CHEM110 FIRST SEM_ GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1.docx

First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia VIRUS - LIFE CYCLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PROPERTIES OF MATTER SOLID - - - - Rigidity: resistance of materials to deformation and changes in shape. Fluidity: the ability of materials to flow and change...

First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia VIRUS - LIFE CYCLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PROPERTIES OF MATTER SOLID - - - - Rigidity: resistance of materials to deformation and changes in shape. Fluidity: the ability of materials to flow and change shape in response to external forces. LIQUID - - - - - - -  BULK MODULUS - - - - - - GASES - - - - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - - **Reactivity:** Iron **[reacts]** with Oxygen to form rust (Iron Oxide) **Flammability:** Paper **[ignites easily]** when exposed to an open flame. **Acidity:** Lemon juice is **[acidic]** due to its high concentration of citric acid. **Basicity**: Ammonia is a common **[basic substance]** used in cleaning products. **Reactivity with Water:** Calcium Carbide **[reacts]** with water to produce acetylene gas, used in welding. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - - **Melting and Boiling Points:** Iron **[melts]** at 1538 °C and **[boils]** at 2861 °C **Density:** Lead has a **[high density]** and is used in applications requiring weight, such as fishing sinkers. **Color Appearance:** Copper **[appears reddish-brown]** due to its unique interaction with light. **Solubility:** Oil is **[insoluble]** in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. **Conductivity:** Copper is a **[good conductor]** of both heat and electricity, making it ideal for wiring and heat sinks. - **Extensive Properties →** the value depends on the amount of matter/substance that is being measured. - - - **Intensive Properties →** inherent in the substance regardless of its quantity. - - - KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Movement of Particles results to:** - - - - - COMPONENTS OF MATTER: THE ATOM First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia ANTOINE LAVOISIER - LAWS OF MATTER LAW OF CONSERVATION MASS - LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS - LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS - ATOMIC THEORY - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. HOW DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY EXPLAINS MASS LAWS 1. g C~6~H~12~O~6~ + g O~2~ → g CO~2~ + g H~2~O - - 2. - - - - - - - - - - 3. - THE MODERN ATOMIC MODEL AND ITS STORY - - - - -  - - - - - - - ATOMIC MASS, ATOMIC NUMBER, AND WRITING THE ATOMIC SYMBOL  - - - - - - - - - Ways of representing an element: a. b. ISOTOPES - - Ex. Silicon (Si) is essential to the computer industry as a major component of semiconductor chips. It has three naturally occurring isotopes: Si-28, Si-29 and Si-30. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each silicon isotope.  - - - - - Ex. There are two stable isotopes of Chlorine: Cl-35 (34.97 amu) and Cl-37 (36.97 amu). If the relative atomic mass of Cl is 35.45 amu, what is the abundance of each isotope? If Cl-35 + Cl-37 = 1 Then let, → Cl-35 = x → Cl-37 = 1 - x Wherein, - - - - - - - - If Cl-35 = 0.76 Then let, Cl-37 = 1 - 0.76 Cl-37 = 0.24 **FINAL ANSWER:** Cl-35 is **76%** and Cl-37 is **24%** **RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS** - Mass Ratio of Si-28  Mass Ratio of Si-30 Isotopic Mass of Si-29  Sulfur isotopes are mainly used in medical applications. Si-33 is used for the production of the therapeutic radioisotope P-33. S-32 is used for the production of radioisotope P-32 which is also used for therapeutic purposes. S-34 can be used for the production of the medical radioisotope Cl-34 and for S-35. Both S-33 and S-34 are used for genome research. Finally, S-36 has been used for the production of the radioisotopes S-37 and S-38 Relative Atomic Mass for Sulfur  MOLECULES AND IONS First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE - - - - - Ex. gold, iron, platinum, uranium, and zinc - - - - **2 subcategories:** - - - - - - - Ex. boron, silicon, germanium, and arsenic MOLECULES - - - - - - IONS AND IONIC COMPOUNDS - - - - MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia SCIENTIFIC NOTATION - - Example: 469,000,000,000 is the same as 4.69 x 100,000,000 and can be written as 4.69x10¹¹ TIPS IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A. - -  B. - - C. -  OPERATIONS ON WRITING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION - - - - - - EXERCISE: OPERATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. - 8. - EXERCISE: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - OPERATIONS ON SIGNIFICANT FIGURES - -  CONVERSION OF UNITS Ex. The fundamental unit for distance is meters (m). If the measured unit is 1000m which is equivalent to kilo - prefix, then we can combine the prefix and suffix (fundamental unit) together. Thus 1000m can be termed as 1 kilometer (km)  MOLE CONCEPT First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 \| Notes Credits: Louise Cerdenia - - MOLE CONCEPT AND AVOGADRO\'S CONSTANT - Ex. The mass of a single Carbon-12 atom has been found to be 1.922 x 10⁻²³g. NUMBER OF PARTICLES ATOMIC SUBSTANCE: - - MOLECULES: - IONS: - ELECTRONS: - - - CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES EXAMPLE 1: How many moles of Chlorine molecules are found in 5 x 20²² molecules of Chlorine gas?  EXAMPLE 2: How many atoms are found in 0.6 mole of copper? CALCULATING THE MASS IN A GIVEN NUMBER OF MOLES OF ELEMENT  MOLE IN A CONVERSION FACTOR - MOLAR MASS - - - Ex. What is the molar mass of sucrose? C~12~H~22~O~11~ MOLE CONVERSIONS  Ex. Common table sugar sucrose C~12~H~22~O~11~, has a molar mass of 342.0g/mol. What is the mass of 0.15 mole of sucrose? Given: - - Required: - Equation: - Solution: - - Answer: - TYPES OF MIXTURES AND SEPARATION TECHNIQUES First Semester \| General Chemistry 1 MIXTURES - - HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES - - **SOLUTIONS** - - - - - - HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES - - **SUSPENSION** - COLLOIDS - - - - SEPARATION TECHNIQUES FILTRATION - - - - DISTILLATION - - - - - CHROMATOGRAPHY - - - - - - MAGNETIC SEPARATION - - -