Ancient Civilizations: Contributions to the Modern World PDF

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: Contributions to the Modern World THE DIALECTEC EXERCISE Guiding Innovative Breakthrough Criteria – Contributions that represented significant innovations Based on the or advancements in human understanding or capabiliti...

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS: Contributions to the Modern World THE DIALECTEC EXERCISE Guiding Innovative Breakthrough Criteria – Contributions that represented significant innovations Based on the or advancements in human understanding or capabilities. following These should be unique developments that were new criteria, or significantly advanced existing knowledge at the narrow down time. to four of the Influence on Future Civilizations Contributions that heavily influenced subsequent most civilizations, acting as a foundation for further important development. contributions Enduring Relevance made by each Contributions that continue to have relevance in today’s world or that have evolved into key elements of modern civilization life. Mesopotamian Contributions to the Development of History - THESIS Writing System: Developed Irrigation and Agriculture: Advanced cuneiform, one of the first writing techniques for farming in arid regions. systems. Astronomy: Developed a calendar Code of Law: Hammurabi’s Code, one based on lunar cycles. of the earliest known legal codes. Trade Networks: Established Urbanization: Created some of the extensive trade routes across the first cities like Ur and Babylon. ancient world. Mathematics: Introduced concepts Ziggurats: Built monumental religious like the 60-second minute and 360- architecture, influencing future degree circle. civilizations. Mesopotamian Contributions to the Development of History - ANTITHESIS The Wheel: One of the earliest uses Divination Practices: Systematized of the wheel for pottery and later methods of divination and astrology transport for religious purposes. Epic Literature: Created the "Epic of Taxation Systems: Implemented Gilgamesh," one of the first great structured taxation systems for works of literature. resource management. Temple Complexes: Developed Education and Scribes: Developed elaborate temple complexes for formal schools for scribes, essential religious worship. for record-keeping. Legal Precedents: Established Metalworking: Advanced techniques property laws, inheritance rules, and in bronze and iron metallurgy. contract systems. Mesopotamian Contributions to the Development of History - SYNTHESIS Ancient Greek Contributions to the Development of History - THESIS Democracy: Introduced the concept Science and Medicine: Pioneered of direct democracy, particularly in scientific inquiry and medical ethics Athens. (e.g., Hippocrates). Philosophy: Major figures like Architecture: Introduced classical Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle shaped architectural styles like Doric, Ionic, Western thought. and Corinthian columns. Theatre and Drama: Developed Historiography: Herodotus and tragedies and comedies, influencing Thucydides established methods of literature and performance arts. recording history. Olympic Games: Established the Mathematics: Made significant foundation for international sporting advances, including Euclidean competitions geometry and the work of Pythagoras. Ancient Greek Contributions to the Development of History - ANTITHESIS Political Philosophy: Aristotle's and Education Systems: Pioneered academies Plato’s ideas on justice, governance, and and lyceums for structured learning. ethics. Colonization: Established colonies across Mythology: Rich mythological narratives the Mediterranean, spreading Hellenic that influenced later art, literature, and culture. culture. Naval Power: Innovated in naval warfare, Sculpture and Art: Perfected humanistic particularly with the Athenian trireme. sculpture and pottery that celebrated Rhetoric: Developed the art of public human form and beauty. speaking and persuasion through figures Citizenship: Created the idea of like Demosthenes. citizenship and civic duty in the polis. Ancient Greek Contributions to the Development of History - SYNTHESIS Roman Contributions to the Development of History - THESIS Law and Government: Developed Roman Military Strategy: Innovated military law, a basis for many modern legal tactics and organization, influencing systems. modern warfare. Republic and Empire: Created a model Infrastructure: Introduced complex road for governance that influenced political networks and urban planning. systems worldwide. Civil Rights and Citizenship: Expanded Engineering and Architecture: Built the concept of citizenship and civil rights. aqueducts, roads, and monumental Religion: Facilitated the spread of structures like the Colosseum. Christianity throughout Europe. Language: Spread Latin, the root of many Romance languages. Roman Contributions to the Development of History - ANTITHESIS Roman Baths: Built public bathhouses, Codified Religion: Organized Roman promoting hygiene and social gatherings. religious rituals and festivals, later Aqueducts: Mastered water supply integrating Christianity. systems for cities, improving urban living. Roman Roads: Vast road networks Calendar System: Refined the calendar, connected the empire and facilitated which eventually became the Julian and trade and communication. later the Gregorian calendar. Census and Administration: Regular Diplomacy and Alliances: Excelled in censuses to organize taxation and diplomacy, forging alliances with other governance. states and peoples. Latin Literature: Created influential works by authors like Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero. Roman Contributions to the Development of History - SYNTHESIS Ancient Chinese Contributions to the Development of History - THESIS The Great Wall: An engineering marvel, Compass: Invented the magnetic showcasing military defense strategies. compass, which transformed navigation. Silk Production: Perfected sericulture, Confucianism: Established Confucian leading to the global Silk Road trade. philosophy, deeply influencing East Asian Gunpowder: Invented gunpowder, ethics and governance. revolutionizing warfare globally. Civil Service Exams: Pioneered a merit- Papermaking: Developed one of the based civil service system to ensure earliest forms of paper, essential for efficient governance. record-keeping. Porcelain: Perfected the production of fine ceramics, which became a major export. Ancient C Ancient Chinese Contributions to the Development of History - ANTITHESIS hinese Contributions to the Development of History - ANTITHESIS Acupuncture: Developed traditional Bronze Casting: Excelled in the Chinese medicine, including creation of bronze vessels and acupuncture and herbal remedies. weapons, impacting later Printing: Innovated movable type metallurgical advances. printing, accelerating the spread of The Abacus: Created the abacus for knowledge. complex mathematical calculations. The Art of War: Authored by Sun Tzu, Irrigation and Agriculture: Developed influencing military strategies advanced agricultural techniques, worldwide. such as terrace farming. Feng Shui: Introduced the practice of Silk Road Trade: Established trade geomancy to harmonize individuals networks that linked China to the with their environment. Mediterranean and Europe, fostering cultural exchange Ancient China Contributions to the Development of History - SYNTHESIS