General Chemistry 1: The Properties of Matter PDF

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 o Mass o Volume Chapter 1: The Properties of Matter and Its Forms o Density Objectives:...

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 o Mass o Volume Chapter 1: The Properties of Matter and Its Forms o Density Objectives: 1.2. Chemical Property 1. Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate The characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed them; when a matter reacts to another substance. 2. Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances; o Flammability 3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components o Oxidation for use, safety, quality, and cost; and 4. Describe various simple separation techniques such as Lesson 2: Chemical Formula of Common Substances distillation and chromatography. 2.1. Meaning of A Chemical Formula Lesson 1: Properties of Matter CO2 Carbon dioxide Property Types and number of atoms Characteristic Carbon, C – 1 atom Trait Oxygen, O – 2 atoms Quality Properties of Matter The observable characteristics, traits or qualities of matter. 1.1. Physical Property The characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or perceived with our senses easily without changing its chemical composition. Intensive Physical Property The characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend on the amount. Common Substances o Ductility – the ability of substance to be stretched into wire 1. Salt o Malleability – the ability of substance to be hammered or o NaCl transformed into thin sheet o Sodium, Na – 1 atom o Diffusion – the ability of matter to be scattered or spread o Chlorine, Cl – 1 atom out 2. Ammonia o NH3 Extensive Physical Property o Nitrogen, N – 1 atom The characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent o Hydrogen, H – 3 atoms on the amount or quantity. 3. Sucrose o Size o C12H22O11  o Carbon, C – 12 atoms o Hydrogen, H – 22 atoms o Oxygen, O – 11 atoms 4. Methane o CH4 o Carbon, C – 1 atom o Hydrogen, H – 4 atoms 5. Acetone o C3H6O o Carbon, C – 3 atoms Lesson 3: Consumer Products o Hydrogen, H – 6 atoms o Oxygen, O – 1 atom Consumer Products The final goods which are bought by individuals or households 2.2. The Periodic Table of Elements for personal use. Goods that are bought for consumption by the average consumer. Factors in Manufacturing Consumer Products Science o A field of study o The knowledge in creating a product designed for a purpose Technology o The application of Science o The process and the equipment used in producing a consumer product Society o The target market of consumer products o The end user of the products based on their use Lesson 4: Mixture Separation Techniques As the mixture inside the test tube of the centrifuge is subjected to centrifugal force, the heavier component settles 4.1. Important Concepts at the bottom and the less dense component settles at the Method – described as procedure, process, way or technique upper portion. Separate – means to move, segregate or keep apart Component – means constituent, section or a part of a larger Distillation whole A process that involves the evaporation and condensation of Mixture – substance produced when two or more pure substances a liquid solvent from a mixture or solution. are put together in any proportion without a chemical union This method uses the difference in boiling points of the components of a mixture. 4.2. Method of Separating Components of Mixtures The more volatile liquid in the mixture boils first, evaporates, A procedure or process of segregating or moving the then condenses. constituent or part of a substance which is made up of two or The distillate is the liquid formed from the condensation of more pure substances. the vapor. Content of the container should always be checked to avoid drying up of the said container. Filtration The process of separating the insoluble solid from the liquid Chromatography substance by allowing the liquid to pass through a porous Uses the difference in the degrees to which substances are material called filtering agent. absorbed on the surface of an inert substance such as a The solid particles which are retained in the filter paper is filter paper. called residue, and the clear liquid which passes through a A drop of ink or extract will be separated into different filtering agent such as filter paper is called the filtrate. components if it is placed at the end of a filter paper and the tip of the paper is allowed to barely touch the solvent. Decantation Separate bands of colors, representing the different Method used to separate the liquid layer known as components will appear on the paper. In doing this supernatant and a heavy insoluble solid known as process, the filter paper should ensure the touching of the precipitate by allowing the said solid to settle at the bottom solvent. of the container then the liquid above the solid is poured off carefully into another container. Electrolysis A chemical decomposition or breakdown produced by Mechanical Separation passing an electric current through a liquid or solution Involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnet and other similar containing ions. tools to separate the components of mixtures. The involved substances are mostly solids that can be separated manually. Centrifugation The process that uses a motor device known as centrifuge that speeds up the settling of the precipitate using centrifugal or rotating motion.