchangeable fixed and cannot be changed History describes our attempts to study and explain the past changing and sometimes controversial an on-going discussion and interpretation of the past C. The history of History conflict and argument may arise a lot of stories about the past and people do not have the capacity to go back in time. subject to constant revision and reinterpretation Historiography The study and analysis of how History differs in relation to writer’s perspective and how it changes overtime is called Historiography. Since history is debatable, it is important to study how historians analyzed, interpreted and presented history and examine the historical materials they used. C. The history of History 1. Pangkayo Perspective (‘from-you-for-us’ perspective) the judgments made by external agents upon one’s culture; to colonial historiography that judged Filipinos’ beliefs and customs using purely external cultural standards. 2. Pangkami Perspective (‘from-us-to-you’ perspective) espoused by a generation of intellectuals who were educated in Spain and then responded to the accusations of colonial historiography regarding aspects of Filipino cultural heritage. succeeded by Filipino scholars who wrote about Philippine culture and society using English or Spanish, the ‘languages of the colonizers’, as a medium of discourse. C. The history of History 3. Pantayong Pananaw (‘from-us-for-us’ perspective) or Bagong Kasaysayan seeks to create a ‘closed circuit of interaction’ (Mendoza 2007) between academic discourse (especially history) and kaalamang katutubo (indigenous knowledge). language plays a central role; hence, historians identified with pantayong pananaw speak and write in Philippine languages so that the talastasan (discourse) is always oriented toward local cultures and not to ‘outsiders’ and their interests. C. The history of History People's Television Network. (2014). Xiao Time HD: Pantayong Pananaw Kasaysayan sa wika at punto de bistang Pilipino. https://youtu.be/pM4fv seSFFI?si=AFW0GUn9O 68r1gmY C. The history of History Revisionist history re-writing of history might uncover bias. to conduct historical research of various accounts as possible so that a holistic picture can emerge. achieving balanced multiplicity of these accounts may not be possible historical records were not well-represented freedom from bias may be impossible in historical reconstruction. multivocality is one goal of any historical reconstruction through questioning traditional accounts, searching unknown materials and retrieving hidden or silenced voices. C. The history of History history changes over time has become broad and more comprehensive for encompassing not only the lives of the greats but also the lives of the common people. became an instrument for understanding the present and somehow predicting the future, from a merely recording of events. 04 D. Treatments of Historical Information  D. Treatments of Historical Information It is the arrangement of events, things, people, Chronological institutions, customs and actions according to the Treatment (by time they occurred. Chronology helps to show date) how these elements developed into its present form. Historical information focus mainly on a certain geographical location instead of the world as a whole. Geographical Geographical treatment helps to show the similarities Treatment (by and differences of people, things and event according place) to the place where it occurred.  D. Treatments of Historical Information Most of the time, stories of people belonged to minority Ethnic (by ethnic group were left behind, despite availability of information. This treatment of historical information group) helps readers to specialize on studying an ethnic group of interest. It is the division of historical information according to Topical topics. Topics could be selected according to interest, Treatment (by age-suitability or intellectual ability. It helps people topic) focus and conduct intensive study of the topic.  05 E. Relevance of History E. Relevance of History the “queen” or “mother” of the Social Sciences. includes the history of civilization, religion, arts, education, even history of mathematics, physics, and chemistry and any social, physical and natural science. depicts human’s life in the past which is significant on understanding our present life and analyzing what our future could be. More than knowing what occurred in the past, History has so much to offer.  E. Relevance of History History Helps Us History Understand People Contributes to and Societies Moral Understanding History Helps Us History Provides Understand Identity and is Change and How essential for Good the Society We Citizenship Live in Came to Be  E. Relevance of History History Is Useful in the World of Work The Importance of History in Our Own Lives 06 F. Theories of History F. Theories of History Two Distinct Theory of History Theory in history can refer both to history as an object and to the knowledge of that object, this is due to double conceptions of history as res gestae (events and actions in the past) and history as historia rerum gestarum (process of investigation; engagement in deciphering the events and actions in the past).  F. Theories of History Ontological history as an object Theories examine the “what” in History deals with History’s concepts and nature as a body of knowledge. analyzes the features and characteristics of events, materials and actions, and evaluate if these belong to History.  F. Theories of History deal with the characteristics of knowledge of Epistemological history Theories comprises the study of knowledge and ways of knowing and learning linked with presuppositions of what historical knowledge is and how to achieve these knowledge state that history implies empirical knowledge.  F. Theories of History 01 02 The Great God The Great Man Theory Theory most primitive influential and able individuals determine supreme-being as the the main direction of creator and source of history. everything.  F. Theories of History 03 04 The Great Mind The Great Forces Theory Theory driven by some ideal force to history is the by-product of achieve its preconceived changes by factors in ends. societies involves our creation and great men are formed and utilization of ideas, reasons given the opportunities to and principles. succeed by the movements of our way of thinking dictates the societies in which they our history. live.  F. Theories of History 05 06 The Best People The Human Nature Theory Theory the ruling class, hegemony, to unveil the common and developed nation and the elite universal principles of human make History. nature. influence people’s lifestyle, analyses and determines the culture and education qualities of human manipulates our way of living accounts the constant human and eventually affects history. traits and characteristics.  07 G. Historical Materials  G. Historical Materials Written Material Oral History Documents Culture These are written These are human These are materials records and other experiences that produced by people documented were transferred and which reflect their materials of generated orally. way of living. historical narratives made by people.  Examples of Written Documents Books Manuscripts Newspaper Autobiographies Treaties Written laws Diaries/Journals  Examples of Oral History Interviews Audiotapes Oral reports Oral traditions Chants/Songs Rituals  Examples Material Culture 01 02 Artifacts Ecofacts These are objects made These are natural remains which were not and used by human in made by human but provide information coping to their physical on how people lived before. world. Animal bones Stone tools/weapons Rocks Jewelry and clothing Plants and pollen Pottery vessels 1987 Constitution Written Document Pilocitos Material Culture Boxer Codex Written Document Manunggul Jar Material Culture 08 H. Sources of History H. Sources of History 1. Primary Sources This type of sources includes immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct experience with it. These materials were produced at the same time as the event, period or existence of subject being studied. Examples of Primary Sources Types of Primary Sources 1. Published Primary Sources 2. Unpublished Primary Sources 3. Visual Primary Sources 4. Artefacts Examples of Primary Sources Artifacts Official statement Artwork Personal Letter Autobiography Photograph Diary Settlement, Building and Engraved Monument inscription Speech Journal Survey data Law Video and audio record of an event Memoir Ledgers Newspaper reports Census from an Records eyewitness Inventories H. Sources of History 2. Secondary Sources This type of sources primarily interprets and analyses primary sources. These materials were created by people who did NOT directly experience the event, thus used primary sources. Secondary sources are important historical sources as well since it helps explain new or different positions and ideas about primary sources therefore producing a much clearer and broader data. Examples of Secondary Sources Anthology Editorial Biography Encyclopaedia Critic Paper Movie/Book review Dissertation Textbooks Documentaries H. Sources of History To have a clearer distinction between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources, refer to the link below: Primary and Secondary Sources in History Explained https://youtu.be/kOXfA rLq6uY  H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Rizal's grades; transcript of records (page 1) H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Philippine History Textbooks H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Heneral Luna Movie H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Puente del Capricho H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Piloncitos  H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Replica of Lolong at the National Museum H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Proclamation no. 1081  H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Biography of Rizal written by Gregorio Zaide  H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source Journal Article entitled “Ang Pilipinas Bilang Lupain ng Kabalintunaan:” Si Isabelo De Los Reyes Bilang Tagapag-Ambag sa Pahayagang La Solidaridad (1889–1895) H. Sources of History Primary Source Secondary Source The Parisian Life by Juan Luna  09 I. Repositories of Historical Sources I. Repositories of Historical Sources Repositories are places, buildings or even websites where you can locate several historical sources. The following are some repositories of historical sources: Online Sources National Archives of the Philippines https://nationalarc hives.gov.ph/  Online Sources Archivo General de Indias (Seville, Spain) https://www.cultur aydeporte.gob.es/c ultura/areas/archiv os/mc/archivos/agi /portada.html  Online Sources Archivo Historico Nacional (Madrid, Spain) https://www.cultur aydeporte.gob.es/c ultura/areas/archiv os/mc/archivos/ah n/portada.html  Online Sources Portal de Archivos Españoles https://pares.cultur aydeporte.gob.es/i nicio.html Online Sources Asia’s Digital Library https://asiafoundation.org/ The Avalon Project https://avalon.law.yale.edu/ DocsTeach https://www.docsteach.org/documents Online Sources Life Magazine Photo Archive http://images.google.com/hosted/life National Archives https://www.archives.gov/education/rese arch/primary-sources Online Sources National Library of the Philippines http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/ Spartacus Educational https://spartacus-educational.com/ Library and Museum Library Hub Location: San Pablo City, Laguna Library and Museum The National Library of the Philippines Location: 1000 Kalaw Ave, Ermita, Manila Library and Museum The National Library of the Philippines Location: 1000 Kalaw Ave, Ermita, Manila Library and Museum The Filipinas Heritage Library Location: Ayala Museum, Dela Rosa Street, Makati Library and Museum Quezon City Public Library Location: Pansol Branch N Perez St, Quezon City Library and Museum BenCab Museum Location: Tuba, Benguet Library and Museum Museo ni Manuel Quezon Location: Quezon City, Metro Manila  Library and Museum Museo at Aklatan ni Pangulong Diosdado Macapagal Location: Lubao, Pampanga Library and Museum MPBC Radio Museum Location: Baguio, Benguet Library and Museum National Museum of the Philippines Location: Padre Burgos Ave, Ermita, Manila  Library and Museum National Planetarium Location: Rizal Park, Padre Burgos Ave, Ermita, Manila Library and Museum UPLB Museum of Natural History Location: UP Los Baños, Laguna Virtual Museums The National Museum of Fine Arts http://pamana.ph/ncr /manila/NMFA360.ht ml Virtual Museums National Artist Carlos V. Francisco's Filipino Struggles through History (1968) http://www.pamana. ph/ncr/manila/botong _struggles.html Virtual Museums The National Museum of Anthropology http://pamana.ph/ncr /manila/NMA360.htm l Virtual Museums Ayala Museum https://www.ayalamu seum.org/exhibitions/ Virtual Museums Ayala Museum https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/ ayala-museum Virtual Museums Museo de Intramuros https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/i ntramuros- administration Virtual Museums Presidential Museum and Library https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/ malacanang- presidential-museum- and-library Virtual Museums Ateneo Art Galery https://ateneoartgalle ry.com/Tour Virtual Museums Museum of Modern Art (NY, USA) https://www.moma.o rg/calendar/groups/5 8 Virtual Museums British Museum https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/t he-british-museum Virtual Museums J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, United States) https://g.co/arts/hSyb Kypu6C5ZKgFm8  10 J. Historical Criticism J. Historical Criticism a literary criticism using historical evidences utilizes historical approach to analyse and evaluate a text or reading material. involves understanding the time, setting and phenomena during the text is being written also includes analysis of the author’s background, writing styles and biases J. Historical Criticism examined to interpret and fully comprehend the text. The literary text and the historical situation from which it emerged should be treated equally important interplay between text and context could result to better understanding. J. Historical Criticism not criticism in the sense of finding mistakes and faults within literary works but investigating the real message behind every word to better understand our history. important to familiarize yourself to external and internal criticism. J. Historical Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism examine the The meaning and authenticity of the reliability of the document and content of the text is evaluate how genuine the focus of internal the material is. criticism. J. Historical Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism Initially, the appearance or Most of the time, historians form of the document will study the prevailing be observed and analyze, conditions during the time and then, the author, time, the document was created place and purpose of to test the facts stated, and creation will be identified. they also interpret the meaning of the text to grasp the intended message of the author. J. Historical Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism A. Authenticity A. Source In its present state, does the How knowledgeable the document exist exactly how author is? the author left it? Is it the original or copy of original document? Was it forged, revised or restored? J. Historical Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism B. Author B. Writing style What is the author’s What is the real background? message of the text? Is he/she a reliable What is the writing source? style of the author? Does the document convey a literal message? J. Historical Criticism External Criticism Internal Criticism C. Time and place C. Interpretation When and where the How can you understand document was made? the document the way the How could the time and author understood it? place affect the text? How soon the document was created? Is it right after the event? Is it during the event? J. Historical Criticism Internal Criticism D. Setting What are the influences which were prevalent at the time of writing? Is the author in jail (etc.) while he/she was writing the document? How does it affect the text?  J. Historical Criticism Sa Aking Mga Kabata 11 K. Historical Research K. Historical Research the systematic collection, analysis and evaluation of data to fully grasp and successfully understand History attempting to discover bits and pieces of a puzzle to reconstruct an image representing an event in the past to comprehend it completely and accurately as possible. K. Historical Research conducted to test the authenticity and credibility of readily available historical materials. seeks to evaluate how real these materials are and reconstruct these in case of inconsistencies and anomalies.  Importance of Historical Research 1. To make people aware of what has happened in the past in order to: Learn from past failures and successes Apply them to present-day problems Make predictions Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends Understand present educational practices and policies more  Importance of Historical Research A guided tour entitled “Lakad Saysay: A Tour of Rizal Park Luneta and Historiography” with Dr. Michael Charleston Xiao Chua Importance of Historical Research 2. Place events in logical sequence. 3. Determine activities surrounding an event. 4. Preserve information that would otherwise be lost. 5. Make public information that has not been shared. Steps on conducting Historical Research 1. Identify historical problem 2. Locate relevant resources 3. Discover supplementary materials 4. Evaluate historical sources 5. Formulate hypothesis 6. Interpret data 7. Report and summarize findings Thank you for Listening! Chris Jezrel B. Barleta Part-time Instructor, LSPU-SPCC [email protected]