Connecting Learners at a Distance (2024-2026) PPT PDF

CONNECTING LEARNERS AT A DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY FOR CLASSROOM TEACHERS FATIMA KAMRAN MPHIL EDUCATION EVENING 1ST SEMESTER...

CONNECTING LEARNERS AT A DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY FOR CLASSROOM TEACHERS FATIMA KAMRAN MPHIL EDUCATION EVENING 1ST SEMESTER 2024-2026  INTRODUCTION ONE OF THE GREATEST ADVANTAGE OFFERED BY MODERN ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY IS THE ABILITY TO INSTRUCT WITHOUT THE TEACHER’S DIRECT PRESENCE IN THE CLASSROOM. TIME-SHIFT INSTRUCTION & PLACE- SHIFT INSTRUCTION TIME-SHIFT INSTRUCTION— EXPERIENCE IT AT SOME TIME AFTER THE LIVE LESSON.  PLACE-SHIFT INSTRUCTION —EXPERIENCE IT AT SOME PLACE AWAY FROM THE LIVE TEACHER. BOOK WAS THE FIRST INVENTION THAT MADE IT POSSIBLE TO TIME-SHIFT AND PLACE-SHIFT INSTRUCTION.  PEOPLE ARE ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN GUIDED INDEPENDENT STUDY THROUGH CORRESPONDENCE COURSES VIA THE TRADITIONAL MAIL SYSTEM. LEARNERS RECEIVE PRINTED LESSONS, DO WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS, SEND THEM TO THE REMOTE INSTRUCTOR, AND PROLIFERATION ADD AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULI FAR MORE RAPIDLY AND WITH A MUCH RICHER RANGE OF INTERACTION, NOT ONLY WITH THE INSTRUCTOR BUT ALSO WITH OTHER LEARNERS.  TYPES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION SYNCHRONOU BLENDED (MIX ASYNCHRONOUS S (SAME TIME- OF TIME AND (DIFFERENT TIME- DIFFERENT LOCATION) DIFFERENT LOCATION) LOCATION)  DISTANCE LEARNING LITERACY DISTANCE LEARNING HAS BECOME THE POPULAR TERM TO DESCRIBE LEARNING VIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS. TELECOMMUNICATIONS EMBRACES A VARIETY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA CONFIGURATIONS, INCLUDING AUDIO, VIDEO, AND COMPUTER-BASED RESOURCES.  GREEK ROOT WORD TELE, WHICH MEANS “AT A DISTANCE” OR “FAR OFF”; THAT IS, THEY ARE SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATING OVER A DISTANCE.  DESMOND KEEGAN (1980) IDENTIFIED KEY ELEMENTS OF A FORMAL DEFINITION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION: PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF LEARNERS FROM THE TEACHER ORGANIZED INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY  INSTRUCTIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM MUST PERFORM CERTAIN FUNCTIONS TO BE EFFECTIVE: INFORMATION PRESENTATION. TEACHER PRESENTATION AND DEMONSTRATION  PRINTED TEXT AND ILLUSTRATIONS (E.G., TEXTBOOKS, HANDOUTS, CORRESPONDENCE, STUDY MATERIALS) LIVE OR RECORDED VOICE, MUSIC, AND OTHER SOUNDS FULL-MOTION IMAGES (VIDEO, CD, DVD)  PRACTICE WITH FEEDBACK. QUESTION-AND-ANSWER ACTIVITIES (CARRIED OUT DURING OR AFTER THE LESSON) DISCUSSION ACTIVITIES (DURING THE CLASS OR AS HOMEWORK)  TESTING STRUCTURED GROUP ACTIVITIES (E.G. ROLE PLAYING OR GAMES) GROUP PROJECTS PEER TUTORING  ACCESS TO LEARNING RESOURCES. PRINTED MATERIALS (E.G., TEXTBOOKS, SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS, WORKSHEETS) AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS (E.G., CDS, DVDS, ONLINE RESOURCES)  COMPUTER DATABASES (E.G., FOR ONLINE SEARCHES) KITS (E.G. FOR LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OR TO EXAMINE SPECIMENS OF REAL OBJECTS) LIBRARY MATERIALS (E.G., ORIGINAL SOURCE DOCUMENTS)  CLASSROOM IS NOW A SERIES OF “ROOMS” CONNECTED ELECTRONICALLY. THE TEACHER’S ROLE MAY SHIFT TO THAT OF FACILITATOR OF THE LEARNING RATHER THAN DIRECTLY LEADING THE CLASS. THE TEACHER MUST ALSO KEEP A WATCHFUL EYE ON THE CLASS TO BE SURE NO ONE IS FALLING BEHIND.  TYPES OF DISTANCE LEARNING RESOURCES AUDIO TECHNOLOGY AUDIO HAS A RICH HISTORY OF FACILITATING INSTRUCTION AT A DISTANCE. RADIO WAS ONE OF THE FIRST TECHNOLOGIES USED TO DELIVER EDUCATION REMOTELY. THERE ARE STILL INSTRUCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIO OFTEN IN RURAL AREAS. FOR  AUDIO TELECONFERENCE—A LIVE, INTERACTIVE CONVERSATION USING TELEPHONE LINES, SATELLITES, OR THE INTERNET—CONNECTS PEOPLE AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.  THE BIGGEST DISADVANTAGE OF AUDIO TECHNOLOGY IS THE LACK OF VISUAL INFORMATION. AUDIO CAN BE SUPPLEMENTED BY PROVIDING VISUAL INFORMATION SUCH AS HANDOUTS OR A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION SENT BY FAX (FACSIMILE) OR EMAIL OR WITH A COURSE MANAGEMENT TOOL SUCH AS VIDEO TECHNOLOGY THREE MAJOR TYPES OF VIDEO TECHNOLOGIES: STREAMED VIDEO, TELEVISION, AND CD/DVD.  STREAMED VIDEO. DELIVERED VIA THE INTERNET TO COMPUTERS, STREAMED VIDEO CAN BE VIEWED ON INDIVIDUAL COMPUTERS OR THROUGH A DIGITAL PROJECTOR CONNECTED TO A COMPUTER FOR THE WHOLE CLASS TO WATCH. UNITED STREAMING THROUGH DISCOVERY EDUCATION AND LEARN360 ARE BOTH SOURCES FOR HUNDREDS OF TITLES IN ALL CONTENT AREAS AND GRADE LEVELS.  TELEVISION. STUDENTS CAN ENGAGE IN INDEPENDENT LEARNING BY VIEWING PROGRAMS ON SUCH CHANNELS AS DISCOVERY OR THE HISTORY CHANNEL. WE USE THE TERM ONE-WAY TELEVISION TO REFER TO TELEVISION DELIVERY SYSTEMS THAT TRANSMIT PROGRAMS TO STUDENTS WITHOUT AN INTERACTIVE CONNECTION TO THE TEACHER. VIRTUALLY ALL TELEVISION DELIVERY CAN BE CONVERTED INTO A TWO-WAY TELEVISION COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BY USING A DEVICE FOR SENDING AUDIO FEEDBACK TO THE PRESENTER. TALKBACK CAPABILITY CAN BE ADDED BY MEANS OF A TELEPHONE FOR CALLING THE ORIGINATING CLASSROOM. SOME INTERACTIVE TELEVISION SYSTEMS USE COMPRESSED VIDEO, WHICH REMOVES REDUNDANT VIDEO INFORMATION, FOR DISTRIBUTION. VIDEO INFORMATION APPEARS “JERKY,” IT IS MUCH LESS EXPENSIVE TO DELIVER THAN FULL- MOTION VIDEO. COMPRESSED VIDEO IS ALSO USED FOR COMPUTER DESKTOP VIDEO.  CD/DVD. VIDEO CAN BE STORED ON CD AND DVD DISCS THAT CAN BE PURCHASED BY INDIVIDUAL SCHOOLS OR BORROWED FROM A CONSORTIUM COLLECTION FOR A PERIOD OF TIME. VIDEO CAN ALSO BE RENTED. VIDEO ON CD OR DVD CAN BE VIEWED ON INDIVIDUAL COMPUTERS OR DISPLAYED FOR DVD CAN ALSO BE VIEWED ON A DVD PLAYER CONNECTED TO A TELEVISION OR MONITOR FOR WHOLE-CLASS VIEWING.  ONLINE TECHNOLOGY ONLINE LEARNING (ALSO CALLED ELECTRONIC LEARNING, OR E- LEARNING) IS INSTRUCTION DELIVERED ELECTRONICALLY USING COMPUTER-BASED MEDIA. MATERIALS ARE OFTEN ACCESSED THROUGH A NETWORK, INCLUDING WEBSITES, THE INTERNET, AND  E-LEARNING INVOLVES NOT JUST ACCESSING INFORMATION (E.G., LOCATING WEBPAGES) BUT ALSO ASSISTING LEARNERS WITH SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (E.G., MEETING OBJECTIVES). STUDENTS HAVE ACCESS TO EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS LOCATED BEYOND THE WALLS OF  TEACHERS AND THEIR STUDENTS CAN ALSO ACCESS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS TO ENRICH THEIR STUDY. STUDENTS CAN ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE BECAUSE ONLINE LEARNING PROVIDES AN INTERACTIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT.  STUDENTS CAN HYPERLINK DIGITAL INFORMATION TO THEIR PAPERS AND PROJECTS, MAKING THEM “LIVING” DOCUMENTS CONNECTED TO OTHER SEGMENTS OF THEIR WORK OR TO ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS OR VISUAL RESOURCES. COMPUTERS HAVE THE ABILITY TO DELIVER INFORMATION IN ANY MEDIUM (INCLUDING TEXT, VIDEO, AND AUDIO RECORDINGS OF  STUDENTS ARE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE INSTANTLY WITH TEXT, PICTURE, VOICE, DATA, AND TWO- WAY AUDIO/VIDEO. THE RESULTING INTERACTIONS ARE CHANGING THE ROLES OF  TEACHERS CAN NOW BE SEPARATED GEOGRAPHICALLY FROM THEIR STUDENTS, AND STUDENTS CAN LEARN FROM OTHER STUDENTS IN CLASSROOMS ALL OVER THE WORLD. E-LEARNING IS COMBINED WITH LIVE FACE-TO- FACE INSTRUCTION AND CALLED BLENDED INSTRUCTION, OR HYBRID INSTRUCTION. TEACHING AT A DISTANCE TEACHERS HAVE LEARNED THAT IT INVOLVES MORE THAN SIMPLY TAKING AN EXISTING LESSON AND “DOING IT,” USING AUDIO, TELEVISION, OR THE COMPUTER. THERE ARE MANY ASPECTS THAT NEED TO  TEACHER NEEDS TO ORGANIZE AND SEQUENCE CONTENT AS IT RELATES TO OUTCOMES, KNOW WHAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE, WHAT EXPERIENCES STUDENTS HAVE HAD WITH THE SYSTEM BEING USED, AND WHAT THEY NEED TO DO TO ENSURE QUALITY LEARNING EXPERIENCES.  TEACHER MAY NEED TO CHANGE PARTICULAR TYPES OF HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES OR MAKE SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MATERIALS TO BE SENT TO THE CLASSROOM SITE.  TEACHER, OFTEN WORKING CLOSELY WITH THE SCHOOL LIBRARY MEDIA SPECIALIST, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT ALL STUDENTS HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO THE MATERIALS ESSENTIAL FOR LEARNING.  EXAMPLES OF MEDIA USED IN DISTANCE EDUCATION Audio Video Text Audio Television Bulletin board teleconference posting Podcasting Vidcasting Correspondenc e (email/mail) Audio Online video Blog/Wiki recordings (tape or  CRITICAL ISSUES ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRONIC LEARNING INCLUDE SECURITY, MONITORING STUDENT USE, ACCEPTABLE USE POLICIES, AND NETIQUETTE.  SECURITY. STUDENTS SHOULD BE INSTRUCTED NOT TO GIVE OUT INFORMATION SUCH AS THEIR PHONE NUMBERS, ADDRESSES, OR OTHER PERSONAL INFORMATION OVER THE INTERNET. YOU MUST HAVE PARENTAL PERMISSION TO POST CHILDREN’S PHOTOS AND WRITTEN WORK, SUCH AS ESSAYS, POEMS, AND ARTISTIC CREATIONS, ON THE WEB.  MONITORING STUDENT USE. TEACHERS AND PARENTS MUST MONITOR STUDENTS’ INTERNET USE TO ENSURE THAT THEIR BEHAVIOR IS APPROPRIATE AND TO DISCOURAGE THEM FROM EXPLORING INAPPROPRIATE MATERIAL EITHER DELIBERATELY OR ACCIDENTALLY. THE AMOUNT AND LEVEL OF MONITORING IS OFTEN BASED ON THE AGE OF THE STUDENTS—YOUNGER STUDENTS SOFTWARE CAN ASSIST WITH MONITORING STUDENT ACCESS TO INFORMATION. FOR EXAMPLE, SNAPTURE SOFTWARE ALLOWS THE TEACHER TO PREVENT STUDENTS FROM GOING TO SITES THAT ARE “OFF LIMITS.” SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES ARE REQUIRED TO HAVE AN INTERNET FILTERING SYSTEM INSTALLED ON THEIR NETWORKS. SOFTWARE SUCH AS NETNANNY OR CONTENT BARRIER IS AVAILABLE FOR HOME USE TO PROHIBIT ACCESS TO TOPICS SPECIFIED BY A PARENT.  ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY. ACCEPTABLE USE POLICIES (AUPS) HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED BY MOST SCHOOLS. NETIQUETTE. THERE ARE INFORMAL RULES FOR APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR ON THE INTERNET. NETIQUETTE’S APPLY TO EMAIL, TEXTING, AND TO OTHER  KEEP YOUR MESSAGE SHORT AND SIMPLE. IDENTIFY YOURSELF AS THE SENDER SOMEWHERE IN THE COMMUNICATION. DOUBLE CHECK THE ADDRESS OR URL BEFORE SENDING A MESSAGE. WHEN REPLYING TO A MESSAGE, INCLUDE THE PERTINENT PORTIONS OF THE ORIGINAL MESSAGE.  DON’T WRITE ANYTHING YOU WOULD NOT WANT SOMEBODY OTHER THAN THE RECEIVER TO READ. CHECK SPELLING, GRAMMAR, AND PUNCTUATION. USE LOWERCASE LETTERS EXCEPT FOR PROPER NAMES AND BEGINNINGS OF SENTENCES.  BE SENSITIVE TO OTHERS. DON’T USE SARCASM. BE CAREFUL WITH HUMOR. YOU CAN USE EMOTICONS OR “EMAIL BODY LANGUAGE” SUCH AS ;) FOR A WINK OR :( FOR A FROWN, BUT THIS TYPE OF HUMOR DOESN’T COMMUNICATE AS  COOPERATE AND SHARE. CAREFULLY CONSIDER COPYRIGHT. BE ALERT FOR OBSCENITY. ADVANTAGES OF USING DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM VARIETY OF MEDIA. UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION.  IDEA EXCHANGE. CONVENIENT COMMUNICATION. INTERACTIVE. EXTRA/ADVANCED RESOURCES. REMEDIATION/COURSE RECOVERY. LIMITATIONS OF USING DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE CLASSROOM INAPPROPRIATE MATERIAL. Copyright.  FINDING INFORMATION. SUPPORT. LACK OF QUALITY CONTROL. COST.  INTIMIDATION. LIMITED EXPERIENCE USING THE SYSTEMS.  INTEGRATION VIRTUAL PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ISSUES CREDENTIALS OF THE INSTITUTION OFFERING THE DEGREE QUALITY AND RIGOR OF THE COURSES COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ONLINE COURSES, SUCH AS EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS, ONLINE CHARGES,  CONNECTING WITH EMAIL. ONE GROWING USE OF ELECTRONIC LEARNING AT THE PK–12 LEVEL PROMOTES WRITING SKILLS BY CONNECTING STUDENTS WITH “ELECTRONIC PEN PALS” OR “KEY PALS.” INTEGRATING WEBQUESTS. A WEBQUEST IS AN INQUIRY-ORIENTED SIMULATION ACTIVITY DESIGNED WITH SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES IN MIND IN WHICH SOME OR ALL OF THE INFORMATION THAT STUDENTS PROCESS OF GATHERING INFORMATION FOR WEBQUEST 1. INTRODUCTION 2. Task 3. Process 4. Sources 5. Conclusion WEBQUESTS CAN BE APPLIED TO MANY TYPES OF LESSONS AND INFORMATION SOURCES: MONITORING CURRENT EVENTS FOR SOCIAL STUDIES SCIENCE ACTIVITIES SUCH AS TRACKING WEATHER AND STUDYING SPACE PROBES TO OTHER PLANETS (E.G., NASA AT WWW.NASA.GOV)  DATABASES OF INFORMATION AND LINKS FOR EXPOSITORY WRITING ASSIGNMENTS MATHEMATICS PUZZLES, WHICH REQUIRE LOGICAL THINKING DISCUSSION GROUPS WITH ONLINE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS AND INFORMATION JOB BANKS AND RESUME SERVICES FOR PRACTICE IN JOB-SEEKING ACTIVITIES  CONNECTING WITH COMPUTER CONFERENCING. CONNECTING WITH PARENTS. CONNECTING WITH OTHER TEACHERS. CONNECTING WITH COMMUNITIES. INTRANET CONNECTIONS.  NETWORKS YOU CONNECT COMPUTERS IN WAYS THAT ENABLE PEOPLE TO COMMUNICATE AND SHARE INFORMATION, YOU HAVE A NETWORK. NETWORKS CONNECT SCHOOLS, HOMES, LIBRARIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND BUSINESSES.  TYPES OF NETWORKS LAN. THE SIMPLEST OF ALL NETWORKS IS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN), WHICH CONNECTS COMPUTERS WITHIN A LIMITED AREA, NORMALLY A CLASSROOM, BUILDING, OR LABORATORY.  WAN. NETWORKS THAT EXTEND BEYOND THE WALLS OF A ROOM OR BUILDING ARE CALLED WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WANS). INTRANET. A SPECIAL TYPE OF NETWORK CALLED AN INTRANET IS USED INTERNALLY BY A SCHOOL OR ORGANIZATION. A SOFTWARE PACKAGE CALLED A FIREWALL PREVENTS EXTERNAL USERS FROM ACCESSING THE INTERNAL NETWORK, WHILE ALLOWING INTERNAL USERS TO ACCESS EXTERNAL NETWORKS  INTERNET. THE INTERNET IS A WORLDWIDE SYSTEM FOR LINKING SMALLER COMPUTER NETWORKS TOGETHER. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP) SUCH AS COMCAST OR ANY OF THE MANY LOCAL OR COMMUNITY ISPS. MANY SCHOOLS PROVIDE INTERNET ACCOUNTS TO TEACHERS  INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) LINES PROVIDE SPEEDS UP TO FIVE TIMES THAT OF REGULAR PHONE LINES. A DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL) PROVIDES EVEN FASTER ACCESS—UP TO 30 TIMES THAT OF A STANDARD PHONE LINE. TV CABLE COMPANIES ALSO OFFER HIGH SPEED SERVICE THROUGH A CABLE MODEM.  MANY EDUCATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS NETWORKS ARE DEVELOPING CONNECTIONS TO THE INTERNET CALLED GATEWAYS OR PORTALS, DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO MANY INTERNET SERVICES Intra Firewa Inter net ll net TO FIND INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET YOU MUST USE SEARCH ENGINES, PROGRAMS THAT IDENTIFY WEBSITES CONTAINING USER-ENTERED KEYWORDS OR PHRASES  THE WORLD WIDE WEB THE WORLD WIDE WEB (THE WEB) IS A NETWORK OF NETWORKS THAT ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS, VIEW, AND MAINTAIN DOCUMENTS THAT CAN INCLUDE TEXT, DATA, SOUND, AND VIDEO. THE WEB PROTOCOL HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) ENSURES COMPATIBILITY BEFORE TRANSFERRING INFORMATION  Internet Service Provider Stude nts University LAN Government LAN Organization LAN Corporate LAN School LAN  EACH INDIVIDUAL COLLECTION OF PAGES IS CALLED A WEBSITE, WHICH USERS ACCESS BY ENTERING ITS ADDRESS OR UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) INTO A BROWSER. THE URL INCORPORATES THE NAME OF THE HOST COMPUTER (SERVER), THE DOMAIN, THE DIRECTORY ON THE SERVER, AND THE TITLE OF THE WEBPAGE  A POPULAR RESOURCE IN ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING, IS COURSE MANAGEMENT TOOL (CMT), A SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO MAKE IT EASIER FOR THE TEACHER TO USE THE RESOURCES THAT ARE PART OF THE SYSTEM, SUCH AS THE DISCUSSION BOARD, TEST OPTIONS, AND GRADE BOOK. WHEN USING A CMT PROGRAM SUCH AS BLACKBOARD OR MOODLE, THE TEACHER CAN CONCENTRATE ON THE INSTRUCTION AND NOT  AUGMENTED REALITY AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) HAS BEEN AVAILABLE FOR SOME TIME IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS TO BLEND VIRTUAL DATA— DOCUMENTS, MEDIA, LIVE ACTION—WITH THE REAL WORLD TO ENHANCE THE INFORMATION WE PERCEIVE WITH OUR SENSES. AR CAN NOW COMBINE REAL-  COPYRIGHT CONCERNS ALL MATERIAL ON THE INTERNET IS COPYRIGHTED UNLESS STATED. SHOULD NOT FORWARD ANY EMAIL WITHOUT PERMISSION.  MATERIALS SHOULD ONLY BE USED FOR: ONGOING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITY MATERIAL ASSISTANCE IN THE TEACHING OF CONTENT LIMITED TO STUDENTS OFFICIALLY ENROLLED INFORMS STUDENTS THAT MATERIALS USED MAY BE SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION TIME LIMIT ON USE