General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts About Matter  Chapter 1 Chapter Outline 1.1 Chemistry: The study of matter 1.2 Physical states of matter 1.3 Properties of matter 1.4 Changes in matter 1.5 Pure substances and mixtures 1.6 Elements and compounds 1.7 Di...

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts About Matter  Chapter 1 Chapter Outline 1.1 Chemistry: The study of matter 1.2 Physical states of matter 1.3 Properties of matter 1.4 Changes in matter 1.5 Pure substances and mixtures 1.6 Elements and compounds 1.7 Discovery and abundance of the elements 1.8 Names and chemical symbols of the elements 1.9 Atoms and molecules 1.10 Chemical formulas Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 2  Section 1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter Chemistry Field of study concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 3  Section 1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space – Mass - Amount of matter present in a sample Includes naturally occurring living and nonliving things and synthetic materials – Examples: Plants, soil, rocks, air, bacteria, plastics Forms of energy such as heat, light, and electricity are not considered to be matter Universe is composed entirely of matter and energy Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 4  Section 1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter Chemistry involves the study of matter. Which statement best describes matter? a. Matter includes various forms of energy. b. Matter is visible to the naked eye. c. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. d. No correct responses. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 5  Section 1.1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter Chemistry involves the study of matter. Which statement best describes matter? a. Matter includes various forms of energy. b. Matter is visible to the naked eye. c. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. d. No correct responses. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 6  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter Classification is based on whether the shape and volume of the matter sample are definite or indefinite – Solid – Liquid – Gas Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 7  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter Solid Characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 8  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter Liquid Characterized by an indefinite shape and a definite volume Takes the shape of its container to the extent that it fills the container Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 9  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter Gas Characterized by an indefinite shape and volume Completely fills its container, adopting both the container’s volume and its shape Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 10  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter Figure 1.1 - A Comparison of the Volume and Shape Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 11  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter State of matter of a particular substance depends on: – Temperature – Surrounding pressure – Strength of the forces holding its structural particles together Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 12  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter The physical states of matter are: a. solid, liquid, and gas. b. solid, liquid, and heat. c. solid, liquid, and electricity. d. liquid, electricity, and heat. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 13  Section 1.2 Physical States of Matter The physical states of matter are: a. solid, liquid, and gas. b. solid, liquid, and heat. c. solid, liquid, and electricity. d. liquid, electricity, and heat. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 14  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Property Distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and description – Each substance has a unique set of properties that distinguishes it from all other substances Types – Physical – Chemical Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 15  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Physical Property Characteristic that can be observed without changing the basic identity of a substance – Includes color, odor, physical state, melting point, boiling point, and hardness Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 16  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Concept Check To measure the boiling point of a substance, a liquid must be changed into a gas. Why is boiling point considered a physical property when a gas’ appearance is much different from that of a liquid? Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 17  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Concept Check To measure the boiling point of a substance, a liquid must be changed into a gas. Why is boiling point considered a physical property when a gas’ appearance is much different from that of a liquid? Although the appearance is different, the substance is still the same. Its chemical identity remains the same irrespective of the physical state. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 18  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Chemical Property Characteristic that describes the way a substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance – Example: Copper objects turn green in air Changes result from the reaction of a substance with one or more other substances – Decomposition - Change triggered by the presence of energy Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 19  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Which of the following statements concerning the properties of matter is false? a. Properties of matter are of two types: physical and chemical. b. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that can be observed without changing its basic identity. c. A chemical property describes the way matter undergoes or resists change to form a new substance. d. One example of the physical property of water is that it can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 20  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Which of the following statements concerning the properties of matter is false? a. Properties of matter are of two types: physical and chemical. b. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that can be observed without changing its basic identity. c. A chemical property describes the way matter undergoes or resists change to form a new substance. d. One example of the physical property of water is that it can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 21  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Figure 1.3 - Chemical Property of Copper Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 22  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Exercise Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property. a. Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air. b. Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature. c. Nickel metal dissolves in acid to produce a light green solution. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 23  Section 1.3 Properties of Matter Exercise Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical property. a. Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air. Chemical property b. Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature. Physical property c. Nickel metal dissolves in acid to produce a light green solution. Chemical property Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 24  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Physical Change Process in which a substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition Does not lead to the formation of a new substance – Example: Boiling or freezing water Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 25  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Chemical Change Process in which chemical composition of a substance changes Involves conversion of material(s) into one or more new substances – Example: Rusting of iron objects left exposed to moist air Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 26  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Use of the Term Physical Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 27  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Use of the Term Chemical Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 28  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Concept Check Which one of the following is an example of a chemical change? a. Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt b. Burning of wood c. Dissolving of sugar in water d. Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 29  Section 1.4 Changes in Matter Concept Check Which one of the following is an example of a chemical change? a. Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt b. Burning of wood c. Dissolving of sugar in water d. Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 30  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Pure Substances Versus Mixtures Pure substance: Single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical means – Example: Water or sucrose Mixture: Physical combination of two or more pure substances – Each substance retains its own chemical identity – Example: Salt water Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 31  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Mixtures Have variable composition Heterogeneous mixture: Contains visibly different phases, each of which has different properties Homogeneous mixture: Contains only one visibly distinct phase, which has uniform properties throughout Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 32  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Figure 1.6 - Pure Substances and Mixtures Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 33  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Concept Check Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? a. Pure water b. Gasoline c. Jar of jelly beans d. Soil e. Copper metal Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 34  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Concept Check Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture? a. Pure water b. Gasoline c. Jar of jelly beans d. Soil e. Copper metal Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 35  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Which of the following contain only pure substances? a. Oxygen, tap water, glass of tea b. Oxygen, glucose (a simple sugar), silver c. Glucose, chocolate chip cookies, wood d. Gasoline, dirt, rocks Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 36  Section 1.5 Pure Substances and Mixtures Which of the following contain only pure substances? a. Oxygen, tap water, glass of tea b. Oxygen, glucose (a simple sugar), silver c. Glucose, chocolate chip cookies, wood d. Gasoline, dirt, rocks Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 37  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Element Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means such as a chemical reaction, an electric current, heat, or a beam of light – Example: Gold, silver, copper Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 38  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Compound Pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means – Example: Water Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 39  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Figure 1.7 - A Pure Substance can be an Element or a Compound Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 40  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures Compounds Mixtures Have properties distinctly Components retain their different from those of the individual properties substances that combined to form the compound Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 41  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Between Compounds and Mixtures Compounds Mixtures Have a definite chemical Have a variable chemical composition composition Components cannot be Physical methods are separated by physical sufficient to separate the methods components – Chemical methods are required Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 42  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Figure 1.8 - Classifying a Sample of Matter Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 43  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds Questions Asked to Classify a Sample of Matter Does the sample of matter have the same properties throughout? Are two or more different substances present? Can the pure substance be broken down into simpler substances? Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 44  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds The difference between an element and a compound is: a. an element is a pure substance, whereas a compound is not. b. an element can be broken into simpler constituents by physical means, whereas a compound can not. c. an element can be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means, whereas a compound can not. d. an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, whereas a compound can. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 45  Section 1.6 Elements and Compounds The difference between an element and a compound is: a. an element is a pure substance, whereas a compound is not. b. an element can be broken into simpler constituents by physical means, whereas a compound can not. c. an element can be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means, whereas a compound can not. d. an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, whereas a compound can. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 46  Section 1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements 118 known elements – 88 of the elements occur naturally – 30 of the elements have been synthesized Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 47  Section 1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Figure 1.10 - Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Universe Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 48  Section 1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Figure 1.10 - Abundance of Elements (in Atom Percent) in the Earth’s Crust Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 49  Section 1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Which two elements dominate the earth’s crust and which one element dominates the universe? a. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: hydrogen b. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: nitrogen c. Earth’s crust: oxygen and nitrogen; universe: hydrogen d. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: nitrogen Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 50  Section 1.7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements Which two elements dominate the earth’s crust and which one element dominates the universe? a. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: hydrogen b. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: nitrogen c. Earth’s crust: oxygen and nitrogen; universe: hydrogen d. Earth’s crust: oxygen and silicon; universe: nitrogen Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 51  Section 1.8 Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical Symbol One- or two-letter designation for an element derived from the element’s name – Two letter symbols can be the first two letters of the element’s name – First letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized and the second is not H – Hydrogen Ba – Barium Co – Cobalt Pb – Lead Ag – Silver Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 52  Section 1.8 Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical Symbol Some elements have symbols that were derived from non-English names – Ag – Silver – Au – Gold – Fe – Iron – Pb – Lead – Cu – Copper Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 53  Section 1.8 Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical symbols consist of: a. the first letter of the element’s name always in lower case. b. one- or two-letters derived from the element’s name with both letters always capitalized. c. the first two letters of the element’s name with both letters capitalized. d. one- or two-letters derived from the element’s name with the first letter capitalized and the second in lower case. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 54  Section 1.8 Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements Chemical symbols consist of: a. the first letter of the element’s name always in lower case. b. one- or two-letters derived from the element’s name with both letters always capitalized. c. the first two letters of the element’s name with both letters capitalized. d. one- or two-letters derived from the element’s name with the first letter capitalized and the second in lower case. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 55  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Atom Smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element Limit of chemical subdivision – 254 million atoms arranged in a straight line would extend a distance of approximately 1 inch Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 56  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Molecule Group of two or more atoms that functions as a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together Behaves as a single, distinct particle Limit of physical subdivision Diatomic molecule: Contains two atoms Triatomic molecule: Contains three atoms Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 57  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Homoatomic Molecule All atoms present are of the same kind Substance containing homoatomic molecules must be an element Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 58  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Heteroatomic Molecule Two or more kinds of atoms are present Substances containing heteroatomic molecules must be compounds Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 59  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Figure 1.13 - Heteroatomic Molecules Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 60  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Concept Check Classify XeF4 as: ▪ diatomic, triatomic, etc. ▪ homoatomic or heteroatomic ▪ element or compound Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 61  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Concept Check Classify XeF4 as: ▪ diatomic, triatomic, etc. pentatomic ▪ homoatomic or heteroatomic heteroatomic ▪ element or compound compound Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 62  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Which of the following statements is true? a. The smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have properties of the element is called an atom. b. A group of two or more atoms that function as a unit form a molecule. c. Some classifications of molecules are: diatomic, homoatomic, and heteroatomic. d. All of these. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 63  Section 1.9 Atoms and Molecules Which of the following statements is true? a. The smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have properties of the element is called an atom. b. A group of two or more atoms that function as a unit form a molecule. c. Some classifications of molecules are: diatomic, homoatomic, and heteroatomic. d. All of these. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 64  Section 1.10 Chemical Formulas Notation made up of the chemical symbols of: – Elements present in a compound – Numerical subscripts Indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound Examples – H2O - Two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of oxygen – Ca3(PO4)2 - Three atoms of calcium, two atoms of phosphorus, eight atoms of oxygen Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 65  Section 1.10 Chemical Formulas Exercise For each of the following chemical formulas, determine how many atoms of each element are present: a. H2SO4 b. Fe2(CO3)3 Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 66  Section 1.10 Chemical Formulas Exercise For each of the following chemical formulas, determine how many atoms of each element are present: a. H2SO4 two hydrogen; one sulfur; four oxygen b. Fe2(CO3)3 two iron; three carbon; nine oxygen Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 67  Section 1.10 Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas consist of: a. symbols of each element in a compound with all letters capitalized. b. symbols of each element in a compound with all letters in lower case. c. symbols of each element in a compound with numerical subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. d. symbols of each element in a compound. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 68  Section 1.10 Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas consist of: a. symbols of each element in a compound with all letters capitalized. b. symbols of each element in a compound with all letters in lower case. c. symbols of each element in a compound with numerical subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound. d. symbols of each element in a compound. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 69  Chapter 1 Concept Question 1 An electrical current is applied to 50 mL of water. After a period of time, there is nothing left in the container because: a. a physical change occurs resulting in the formation of a gas. Since water is a heterogeneous mixture, its components are also changed to gas. b. a physical change, evaporation, occurs and as there is no residue, water is a pure substance. c. a chemical change takes place converting water to its elements, hydrogen and oxygen. No residue is left because water is a pure compound. d. a chemical change takes place, but water is a heterogeneous mixture and its components are converted to gases. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 70  Chapter 1 Concept Question 1 An electrical current is applied to 50 mL of water. After a period of time, there is nothing left in the container because: a. a physical change occurs resulting in the formation of a gas. Since water is a heterogeneous mixture, its components are also changed to gas. b. a physical change, evaporation, occurs and as there is no residue, water is a pure substance. c. a chemical change takes place converting water to its elements, hydrogen and oxygen. No residue is left because water is a pure compound. d. a chemical change takes place, but water is a heterogeneous mixture and its components are converted to gases. Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 71  Chapter 1 Concept Question 2 You are given two cylinders, each containing a gas. You are requested to test the flammability of each gas, and you discover that one gas is very flammable, but the other gas extinguishes the flame. The two gases are _____ and _____ and are classified as a _____ and _____, respectively. a. hydrogen; methane; homoatomic molecule; heteroatomic molecule b. hydrogen; carbon dioxide; diatomic molecule; heteroatomic molecule c. neon; carbon dioxide; element; diatomic molecule d. hydrogen; oxygen; element; element Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 72  Chapter 1 Concept Question 2 You are given two cylinders, each containing a gas. You are requested to test the flammability of each gas, and you discover that one gas is very flammable, but the other gas extinguishes the flame. The two gases are _____ and _____ and are classified as a _____ and _____, respectively. a. hydrogen; methane; homoatomic molecule; heteroatomic molecule b. hydrogen; carbon dioxide; diatomic molecule; heteroatomic molecule c. neon; carbon dioxide; element; diatomic molecule d. hydrogen; oxygen; element; element Return to TOC Copyright ©2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 73