Midterms Reviewer Chapter 1-4 PDF

**CHAPTER 1: Meaning, Concepts, and Relevance of History** **HISTORY:** - Study of life in society In the past in all its aspects: contem devl and future hopes - Story of men in time: inquiry to the past based on events - Investigates what happened in the past and how it happened. -...

**CHAPTER 1: Meaning, Concepts, and Relevance of History** **HISTORY:** - Study of life in society In the past in all its aspects: contem devl and future hopes - Story of men in time: inquiry to the past based on events - Investigates what happened in the past and how it happened. - Analyzes the inevitable changes in human actions and how these changes affect or influence society's present life patterns. - Aims to help student understand current political, economic, and sociocultural conditions. - Without knowledge and concerns for the past, you cannot trace the relevance of doing and observing cultures, traditions, customs, and others. - **HISTORY HELP US UNDERSTAND PRESENT-DAY PROBLEMS OBJECTIVELY.** **Edward Hallett Carr (1892 -- 1982)** - Historian and philosopher of history - *14 -- volume History of Soviet Russia* and *What is History* book **Historian and his facts:** giving meaning to facts and events, *symbolic relationship between the historian and his facts.* **Important keys of excerpt no 1.** 1. Backbone of history -- fact - *raw materials of the historian than the history* - The necessity to establish these facts rests not on its quality but in the decision of the historian 2. Accuracy is a duty not a virtue, necessary but not an essential function 3. Auxiliary sciences -- archeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology and so forth. 4. Historians are not required to have the special skills to determine the origin and period bla bla necessary to establish a precise date. 5. Every journalist know that the most effective way to influence opinion is by the selectiona and arrangement of the appropriate facts. 6. Facts don't speak for themselves: facts only speaks if the historian calls on them. It's the historian who decides. 7. Eliminate fact interpretation -- lifeblood of history 8. Two process: input and output (if separated heresies) 9. The predicament of the historian is a reflection of the nature of a man. 10. Man \> environment = historian \> theme 11. History and facts are of equality: give and take, necessary to one another 12. Historian without facts is rootless and futile: facts without historian is dead and meaningless. 13. WHAT IS HISTORY? CONTINOUS PROCESS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HISTORIAN AND HIS FACTS, AN UNENDING DIALOGUE BETWEEN PAST AND PRESENT. **SEVEN CONCEPTS TO INVESTIGATE AND UNDERSTAND HISTORY:** 1. **Change and continuity:** somethings stay the same and others changes. Seen in civilization and time periods. 2. **Multiple causation and effect**: identify chains of events and developments in short and long term. WHAT happened and WHY history happened and the RESULT. 3. **Sources/evidence:** information gathered eg. Interviews, biography, diary, letter, films, maps, newspaper, buildings, painting, photographs, song lyrics, nursery rhymes, clothing, cartoons. - **Primary sources (first hand):** offc docu: laws and treaties Personal docu: diary, letter, photographs, films, photographs - **Secondary sources:** writing of historians, encyclopedia, documentaries, history textbooks, illustrations, website, recon. 4. **Significance:** importance assigned to past: people, events, movements, and historical sites. 5. **Framework:** allow historians write with greater depth, precision, and complexity and avoid generalization. - **Political framework:** institution, people, leadership, decision making, in society. - **Economic framework**: econ prod, wealth land, capital, money markets and labor. - **Social framework**: how societies are organized, how people live and behave - **Cultural framework**: unique ideas and customs of a society and artistic, creative activities. - 6. **Context/perspective:** POV, depends on age, gender, social position, belief and values. 7. **Empathy:** understand the impact of past events in an individual or group. To walk in someone else's shoes. 8. **Contestability:** explanations or interpretations of past events that is open for debate. **How historians write history:** 1. Divides work into two phases or period 2. Read sources and fill his notebooks with facts then puts away nb and write the book **PANTAYONG PANANAW EXCERPT** KEYPOINTS: 1. Ang PP ay nasa panloob ng pagkakaugnay-ugnay at paguugnay ng katangian, halagahin, kaaluman, karunungan, hangarin, kaugalian, at karanasan ng isang kabuuang pangkalinangan. 2. Konseptong katumbas sa tagalog: - **KAYO, KAMI, SILA, TAYO --** kasama na kahit iyong wala (inclusivity) - **"Tayong mga Pilipino"** implisitong nagpapaliwanag, filipinos only and no banyaga included In this way, ang kahalagahan, konsepto, kaisipan, at ugali any madaling maintindihan - Mentalidad -- natatangi ang katangi-tanging kaisipan ang pag-iisip. - Closed circuit o sistemang sarado -- nagkakaintindihan lahat nang hindi na dapat tukuyin ang iba pang bagay na nasa labas na 3. PP- if lahat ng gumagamit ng konsepto at ugali ay alam ang kahulugan nito and if you have *code* o pnagtutumbasan ng mga kahulugan