Matter and Its Properties PDF

Matter and its properties  LECTURE Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of atoms, ions and molecules.  Composition of Matter A. Quarks and Antiquarks are the fundamental particles. B. Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms are co...

Matter and its properties  LECTURE Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. It is composed of atoms, ions and molecules.  Composition of Matter A. Quarks and Antiquarks are the fundamental particles. B. Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. C. Molecules –molecule is a group of atoms bonded together. D. Ions – an atom that has gained or lost electrons. Arrangement of particles in matter solid the form of matter characterized by rigidity; a solid is relatively incompressible and has fixed shape and volume. liquid the form of matter that is a relatively incompressible fluid; a liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape. gas the form of matter that is an easily compressible fluid; a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of almost any size and shape. Classify the following substances according to three states of matter: 1. Syrup 2. Air 3. Dry ice 4. Alcohol 5. Cotton INTERCONVERSION OF THE STATES OF MATTER  5 States of Matter Aside from solid, liquid and gas, there are two more states of matter discovered recently. 4. Plasma, that is consist of ionized gas making it electrically conductive and responsive to strong electromagnetic fields. Examples: Lightning Polar Aurorae Ionosphere Sun and other stars  What happens if you hold a plasma ball? If you touch the plasma ball, all of the electrons will go through you to the ground. You see only one big spark inside the ball where you put your hand. If you stand on a stool, you are insulated from the ground and get filled with electrons. So if you hold a light bulb, it will light up.  5 States of Matter 5. Bose-Einstein condensate The fifth state of matter base from the work of Albert Einstein and Satyedra Nath Bose. First condensate produced last 1995 by W. Ketterle, E. Cornell, C. Weimann. It is formed by a system of bosons which is confined in an external potential and cooled near 0 K or absolute zero.  PROPERTIES OF MATTER Physical Property: A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. – Size – Texture – Color – Shape – Mass – Volume www.dkimages.com/.../previews/968/50371334.JPG  Matter has Observable Properties ◼ Physical Change: ◼ A change in any physical property of a substance, not in the substance itself. ◼ Stretching a rubber band is a physical change because the size changes however, the material that makes up the rubber band does not change www.learner.org  Physical Properties Ductility The ability to be pulled into a thin strand. Examples: Wire, Paper clip, Copper wire See full size image http://us1.webpublications.com.au/static/images/articles/i1091/109181_6lo.jpg www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2001/adi/SGiron.jpg  Physical Properties Malleability: The ability to be pressed or pounded into a thin sheet. See full size image Example : Tin foil www.questiontechnology.org/blog/offtopic/  Physical Properties Boiling Point: temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas Example: Water to steam www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/163boilingpt.html  Physical Properties Melting point: temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid Example: Ice cube melts to a puddle of water http://www.uniongas.com/images/meltingIcetechnology.jpg  Physical Properties Electrical conductivity: The ability to transfer thermal energy from one area to another. Examples : a. Water conducts electricity so never swim during a lightning storm. b. Plastic foam is a poor genchem.chem.wisc.edu conductor, so a hot drink won’t burn your hand.  Physical Properties Solubility: ability to dissolve in another substance. Three ways to increase solubility – Heat or make warmer www.pullouttheplug.co.uk – Grind or smash – Stir or mix Example : Adding sugar to coffee  Physical Properties Density - amount of matter in a given volume. D=m/v(mass/volume) Seven Layer Density Column Ice cubes float in water because they are less dense than liquid water www.stevespanglerscience.com/img/cache/bcb9b8...  Calculating Density Density= Mass/Volume A marble has a volume of 5 cm3 and a mass of 15 g. What is the density of the marble? Given: m=15 g, V= 5 cm3 Formula: D=M/V Solution: D= 15g/ 5 cm3 = 3g/cm3  Practice Exercises 1. A bar of copper has a mass of 216 g and a volume of 24 cmᴲ. What is the density of copper? 2. The density of a candy bar is 0.95g/cmᴲ. The mass of the candy bar is 70 g. What is the volume of the candy bar? 3. An ice cube has a volume of 36 cmᴲ. If the ice cube has a density of 1.2 g/ cmᴲ, what is the mass of the ice cube?  PRACTICE EXERCISES 4. At 4⁰C, pure water has a density of 1 g/mL (1 g/cmᴲ). Suppose that you have 2 liters of pure water at this temperature. What is the mass of this water? 5. What is the mass of ethyl alcohol that exactly fills a 200.0 mL graduated cylinder. The density of ethyl alcohol is 0.789 g/mL. 6. What is the volume of a silver metal that has a mass of 2500.0 g. The density of silver is 10.5 g/cmᴲ.  Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical Properties: Describe how substances can form new substances. Chemical properties can be identified by the changes that they produce. Chemical Change: The change of one substance into another substance. How can you say that there’s a chemical change happen?  Signs of a Chemical Change 1. Production of an odor. Eggs rotting produce a sulfur smell. Lightning produces a fresh and clean smell due to its reaction with Oxygen in the www.panelbuildersinc.net atmosphere.  Signs of a Chemical Change See full size image 2. Change in Temperature Exothermic Reaction: Energy is released and surrounding area of reaction increases www.webergallery.com/Rusting%20Away-CT.htm temperature (Rusting) See full size image Endothermic Reaction: Energy is absorbed and surrounding area of reaction decreases in temperature www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1613R-7178 (antacid and water)  Signs of a Chemical Change 3. Change in Color Fruit ripening (green tomatoes to red tomatoes) Rust www.uncp.edu/home/mcclurem/ptable/iron/fe.htm  Signs of a Chemical Change 4. Formation of Bubbles Vinegar and Baking Soda Vinegar and baking soda Antacid and water eco-centric.blogspot.com  Signs of a Chemical Change 5. Formation of a Solid or Precipitate: Example: clams The shells of clams and mussels are precipitates from a chemical change of substances from the animal and sea water unsportsmanlikecomment.files.wordpress.com  Test Yourself! A. Classify the following as either physical or chemical property: 1. Ozone in its pure form is blue in color. 2. Molybdenum steel used in rifle barrels is resistant to acids. 3. Mercury is a liquid metal. 4. The soil in some parts of laguna is red.  Test Yourself! B. Classify the following substances if physical or chemical change: 1. Melting of ice in the Arctic Circle 2. Evaporation of water in ocean. 3. Rusting of nail. 4. Digestion of your snack. 5. Curdling of milk during summer.  Some physical properties are measurable. These measurable properties are categorized into: 1. Intensive properties – Properties that are not dependent on the amount of substance. Examples: Temperature, melting point, boiling point, and density 2. Extensive properties- Properties that depend on the amount of substance. Examples: Mass, length, and volume  TEST YOURSELF! Classify the following examples as intensive or extensive properties: 1. Boiling point 2. Weight 3. Volume 4. Density 5. Solubility  Sources: Chemistry by Raymond Chang, Tenth Edition. Chemistry by Steven S. Zumdahl, Sixth Edition. Chemistry by Mortimer, Sixth Edition. General Chemistry System by Marwani and Albar. https://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/te xtbook/whatismatter.html https://courses.lumenlearning.com/bou ndless-chemistry/chapter/physical-and- chemical-properties-of-matter/