Chapter 2 States of Matter PDF

STATE OF MATTER What is matter? Matter is everything around you Atoms and molecules are all composed of matter Matter is anything that has mass and take up space. 4 states of matter Solid Plasma Liquid Gas Matter is made up of parti...

STATE OF MATTER What is matter? Matter is everything around you Atoms and molecules are all composed of matter Matter is anything that has mass and take up space. 4 states of matter Solid Plasma Liquid Gas Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion. State of a matter is Based upon energy of particles Based upon Based upon particle distance arrangement between particles  Solids Liquids Gases Liquids have an Gases have an Particles of solids are indefinite shape and indefinite shape and a tightly packed, vibrating an indefinite volume. definite volume. about a fixed position. Particles of liquids are Particles of gases are Solids have a tightly packed but are very far apart and definite shape and a far enough apart to slide move freely. definite volume. over one another.  Plasma A plasma is an ionized gas state. A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of free electrical charged particles  State changes SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a Close together with no Well separated with Has no definite volume regular pattern regular arrangement. no regular or shape and is Vibrate, but do not Vibrate, move about, arrangement. composed of electrical move from place to and slide past each Vibrate and move charged particles place other freely at high speeds Melting Point The temperature at which materials changes from a solid to a liquid. Freezing Point The temperature at which a liquid is converted into a solid However, substances can be cooled below their freezing points without the formation of a solid. Such liquids are known as supercooled liquids. Boiling Point The temperature at which materials changes from a liquid phase to a gaseous or Vapour phase. ❑ The boiling point of the liquid depends upon the pressure of the surrounding. ❑ When the liquid is at high pressure, it has a higher boiling point than the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. What about the boiling point of water?. What about the freezing point of water?. What about the melting point of ice?. Change of state  Properties of matter Physical properties Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without changing the chemical nature of the substance. Some examples of physical properties are: ▪ Color ▪ Density ▪ Volume ▪ Mass ▪ Boiling point ▪ Melting point Chemical properties The property must lead to a change in the substance’s chemical structure. Some examples of chemical properties are: ▪ Flammability - How easily something will burn or ignite ▪ Heat of Combustion - This chemical property is the amount of energy that is released as heat when a substance is burned with oxygen. ▪ Ability to oxidize- An example of this is rust. Over time, iron and steel (which is made of iron) will rust. However, they will rust more quickly if they are combined with pure oxygen. Intensive properties The properties of matter that do not depend on the size or quantity of matter in any way are referred to as an intensive property of matter. Temperatures, density, colour, melting and boiling point, etc., all are intensive properties as they will not change with a change in size or quantity of matter. The density of 1 liter of water or 100 litres of water will remain the same as it is an intensive property. Extensive properties There are properties such as length, mass, volume, weight, etc. that depend on the quantity or size of the matter, these properties are called an extensive property of matter and their value changes if the size or quantity of matter changes. Suppose we have two boxes made up of the same material, one has a capacity of four liters while the other has a capacity of ten litres. The box with ten liters capacity will have more amount of matter as compared to that of a four-liter box. Properties of matter Physical Changes A substance is said to undergo a physical change when only the physical properties such as the shape, size, colour, state or appearance of the substance change. Its chemical composition remains intact. Some characteristics of a physical change are: ▪ Temporary in nature. ▪ Does not affect the internal structure of a substance, only the molecules are rearranged. ▪ No new substance is formed. ▪ Most of the physical changes are reversible. We can obtain the substance back even after the change. Some examples of a physical change are ❑ Folding of a paper sheet ❑ Melting of wax ❑ Freezing and boiling water ❑ Melting of ice, condensation, vaporization ❑ Dissolving sugar in water Chemical Changes A substance is said to undergo a chemical change when the chemical properties of a substance changes. As a result, there is either formation or breaking of atomic bonds at the molecular level. Some characteristics of a chemical change are: ▪ Permanent in nature. ▪ Since the original composition of the substance changes, one or more new substances are formed. ▪ A chemical change is generally irreversible. At least, it cannot be reversed by simple physical means. Some examples of a chemical change are ❑ The burning of paper, wood or fuel ❑ The rusting of iron ❑ The souring of milk ❑ The digestion of food Classification of matter Mixtures Mixtures are formed when two or more substances (elements or compounds) mix together without participating in a chemical change. The substances need not necessarily mix in a definite ratio to form a mixture. Some examples of mixtures include mixtures of sand and water, mixtures of sugar and salt, and mixtures of lime juice and water. There are two primary types of mixtures, namely homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. Homogeneous Mixtures These are the types of mixtures in which the components mixed are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. In other words, “they are uniform throughout”. We can observe only one phase of matter in a homogeneous mixture. Note: o Particles are distributed uniformly o We can’t judge a homogeneous mixture by just seeing it o Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions o Uniform composition Heterogeneous Mixtures This is a type of mixture in which all the components are completely mixed, and all the particles can be seen under a microscope. We can easily identify the components and more than one phase can be seen by naked eyes. Note: o Particles are distributed non-uniformly o We can judge a heterogeneous mixture by just seeing it o Non-uniform composition Homogeneous Mixtures & Heterogeneous Mixtures  THANK YOU Major Source: https://byjus.com/chemistry/