Livestock & Poultry Breeds Notes PDF

LIVESTOCK & POULTRY BREEDS {{Preparatory Notes for Competitive Examinations in Veterinary & Animal Sciences – viz., ICAR AIEEA - JRF/SRF/Pg/PhD or VO/VAS/PSC/ARS/Civil Services etc.,}} Compiled & Edited...

LIVESTOCK & POULTRY BREEDS {{Preparatory Notes for Competitive Examinations in Veterinary & Animal Sciences – viz., ICAR AIEEA - JRF/SRF/Pg/PhD or VO/VAS/PSC/ARS/Civil Services etc.,}} Compiled & Edited by Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI B.V.Sc. (Gold Medalist), M.V.Sc. (Gold Medalist), Contact: +91 7989487841 & [email protected] / [email protected] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Breed: A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features, size, configuration etc. are said to be a breed (or) Group of animals having a Common Origin and possessing certain well-fixed and distinctive characteristics which are not common to other members of the same species and these characteristics are uniformly transmitted to their offspring’s generation after generation. Eg: Cattle- Holstein-Friesian, Sindhi, Sahiwal Etc., Buffalo- Murrah, Nagpuri, NiliRavi Etc., Goat- Saanen, Jamunapari, Black Bengal Etc. NBAGR: National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources – Nodal agency for breed registration in India (Karnal). Total registered indigenous breeds of livestock & Poultry in India are 212 i.e., 53 for cattle, 20 for buffalo, 37 for goat, 44 for sheep, 7 for horses & ponies, 9 for camel, 13 for pig, 3 for donkey, 3 for dog, 1 for yak, 19 for chicken, 2 for duck and 1 for geese (as on 05.12.2022) TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION of LIVESTOCK SPECIES Taxon Cattle & Buffalo, Sheep & Goat, Pig, Horse Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia (Milk) Order Ungulata (Hoofed Mammals) Sub-order Artiodactyla (Even-toed – C, B, S, G, P), Perissodactyla (odd toed - Equine) Family Bovidae (Hollow -Horned- C, B, S, G), Suidae (Pigs), Equidae (Horse) Genus Bos (Cattle), Bubalus (Buffalo), Ovis (Sheep), Capra (Goat), Sus (Pig), Equus (Horse & Donkey) Species Bos taurus (European cattle – without hump) Bos indicus (Indian cattle - humped) Bubalus bubalis (Indian riverine/water buffaloes) Ovis aries (Sheep) Capra hircus (Goat) Sus scrofa (European wild pigs) Sus domesticus (Domestic pigs) Equus caballus (Horse) Equus asinus (Donkey) POULTRY: Taxon Fowl Turkey Guinea fowl Quail Duck Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Galliformes Anseriformes Family Phasianidae Numididae Phasianidae Anatidae Sub-family Phasianinae Meleagridinae - Perdicinae Anatinae Genus Gallus Meleagris Numida Coturnix Anas gallus (Jungle fowl), coturnix (common) Species gallopavo meleagris plathyrhynchos domesticus (domestic) japonica (Japanese) Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  List of Registered INDIAN Breeds of Livestock & Poultry ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (NBAGR) is the nodal agency for the registration of newly identified germplasm of livestock and poultry of the country. Total number of indigenous breeds now in the country is 212, which include 53 for Cattle, 3 of Dog. 19 for Chicken, 20 for Buffalo, 9 for Camel, 2 for Duck, 37 for Goat, 13 for Pig, 1 for Geese 44 for Sheep, 3 for Donkey, 7 for Horses &Ponies, 1 for Yak, REGISTERED BREEDS OF CATTLE: 53 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Ongole Andhra Pradesh 2. Punganur 3. Lakhimi Assam 4. Bachaur Bihar 5. Purnea 6. Kosali Chhattisgarh 7. Shweta Kapila Goa 8. Dagri Gujarat 9. Kankrej Gujarat and Rajasthan 10. Gir Gujarat 11. Belahi Haryana and Chandigarh 12. Hariana Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan 13. Himachali Pahari Himachal Pradesh 14. Ladakhi Jammu and Kashmir 15. Amritmahal 16. Hallikar Karnataka 17. Krishna Valley 18. Malnad Gidda 19. Vechur Kerala 20. Malvi Madhya Pradesh 21. Nimari 22. Red Kandhari Maharashtra 23. Kathani 24. Konkan Kapila Maharashtra and Goa 25. Deoni Maharashtra and Karnataka 26. Khillar Maharashtra and Karnataka 27. Dangi Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh 28. Gaolao Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh 29. Masilum Meghalaya 30. Thutho Nagaland 31. Red Sindhi Pakistan – India (On organized farms only) 32. Ghumusari 33. Binjharpuri Orissa 34. Khariar 35. Motu Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh 36. Sahiwal Punjab and Rajasthan 37. Nagori 38. Rathi Rajasthan 39. Tharparkar 40. Sanchori Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) 41. Nari Rajasthan and Gujarat 42. Mewati Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh 43. Siri Sikkim and West Bengal 44. Bargur 45. Kangayam Tamil Nadu 46. Umblachery 47. Pulikulam 48. PodaThurpu Telangana 49. Kherigarh Uttar Pradesh 50. Ponwar 51. Gangatiri Uttar Pradesh and Bihar 52. Kenkatha Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh 53. Badri Uttarakhand REGISTERED BREEDS OF BUFFALO: 20 Sl. No Breed Home Tract 1. Luit (Swamp) Assam and Manipur 2. Chhattisgarhi Chhattisgarh 3. Mehsana 4. Surti Gujarat 5. Banni 6. Jaffarabadi 7. Murrah Haryana, Delhi, Punjab, UP 8. Dharwadi Karnataka 9. Marathwadi 10. Nagpuri Maharashtra 11. Pandharpuri 12. Purnathadi 13. Kalahandi 14. Manda Odisha / Orissa 15. Chilika 16. Nili Ravi Punjab 17. Gojri Punjab and Himachal Pradesh 18. Bargur Tamil Nadu 19. Toda 20. Bhadawari Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh REGISTERED BREEDS OF GOAT: 37 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Teressa Andaman & Nicobar 2. Assam Hill Assam and Meghalaya 3. Gohilwadi 4. Kutchi 5. Mehsana Gujarat 6. Surti 7. Zalawadi 8. Kahmi 9. Chegu Himachal Pradesh 10. Gaddi Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  11. Changthangi Jammu and Kashmir 12. Bhakarwali 13. Bidri Karnataka 14. Nandidurga 15. Attapady Kerala 16. Malabari 17. Osmanabadi 18. Sangamneri Maharashtra 19. Konkan Kanyal 20. Berari 21. Sumi-Ne Nagaland 22. Ganjam Orissa 23. Beetal Punjab 24. Jakhrana 25. Marwari 26. Sojat Rajasthan 27. Karauli 28. Gujari 29. Sirohi Rajasthan and Gujarat 30. Kodi Adu 31. Salem Black Tamil Nadu 32. KanniAdu 33. Jamunapari Uttar Pradesh 34. Rohilkhandi 35. Barbari Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan 36. Pantja Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh 37. Black Bengal West Bengal REGISTERED BREEDS OF SHEEP: 44 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Nellore Andhra Pradesh 2. Deccani Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra 3. Tibetan Arunachal Pradesh 4. Shahbadi Bihar 5. Patanwadi Gujarat 6. Panchali 7. Gaddi Himachal Pradesh 8. Rampur Bushair 9. Bhakarwal 10. Gurez 11. Karnah Jammu and Kashmir 12. Poonchi 13. Changthangi 14. Chottnagpuri Jharkhand 15. Bellary 16. Hassan Karnataka 17. Kenguri 18. Mandya 19. Kendrapada 20. Balangir Odisha / Orissa 21. Ganjam Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) 22. Kajali Punjab 23. Chokla 24. Jaisalmeri 25. Magra 26. Malpura Rajasthan 27. Nali 28. Pugal 29. Sonadi 30. Marwari Rajasthan and Gujarat 31. Bonpala Sikkim 32. Coimbatore 33. Kilakarsal 34. Madras Red 35. Mecheri 36. Nilgiri Tamil Nadu 37. Ramnad White 38. Tiruchi Black 39. Vembur 40. Katchaikatty Black 41. Chevaadu 42. Jalauni Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh 43. Muzzaffarnagri Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand 44. Garole West Bengal REGISTERED BREEDS OF HORSES & PONIES: 7 S.NO. Breed Home Tract 1. Bhutia Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh 2. Kathiawari Gujarat 3. Manipuri Manipur 4. Marwari Rajasthan 5. Spiti Himachal Pradesh 6. Zanskari Jammu and Kashmir 7. Kachchhi-Sindhi Gujarat and Rajasthan Registered Breeds of Camel: 9 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Kharai Gujarat 2. Kutchi 3. Malvi Madhya Pradesh 4. Bikaneri 5. Jaisalmeri 6. Jalori Rajasthan 7. Marwari 8. Mewari 9. Mewati Rajasthan and Haryana Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  REGISTERED BREEDS OF DOGS: 3 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Rajapalayam Tamil Nadu 2. Chippiparai 3. Mudhol Hound Karnataka REGISTERED BREEDS OF PIG: 13 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Nicobari Andaman & Nicobar 2. Doom Assam 3. Purnea Bihar and Jharkhand 4. Agonda Goan Goa 5. Banda Jharkhand 6. Manipuri black Manipur 7. Niang Megha Meghalaya 8. Wak chambil 9. Zovawk Mizoram 10. Tenyi Vo Nagaland 11. Mali Tripura 12. Ghurrah Uttar Pradesh 13. Ghoongroo West Bengal REGISTERED BREEDS OF DONKEY: 3 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Spiti Himachal Pradesh 2. Halari Gujarat 3. Kachchhi REGISTERED BREEDS OF YAK: 1 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Arunachali Arunachal Pradesh REGISTERED BREEDS OF CHICKEN: 19 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Nicobari Andaman & Nicobar 2. Danki Andhra Pradesh 3. Kalasthi 4. Ghagus Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka 5. Daothigir Assam 6. Miri 7. Aseel Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh 8. Ankaleshwar Gujarat 9. Busra Gujarat and Maharashtra 10. Kashmir Favorolla Jammu and Kashmir 11. Tellichery Kerala 12. Kadaknath Madhya Pradesh 13. Kaunayen Manipur 14. Chittagong Meghalaya and Tripura 15. Hansli Odisha 16. Punjab Brown Punjab and Haryana 17. Mewari Rajasthan 18. Uttara Uttarakhand 19. Harringhata Black West Bengal Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  REGISTERED BREEDS OF DUCK: 2 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Pati Assam 2. Maithili Bihar REGISTERED BREEDS OF GEESE: 1 S.No. Breed Home Tract 1. Kashmir Anz Jammu & Kashmir SALIENT FEATURES OF SOME OF THE REGISTERED BREEDS CATTLE BREEDS: The genus Bos, is classified into Bos indicus (Tropical, humped cattle) and Bos taurus (temperate, hump-less cattle) The Bos taurus is again divided into three subgroups: o Bos primigenins – Strong horns, narrow fore head. Example-Ayrshire, Short-horn, HF, Red Poll. o Bos longifrons – Broad and dished fore head. Example - Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss. o Bos brachycephalus – Short and broad head. Example - Canadian, Hereford, Kerry. Classification of Indian / Indigenous Cattle breeds: On The Basis of Utility On The Basis of Type / Phenotype Classification based on UTILITY: 1. Dairy/Milch breeds (1500 to 2200 lit./lactation): Cows are good milk producers, but bullocks are of poor draught quality. Ex. Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir 2. Draught breeds: Cows produce little milk; Bullocks are good draught animals. Ex. Hallikar, Amritmahal, Khillari, Kangayam, Siri, Vechur 3. Dual purpose/General utility breeds (1100 to 1700 lit./lactation): Cows fairly good milkers, Bullocks provide good draught power. Ex. Tharparkar, Hariana, Ongole, Kankrej, Deoni a. Dual purpose breeds are of two types i. Short horned, white or light grey cattle with long coffin shaped skull and face, slightly convex in profile Eg: Nimari, Dangi, Hariana, Mewati, Rathi,Ongole, Gaolao, ii. Lyre –horned, grey cattle, deep bodied with wide forehead, prominent orbital arches, flat or dished in profile and good draught capacity. Eg: Tharparkar, Kankrej Classification Of Zebu Cattle Breeds Based on PHENOTYPE: GROUP I: Broad faced lyre horned (having two symmetrical curved horns run between the base). Grey- white colored flat or dished forehead. Found in western India. Eg: Kankrej, Kherigarh, Malvi, Tharparkar, Kenkatha etc. GROUP II: White or grey colored. Coffin shaped skull and orbital arches. Eg: Hariana, Mewati, Ongole, Nagori, Bachaur, Rathi, Gaolo, Krishna valley etc. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) GROUP III: Heavily built with lateral and even curled horns. Dewlap and sheath are pendulous. Usually spotted either red or white. Eg: Gir, Sahiwal, Red sindhi, Deoni, Dangi, Nimari, Red Kandhari etc. GROUP IV (Mysore type): Medium sized but compact. Powerful quarters and tight sheaths. Pointed long horns emerged from the top of the poll in upward and backward direction. Eg: Amritmahal, Hallikar, Kangayam, Khillari, Bargur etc. GROUP V: Found in hilly tracts of northern India. Small, black, red or colored often with large patches and white markings. Eg: Siri, Ponwar etc. Some important Points to be remembered: ✓ SAHIWAL (Lambi Bar, Lola ((loose skin i.e., hanging dewlap), Montgomery, Multani & Teli) - Best Dairy Breed of Zebu Cattle in the world. ✓ RED SINDHI (Malir (Baluchistan), Red Karachi & Sindhi) - Distinct red colour and darker than Sahiwal. ✓ GIR (Bhodali, Desan, Gujarati, Kathiawari, Sorthi, And Surati) – Gujarat –Half Moon shaped horns - Droopy/hanging/pendulous/curled leaf like Ears with notch at the tip - Sleepy eyes with sunken eye balls. ✓ DEONI (Surti, Dongarpati, Dongri, Wannera, Waghyd/ Shevera, Balankya &, Devani/ Dongarapatti/ cattle of Bombay) - Karnataka, Maharashtra. ✓ THARPARKAR (White Sindhi, Grey Sindhi, Thari) - Handsome cattle breed of India. ✓ RATHI – Rajasthan - Originated from the mixture of Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar and Dhanni breeds apparently with a preponderance of Sahiwal blood. ✓ AMRITMAHAL (Doddadana, Jawari dana, Number dana) – Karnataka - Famous draught breed known for its power and endurance. ✓ KANKREJ (Wadad / Waged, Vagadia, Talabda, Nagar, Bonnai) – Gujarat - Lyre shaped horns - Sawai Chal gait (1¼ paces =Royal Stride) - Heaviest Breed of Cattle in India. ✓ ONGOLE (Nellore) - Andhra Pradesh - Padakateeru (Glossy White Coat) - Males have Dark Grey Markings (7 Blacks) on Head, Neck & Hump, Knees & Pasterns, Black Muzzle & Black Eye-lashes - Short & Stumpy horns - Majestic Gait, Large Fan Shaped & Fleshy Dewlap serrated with smooth flowing folds instead of narrow constrictions. ✓ DANGI (Kandadi) – Gujarat - adapted to Heavy Rainfall, Rice Fields & Hilly Tracts - skin exudes an Oily Secretion which protects from heavy rain. ✓ GAOLAO (Arvi, Gaulgani) - MP & Maharashtra - Almond shaped eyes placed at an angle - fast trotting type breed suitable for quick transportation in hilly areas. ✓ BACHAUR (Bhutia) - Bihar – Draught purpose – thrives well on poor fodder resources. ✓ BADRI (Pahadi) - First certified cattle breed of Uttarakhand - Milk and draught. ✓ BOVINE GLADIATORS – JALLIKATTU – TN - Bargur, Kangayam, Pulikulam, Umblachery, Tiruchengondu ✓ BARGUR (Semmarai) – TN - evolved from Hallikar * Red country cows - Reared in the forest area and are penned in enclosures called PATTYS (Each with 50 to 200 heads of cattle) ✓ PULIKULAM (Palingu Maadu, Mani Maadu, Jallikattu Maadu, Mattu Maadu, Kilakattu Maadu, Kilaka) - used for penning in the fields - KIDAI MADU - Reddish or brownish points at muzzle, eyes, switch, hooves and back is characteristic, popularly known as “SENTHARAI” - Fore head is broad with central groove. ✓ KANGAYAM (Kanganad, Kongu) - Horns are Crescent shaped with Cobra Hood appearance. ✓ UMBLACHERY (Jathimadu, Mottaimadhu, Molaimadhu, Southern, Tanjore, Therkuthimadhu) - White Markings (star) on face, limbs and tail. All legs below hocks have white socks or as stockings & white hooves. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  ✓ BELAHI (Morni, Desi) – Haryana - Sickle shaped horns. ✓ HALLIKAR (Mysore) – Karnataka - Best Draught Breed of Southern India. ✓ KHILLAR (Mandeshi, Shikari, Thillar) - Karnataka & Maharashtra - Originated from Hallikar or Amritmahal. – Long sweeping pointed horns. ✓ HARIANA (Hansi) - Prominent first-class Dual-Purpose Breed of North India. ✓ LADAKHI – J & K - Milk has high fat percentage (5%) - used for producing butter and Churpi (cheese) - Well adapted to high altitude, extreme cold climatic and hypoxic conditions. ✓ MALNAD GIDDA (Gidda, Uradana =Village Cow, Varshagandhi=One Calf Every Year) – Karnataka - Dwarf ✓ MALVI (Mahadeo Puri, Manthani) – MP - Lyre Shaped Horns with Horizontally held Ears. ✓ NAGORI – Rajasthan - Narrow Face like that of a Horse. ✓ NIMARI (Khargaon, Khargoni, Khurgoni) – MP - Originated from Crossing of Gir and Khillari - Brownish Red (Copper) & White, giving Spotted Appearance (Chitkabri) - Copper or Amber Coloured Muzzle. ✓ PONWAR (Purnea) - Uttar Pradesh – Draught - Horns are Long Upstanding. ✓ PUNGANUR - Andhra Pradesh (Chittoor) - Milk has a High Fat i.e., 8% - Short to Medium sized, Crescent Shaped Horns – Dwarf & Extensively Hanging Dewlap - One of the World’s Smallest Humped Breeds of Cattle. ✓ RED KANDHARI (Lakhalbunda) – Maharashtra - uniform deep dark red, dull red to almost brown - Black Ring Around Hoofs & eyes. ✓ SIRI (Trahbum) - WB, Darjeeling & Sikkim - Colour pattern similar to that of HF, Cervico - Thoracic type of Hump covered with a Tuft of Hair. ✓ VECHUR – Kerala - Milk & Manure - Smallest humped Cattle Breed in the World. ✓ KASARGOD – Kerala – Draught - Worlds Second smallest cattle breed. ✓ HIMACHALI PAHARI – HP - Protein in the Milk is Good for Diabetes & also in Fighting other Diseases. ✓ MALAI MADU – TN - Best for Rekla Race and Jallikattu. ✓ PODA THURPU – Telangana – Draught Purposes. ✓ NARI – Rajasthan – Dual purpose - Spirally Curved Horns. ✓ THUTHO/ THO-THO (Ashucho, Ameshi, Sheapi, Chokru, Tseso) – Nagaland - MEAT, Milk, Dung, Draught. ✓ SHWETA – KAPILA – Goa ✓ PURNEA – Bihar. EXOTIC BREEDS OF CATTLE: Milch breeds Beef breeds Dual purpose breeds Ayrshire, HF, Jersey, Hereford, Short horn, Polled short Red Polled, Devon, Milking short Guernsey, Red Dane, Brown horn, Galloway, Aberdeen Angus, horn, Short horned, Long horned, Swiss, Dexter, Dutch Belted Brahman, Beef master, Charolais Welsh black, Red Dane HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN (HF): Holland / Netherlands - World’s heaviest dairy cattle breed - World’s highest milk & lowest fat % yielding breed - perform well in coastal and delta areas of India. JERSEY: Island of Jersey in Great Britain - Smallest of European breeds - Commonly Fawn-colored with Double Dished Face - more heat tolerant than the larger breeds - Used for crossbreeding of ND cattle in hilly and heavy rainfall areas. BROWN SWISS: Switzerland - Second Heaviest Breed after HF - Highest milk lactose content (5%). Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  AYRSHIRE: Scotland - Reddish spots over white color - Most Beautiful of The Dairy Cattle Breeds. GUERNSEY: British Island of Guernsey - Golden in Color with White / Brown Spots & white patches - Golden Yellow coloured Milk due to beta-Carotene. Milk Production = HF > BS > Ayrshire > Guernsey > Jersey > RD BUFFALO BREEDS: Bubalus bubalis; Swamp buffalo: 2n=48 & Riverine buffalo: 2n=50; Cattle: 2n=60. Classification: Region wise: Murrah Uttar Gujarat Central Indian South Indian Group Pradesh Nagpuri, Pandhapuri, Murrah, Surti, Banni, Bhadawari, Sambalpuri, Manda, Toda, South canara, Bargur, Kundi, Nili- Jaffarabadi, Tarai Kalahandi, Jerangi, Dharwadi ravi, Godavari Mehsana Marathwadi, Chilika Utility classification: Superior milch breeds – AMY = >1500kg - Eg: Murrah, NiliRavi, Surti, Mehsana Average Milch breeds – AMY = 500-1000kg - Eg: Jaffarabadi, Nagpuri, Bhadawari Draught breeds – AMY = 11% (6-12.8%)) - Colour of Legs is like Wheat Straw - Two white lines "Chevron" locally called as Kanthy are present on the Lower side of the Neck – Ghee Bowl of India. ❖ NAGPURI (Eltchpuri, Barari, Berari, Gaorani, Puranthadi, Varhadi, Ellichpuri, Gaolavi, Arvi, Gaolaogan, Gangauri, Shahi, Chanda) – Maharashtra - Black Coloured Animals with White Patches - 4 strains: Purnathadi, Ellichpuri, Gaulani, Nagpuri - Sword shaped horns nearly to Shoulders - Depending upon the degree of white patches on the forehead and nasal portion these animals are locally called as “Ardh-Chandri, Chandri, Gal-Bhondi and Kapal-Bhondi”. ❖ PANDHARPURI (Dharwari) – Maharashtra - Very Long horns beyond Shoulder Blade, Sometimes to Pin Bones. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  ❖ MARATHWADI (Ellichpuri, Dudhana Thadi) – Maharashtra - Horns are Parallel to the Neck, reaching up to Shoulder but Never beyond Shoulder blade - Length of Horns Differentiate these buffaloes from Pandharpuri buffaloes. ❖ TODA – Tamilnadu - Nilgiri - Cresent Shaped Horns in Semicircle - Thick hair coat all over the body – gregarious - Two Chevron markings - one just around the Jowl and the other anterior to the Brisket - Milk Is Sweet Flavoured – Swamp type. ❖ GODAVARI - Andhra Pradesh - Grading up of Local Non-descript Buffaloes with Murrah Breed - bowl-shaped udder. ❖ GOJRI - Punjab & HP - Medium horns curved to form a Big Loop (Pattih Wale Seengh) - Tick- resistant Buffalo Breed. ❖ CHILIKA – Odisha - The Milk and Curd have Better Taste and Preservation Quality - The Curd from Milk of Chilika buffalo can be Preserved for 5-7 Days at Room Temperature. ❖ SOUTH KANARA – Karnataka - Used in The Local Buffalo Races Called “Kambala race”. ❖ DHARWARI (Dharwadi, Holesal, Mundargi) - Northern Karnataka - Closely Resembles Pandharpuri Breed - Strong Herding Instinct - Milk is used for preparation of famous Dharwad Peda with GI tag. SHEEP BREEDS: Ovis aries Classification: Exotic & Indigenous breeds. Indigenous breeds Exotic breeds 1. Based on Agroclimatic zones 1. Based on Utility 2. Based on Utility 3. Based on Morphology I. Based on Agro-Climatic/Ecological Regions: *(AW)=Apparel wool; (CW)=Carpet wool; (MCW)=Mutton and Carpet wool; (M)=Mutton 1. Northern Temperate region - most important for fine quality wool production in the country. 2. North-western, Central Arid and Semi-arid region - 2nd largest population of sheep of the four regions. Wool produced is mostly suited for manufacturing carpets, pelts and blankets. 3. Southern peninsular region - This region has the largest population of the country i.e., 51.4% of the total. Most sheep in this region are maintained primarily for meat, except the Nilgiri sheep (Wool). 4. Eastern region: In this region, sheep breeds are Prolific. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) II. Based on utility: 1. Wool purpose breeds: They produce good quality and quantity of wool. These sheep are mainly seen in Australia, Spain, and Russia etc. Few examples are Rambouillet, Soviet Merino etc. Indian breeds are Gaddi, Gurez and Karnah from HP. 2. Meat purpose breeds: These breeds of sheep produce good quality and quantity of meat. There are fast growing breeds and gain more body weight in short time. The examples of Indigenous breeds are Malpura, Sonadi, Macheri, Ramnad, Vembur etc. and examples of Exotic breeds are Rambouillet, Dorset horn, and South Down. 3. Dual purpose breeds (Both meat and wool): These breeds produce fairly more quantities of meat and wool as compared to native breeds. Few examples of Indian breeds are Deccani, Hassan, Nali, Coimbatore, Ganjam etc. These breeds are acclimatized to their areas of a country. India has produced many varieties of cross breed sheep suitable for different climates such as Kashmiri Merino, Avikalin, Avivastra and Bharath Merino etc. Based on Utility, Indian breeds of sheep can be classified into the following: - a) Apparel wool breeds: Hissardale, Nilgiri, Kashmir Merino, Avivastra, Bharat Merino. These are crossbreds of native sheep with exotic fine wool/dual-purpose/mutton breeds. b) Superior carpet wool breeds: Chokla, Nali, Magra, Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Patanwadi, Tibetan, Bonpala, Gaddi, Rampur Bushair, Poonchi, Karnah, Gurez, Changthangi, Avikalin. c) Coarse carpet wool breeds: Malpura, Sonadi, Muzaffaranagari, Jalauni, Deccani, Bellary, Coimbatore, Chhotanagpuri, Balangiri, Ganjam, Bhakarwal, Shahabadi d) Hairy meat breeds: Nellore, Mandya, Hassan, Mecheri, Kilakarsal, Vembur, Ramnad White, Madras Red, Tiruchi Black, Kenguri. These sheep are maintained primarily for meat almost in the whole of Southern Peninsular region. The wool produced is very coarse, hairy and coloured; below 36s quality; and suitable only for extremely rough carpets, barrack blankets and kamblies. e) Meat, Wool, Milk: Sonadi III. Based on Morphology: Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) Some important points to remember:  GUREZ - Largest of Kashmir breeds.  CHANGTHANGI – High altitude sheep - tolerates hypoxia.  CHOKLA /Chapper and Shekhawati, Raata munda - Finest wool among all Rajasthan breeds – Best carpet wool breed.  MAGRA – Most lustrous wool breed.  HISSARDALE - medium fine wool breed, through crossing Australian Merino rams with Bikaneri (Magra) ewes; the exotic inheritance is stabilized at about 75%.  MALPURA/Malpuri – Rajasthan - Excellent mutton breed of north western semiarid region of India.  MUZZAFARNAGRI /Bulandshahri - Heaviest and largest sheep breeds of India.  NALI /Desi - Rajasthan, Haryana - Wool is yellow (March) to Golden brown in color (September).  SONADI / Desi, Laapdi, Bhagli - Triple purpose breed.  KAJALI / Kali (Black) Kajali, Chitti (White) Kajali – Punjab - for mutton production  MANDYA (Bannur or Bandur) – Karnataka - Unique in mutton quality, Compact body with a typical reverse U-shape conformation from the rear – Best mutton sheep breed.  MECHERI/Mailylambadi, Thuvaramchambali, Kannivadi - Tamil Nadu. The Skin is of the finest quality among all the sheep breeds in India and is highly priced.  NELLORE - Andhra Pradesh, Hair type meat breed of the south India. Tallest sheep breed of India. 3 strains – Jodipi (White & Black), Palla (White), Dora (Brown). Goat like sheep.  GAROLE/Meda, Bheda (West Bengal), KENDRAPADA / Kuji mendha(Orissa)- Highly Prolific (FecB Gene)  AVIVASTRA - Rambouillet X Chokla &  AVIKALIN - Rambouillet X Malpura Nali  BHARAT MERINO - Rambouillet & Merino X Chokla & Nali  Few examples of breeds seen in Karnataka include Bannur, Deccani, Hassan, Bellary, Chitradurga, Kenguri etc EXOTIC SHEEP BREEDS: ✓ Merino & Rambouillet – Spain – Fine wool breed ✓ Corriedale – New Zealand – Mutton & Medium wool ✓ Dorset & Suffolk – England – Meat type ✓ Karakul – Central Asia - Pelt breed. ✓ Boorola - New Zealand- Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene on chromosome 6 - high ovulation rate & litter size. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) GOAT BREEDS: Capra hircus (2n=60) Classification based on BODY WEIGHT & SIZE: 1. Large Size: Jamunapari, Beetal, Jakhrana, Sirohi 2. Medium Size: Marwari, Kutcha, Surti, Barbari, Mehsana, Gohilwadi, Kannaiadu, Malabari, Sangamneri, Ganjam, Osmanabadi, Chegu, Changthangi 3. Small Size: Black Bengal Classification based on UTILITY: Classification based on REGION: ❖ The goats of Temperate Himalayan region (where the rain fall is scanty) grow fibres of good quality and finest undercoat called ‘Cashmere’ or ‘Pashmina’. ❖ All the milk breeds are found in the Northwestern region of the country ❖ Southern and Western (Central) regions mainly possess dual-purpose breeds (milk and meat). ❖ The highly prolific meat breeds are found in Eastern region. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) Some important points to remember: ✓ CHEGU is a cashmere “pashmina” producing goat of H.P. ✓ CHANGTHANGI - “Pashmina” producing goat of J & K ✓ GADDI/ “White Himalayan goat” ✓ BARBARI or Guinea Goat - U.P & Rajasthan ✓ JAMUNAPARI or Etawah / “Pari” - UP & M. P. - White coat, long pendulous ears, large and developed udder - highly convex Roman nose line with a tuft of hair, yielding a parrot mouth appearance - Most Handsome and Majestic / elegant Indian breed - Best dairy goat in India - Largest and Tallest of the long-legged goats of India. ✓ MARWARI – Rajasthan - Triple purpose – Meat, Milk, Hair ✓ SURTI – Gujarat ✓ TELLICHERRY / Thalassery / Malabari – Kerala ✓ KANNI AADU - Tallest goat breeds found in Tamilnadu. ✓ BIDRI – Karnataka ✓ NANDIDURGA – Karnataka ✓ BLACK BENGAL - Small, dwarf breed - Most prolific among the Indian breeds - famous for excellent chevon and Morocco leather production - Its skin is in great demand for high quality shoe- making. ✓ SUMI-NE / Apu-Asu-Ne / Nagaland Long Haired goat – Nagaland ✓ TERESSA / Pookore - First indigenous goat breed from A & N islands - Meat purpose - Peculiar white patch/line on face. EXOTIC BREEDS of GOAT: Dairy Meat Fibre Alpine, Nubian, Saanen, Boer, Genemaster, Pygmy, Toggengerg, LaMancha, Angora, Cashmere, Pygora Savanna, Texmaster, Spanish Oberhasil ▪ ANGLO-NUBIAN: Africa - Jersey of goat breeds. ▪ SAANEN: Switzerland - Queen of Dairy Goats - world’s best and highest milk-producing breed - HF of Goat World. ▪ TOGGENBURGER or TOGGENBURG – Switzerland - Oldest known dairy breed- Two white stripes on its face - Badger face. ▪ BOER – Meat - South Africa * ANGORA – Turkey - For Meat, Mohair - Sheep like goat. PIG BREEDS: Sus domesticus (domestic pigs) & S. scrofa (European wild pigs) EXOTIC PIG BREEDS: Classification based on UTILITY: Lard type Bacon type Duroc Jersey, Poland China, Chester white, Tamworth, Yorkshire Hampshire Berkshire Classification based on COLOR: 1. White breeds Yorkshire, Chester white, Landrace 2. Black with some white breeds Berkshire, Hampshire, Poland China, Saddle back 3. Black with white breeds Spots 4. Red or coloured breeds: Duroc, Tamworth 5. Red with white breeds Hereford 6. Black breeds The large black Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) Some points to remember:  BERKSHIRE: England - Black color, six white tips (one at end of each leg and one each on snout, tail - short snout, characteristic upturned nose, small prick & erect ears - Oldest English breed of Swine.  POLAND CHINA: USA - long head and Droopy ears - Black with 6 white spots on body due to introduction of Berkshire blood.  HAMPSHIRE: USA - Black body with a white saddle/Belt in the front and includes both front legs and feet – Erect ears  WESSEX SADDLE BACK: England - Ears are loppy - Head, neck, hind quarters, hind legs and tail are black but there is white saddle covering shoulders and forelegs.  TAMWORTH: England - Golden red in color - Face is slender, ending in a long fine snout - Ears carried Erect, horizontally and forward.  DUROC: America - slightly concave head - Body coat is red brown, gold to dark red - Droopy horizontal Ears - Outcome of blending Jersey Reds and Durocs of New York.  LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE: England - Large body, long snout - Ears are big triangular, erect - Entirely White in colour with black pigment spots called “Freckles” - Known as “The Mother Breed” - Extensively used 4 crossbreeding.  MIDDLE WHITE YORKSHIRE: England - Face is upturned and dished - Excellent pork pig.  CHESTER WHITE: USA - white hair and skin - medium breed with all good qualities - Droopy Ears - Mother Type breed.  HEREFORD: USA - Dwarf breeds – Red colored with white head including ears, feet, underline, switch of tail.  SPOTS: USA - Meat Type - Droopy Ears - Half white & Half black clearly defined spots - First known as the Spotted Poland China.  LANDRACE: Denmark - Mother type breed - Heavy lop/ droopy Ears - white skin – pork type breed  LARGE BLACK: England - Distinctive all black colouring - Lop ears and a long deep body - excellent mothering ability  MEISHAN: China - Wrinkled face and skin - One of the most prolific breeds of pig in the world.  PIETRAIN: Belgium - Meat Type - Gray Spots - Erect Ears - Heavy Muscling. NATIVE / INDIGENOUS SWINE BREEDS Origin/Breeding No. Name Characteristic features tract Pork and manure - Black - Bulldog face - Upwardly 1. GHOONGROO West Bengal curved snout - Large heart shaped ears NIANG Pork & bristle - erect bristles on dorsal midline & small 2. Meghalaya MEGHA erect ears AGONDA Black - short snout and rough bristles – used for sausage 3. Goa GOAN making Potbellied pigs (Pendulous belly) - White stocking, white 4. TENYI VO Nagaland marking on the forehead & ventral body - Small erect ears Andaman & Marked bristle crest (mane) on the back extending from 5. NICOBARI Nicobar mid head/shoulder to base of the tail - fast runner Black - Short concave snout - long bristles extending up to 6. DOOM Assam thoraco-lumbar area Black - white spot on forehead, belly and white boots - 7. ZOVAWK Mizoram Erect ear 8. GHURRAH Uttar Pradesh Black - short leaf shaped vertically erected ears 9. MALI Tripura Black - pot belly - Short erect ears perpendicular to body Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  Bihar and Round face; short conical and erect ears - thick line of 10. PURNEA Jharkhand bristle is present on topline from neck to shoulders GHORI - North-Eastern ANKAMALI - Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Others region Maharashtra states HORSE: Equus caballus Indian breeds of horses: No. Breed Location Purpose Characteristics features Rewal chal or single foot gait, 1 Kathiawari Gujarat Pace & Speed Dorsal stripping of brown colour along spine Longer & taller than Kathiawari 2 Marwari Rajasthan Pace & Speed horses Adapt to changing environ. 3 Bhutia Himalayan Ranges Hill purpose conditions Speed, Polo & 4 Manipuri Manipur Ears are alert and Almond shaped sports Pace & Pack 5 Spiti Himachal Pradesh Very comfortable fifth gait animals Adapt better to higher altitudes & - 6 Zanskari Jammu & Kashmir Hill purpose 4°C Kachchhi- Gujarat & 7 Desert Horse Roman nose & ‘Rewal chal’ gait. Sindhi Rajasthan FAO registered breeds: Deccani / Bhimtadi (Maharashtra), Sikang (Tibet and Himachal Pradesh), Chummarti (very similar to Spiti horse - Tibet and Himachal Pradesh). EXOTIC BREEDS OF EQUINES: Thoroughbreds: Developed in England - A horse breed best known for its use in horse racing. Arabian - Originated on the Arabian Peninsula. Distinctive head shape - Dished face and high tail carriage. Akhal-Teke – Turkey - Shiny coat - "Golden Horses" - One of the oldest existing horse breeds. Andalusian - Pure Spanish Horse - Long, thick manes and tails. Appaloosa - American horse breed - Best known for its colourful spotted coat pattern. Pony: Shorter than 14.2 hands in Height (58 inches, 147 cm). Pony breeds: Welsh or welsh mountain pony, Connemara (largest of pony breeds), Miniature horse, The Highland Pony, Dartmoor ponies, The Exmoor, The Fell pony. Breeds of DONKEY: Equus asinus 1. HALARI – Gujarat 2. KACHCHHI – Gujarat 3. SPITI – Himachal Pradesh Breeds of CAMEL: Camelus dromedarius (One humped) & C. bactrianus (Two humped) No. Breed Origin Characters Reddish brown coat colour, Symmetrical body, slightly dome shaped head and a characteristic well marked depression above 1. Bikaneri Rajasthan the eyes. Black hair on eyes, ears and throat. Such animals are locally known as "Jheepras" and have a greater demand in the market. for riding and race, light brown colour, lightly built, and 2. Jaisalmeri Rajasthan comparatively lean and thin in appearance. Short hairs on the body. No hair on eyebrows, eyelids and ears. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  mixture of Marwari and Jaisalmeri. Comparatively smaller than 3. Jalori Rajasthan Marwari. Good quick draught animals and transport animals. adapted to the harsh climate, and salty and marshy land of this 4. Kutchi Gujrat region very light or off- white colour. small body size and is probably 5. Malvi Madhya Pradesh the smallest of all India breeds. Clearly dark brown. Animals are of short stature and light in 6. Marwari Rajasthan weight. developed to suit the hot climate of hilly areas infested with 7. Mewari Rajasthan honeybees. stouter and a little shorter than Bikaneri. milch and baggage type breed Rajasthan & hard footed and slightly shorter in stature than the Bikaneri. 8. Mewati Haryana Used for Riding, Baggage, Draught. used in draught purpose, transportation, Border Security, Police services, tourism. Excellent Swimming capacity in sea water. 9. Kharai Gujarat Well adapted to both dry land as well as costal ecosystems in Kachchh MITHUN: Bos frontalis: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland GAUR - Bos gaurus YAK - Bos grunniens – Arunachali breed. POULTRY BREEDS Jungle fowls are the ancestors of the present-day poultry breeds. The four species are as follows: 1. Gallus gallus - Red Jungle Fowl 3. Gallus sonneratii - Grey Jungle Fowl 2. Gallus lafayetti - Ceylon Jungle Fowl 4. Gallus varius – Javan/Green Jungle Fowl Gallus domesticus (domesticated fowl): Breed: A breed refers to a group of domestic fowls with a common ancestry, and having similarity in shape, conformation, growth, temperament, shell colour of egg and breeds true to type (or) An established group of birds within a class possessing a distinctive common shape, size and conformation which are true to the type. Eg: Leghorn, Rhode Island red, Australorp, Aseel. Etc. Class: It is a group of breeds which have been developed in certain regions or geographical areas. Eg: American, English, Mediterranean, Asiatic etc. Variety: Varieties represent a sub-division of a breed, distinguished either by plumage colour, feather patterns or comb type Eg: Comb type – Single / rose comb, brown leghorn, barred / white / buffed plymouth rock etc; Feather patterns – pencilled, laced, barred, striped, spangled, stippled. Strain: Within a variety, another sub-group may be developed by a breeder with a specific desired characteristic is called “Strain” Ex: Layer – Babcock 300, Hyline-WS 36, Bovans. Broiler – Ross, Vencobb, Hybro. Classification of CHICKEN BREEDS: Based on Origin - I: Character Indigenous/Indian breeds Exotic breeds Growth Slow Rapid Feathers on legs Present Absent Eggs Brown shelled White / brown Nature Active and clear Less active Broodiness & Mothering instinct High Low Egg production Poor Good Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds) Based on Origin - II: 1. Asiatic - Brahma, Langshan, Cochin 6. Oriental - Malays, Yokohama, Sumatra, 2. American - Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Cubalayas Wyandotte 7. French, South American (or) Latin American - 3. Mediterranean - Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona Araucana 4. English - Orpington, Sussex, Cornish 8. African: Negro, Jago 5. Continental - Houdans, Hamburg, Polish, 9. Miscellaneous - Bantams Campines -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Based on UTILITY (Type): 1. Egg-type - White Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona. 5. Fancy or Exhibition type - Silky, Frizzled, 2. Meat-type - Cornish, Plymouth Rock, Brahma. Bantam 3. Dual purpose - RIR, New Hampshire, 6. Desi type - Aseel, Kadaknath, Naked neck, Australorp, Busra 4. Game type - Aseel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Based on COMMERCIAL VALUE: Common EGG-TYPE chicken (strains of Single comb White Leghorn) : Babcock, Bovans, BV-300, Dekalb, ISA, Euribrid, HH-260, Hyline, Keystone, Lohmann and H & N Nick chick. Common MEAT-TYPE hybrid chicken (hybrids with White and / or Red Cornish as male line White Plymouth Rock and/or New Hampshire / Australorp as the female line) : Anak-2000, Arbor Acres, Avian-34, Cobb, Hub chicks, Hubbard, Hybro, Ross, Steggles, Lohmann, Pilch, Starbro, Marshall, Peterson, Samrat-2000 and Tegel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Characteristics of different classes of Poultry: S.No. Characteristic American English Mediterranean Asiatic 1. Body size Medium Medium Light Heavy * 2. Purpose Dual Dual Egg Meat 3. Shell color Brown Brown White Brown 4. Ear lobe color Red Red White Red 5. Skin color Yellow White Yellow Yellow Feathers on 6. No No No Yes* shank Cornish, Sussex RIR Leghorn, Minorca, Australorp Brahma New Hampshire Ancona 7. Breeds Orpington Cochin Plymouth Rock Andalusian, Catalana Dorking, Langshan Wyandotte,RIW Sicilian Buttercup Redcap Points to remember: White Leg Horn – Best/Popular layer breed - World’s number one egg producer. Cornish – Best broiler breed Minorca - Largest and heaviest breed in Mediterranean class Broiler breeding: White and / or Red Cornish as male line & White Plymouth Rock and/or New Hampshire / Australorp as the female line Feathered shanks - Characteristic feature of Asiatic class Rhode Island Red (RIR)- Popular dual-purpose breed, are cross of Red Malay Game, Leghorn and Asiatic native stock New Hampshire developed from RIR. “Austro-white” is a hybrid cross between Australorp male and White Leghorn female. It is an excellent layer. Brahma are from Brahmaputra region in India where they were known as "Gray Chittagongs". Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  INDIAN/ INDIGENOUS/NATIVE CHICKEN BREEDS: 19 Salient features: ❖ Aseel – tall, heavy leg bones, cock fighting, pea comb. ❖ Chittagong (malay)- used in the breed development of RIR & Cornish ❖ Dumasil – less broody among native breeds ❖ Kadaknath – jet black in colour (melanin), intense black colouration of internal organs, black coloured meat ❖ Nicobari – highest egg producer among native breeds (140-150 annual production), short legged chicken ❖ Kashmiri favorella – feathered cap on head ❖ Uttara – feathered shank BREEDS OF DUCK: Anas platyrhynchos 1. Meat type: Aylesbury (England), Muscovy (South America), Pekin* (China), Rouen (France) 2. Egg type: Khaki Campbell* (England), Indian runner (Indonesia) 3. Ornamental type: Call (Netherlands), Crested white (East Indies & Europe), Black east India (USA) Indian Duck breeds: 1. PATI – Assam 2. MAITHILI - Bihar Breeds of GEESE: Anser anser - KASHMIR ANZ - Jammu & Kashmir Guinea Fowl: Numida meleagris - 3 important varieties: Lavender, Pearl and White Quail: Coturnix coturnix (Common quail), Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) Turkey: Meleagris gallopavo: 8 Varieties - Broad-breasted Bronze, White Holland, Beltsville Small White, Bourbon Red, Narragansett, Slate, Black, and Royal Palm. Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)  DIPLOID CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF LIVESTOCK & POULTRY 2n Sl. Common Name Genus and Species Chromosome No. Number 1 Cat Felis catus 38 2 Pig Sus scrofa 38 3 Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 44 4 Human Homo sapiens 46 5 Swamp buffalo Bubalus bubalis (swamp type) 48 6 River buffalo Bubalus bubalis (riverine type) 50 7 African or Cape buffalo Syncerus caffer 52 8 Sheep Ovis aries 54 9 Goat Capra hircus 60 10 Donkey Equus asinus 62 11 Horse Equus caballus 64 12 Cattle Bos taurus, Bos indicus 60 13 Camel Camilus bactrianus & C. dromedaries 74 14 Dog Canis familiaris 78 15 Guinea fowl Numida meleagris 74 16 Chicken Gallus domesticus 78 17 Japanese quail Coturnix japonica 78 18 Domestic duck Anas platyrhyncha 80 19 Muscovy duck Cairina moschata 80 20 Goose Anser anser 80 21 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 80 22 Ostrich Struthio camelus 80 23 Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae 80 24 Pigeon Columbia livia 80 Compiled & Edited by Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI B.V.Sc. (Gold Medalist), M.V.Sc. (Gold Medalist), Contact: +91 7989487841 & [email protected] / [email protected] Owner @ VETY EXAM ASPIRANTS (TELEGRAM group - https://t.me/vety_exam_aspirants https://t.me/joinchat/Gmb76hZrKdbwsTIMqadZsw) VETYPEDIA (INSTAGRAM) - https://instagram.com/vetypedia?igshid=u4c61r7i10xo ALL THE VERY BEST TO THE PEOPLE READING THIS NOTES…… Dr. SRIKANTH VALLABHANENI (Livestock & Poultry Breeds)