Introduction to Livestock and Poultry PDF

Unit I Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Eloiza May S. Galon, PhD ZOTC50 Assistant Professor, CVMBS Animal Domestication  Animal Domestication The dogs were first domesticated by humans Followed by sheep then goats (standard animals of the nom...

Unit I Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Eloiza May S. Galon, PhD ZOTC50 Assistant Professor, CVMBS Animal Domestication  Animal Domestication The dogs were first domesticated by humans Followed by sheep then goats (standard animals of the nomadic pastoralists )  Animal Domestication Cattle and pigs followed later (associated with settled communities).  Animal Domestication Then, domestication Species name ( of Date animals continued. Location Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Between 30,000 and 7,000 Europe, East Asia and Africa BC Sheep (Ovis orientalis aries) Between 11,000 and 9,000 Southwest Asia BC Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) 8,500 BC Iran Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) 8,300 BC Near East, China and Germany Cow (Bos primigenius taurus) 8,000 BC India, Middle East and North Africa Cat (Felis catus) 7,500 BC Near East and Cyprus Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) 8,000 BC India Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) 5,000 BC Peru  Animal Domestication Species Date Location Donkey (Equus africanus asinus) 5,000 BC Egypt Domesticated duck (Anas platyrhynchos 4,000 BC China domesticus) Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 4,000 BC India and China Horse (Equus ferus caballus) 4,000 BC Eurasian Steppes, Arabia Llama (Lama glama) 3,500 BC Peru Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) 3,500 BC India and South East Goose (Anser anser domesticus) 3,000 BC Egypt Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) Unknown South America Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) Unknown Africa Domesticated turkey (Meleagris 500 BC Mexico gallopavo) Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) 1,100-1,900 Japan IMPORTANCE OF ANIMALS TO MANKIND Since the ancient days, animals were already used by my man: - as food - for clothing (fiber and leather) - fuel (animal dung) - draft power (soil tillage, transportation, etc.) These modern days, animals are used in business to produce high quality protein (meat, milk and eggs), fiber, and other animal products for human consumption.  WHY STUDY ANIMALS? To fully benefit from them, we should have understanding on the factors that influence their existence and survival and capability to reproduce and grow. This leads to the development of appropriate technologies, management practices, and interventions to be applied in animal production, making it efficient and profitable. ANIMAL SCIENCE VS ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Animal Science Animal Husbandry  It is the study of the  Also known as biology and management zootechnics. of higher animals.  It refers to the breeding,  It aims to discover, spread feeding, care and and apply new knowledge management practices about the lives of different for food purposes as domestic animals and how they are to be well as for making profit. managed in an efficient,  Animal science and humane, and economics are usually environmentally manner in integrated. order to benefit humanity.  Goals of Animal Science and Animal Husbandry Development of animal disease control Efficient reproduction Genetic innovation Nutritional efficiency Product quality Conducive environment  Contribution of Livestock and Poultry to Agricultural Development Source of good Draft power or quality protein work animals Food reserve or Manure security Equity Capital Risk reduction accumulation Gross domestic Value added product Export earnings  Source of good quality protein Eggs Beef Pork Chevon Lamb Chicken meat Game meat Milk  Food reserve or security Goat Sheep Pigs Chicken Ducks Turkey  Capital accumulation Livestock as living bank of reserve capital, e.g. raising pigs serves as a means of saving money or “alkansiya”.  Value added Conversion of farm or industrial wastes and household refusal into high value products.  Export earnings Source of foreign exchange when domestic production exceeds domestic demand.  Draft power or work animals Oxen Horses Carabaos Cattle Mule Camel  Manure Serves as nutrients to plants Source of fuel Can be used as building materials  Equity Animals could serve as equity, e.g. in bank.  Risk reduction Price fluctuations in crops can be abated by livestock sales. With animals, there will be greater income stability.  Gross domestic product Food economy  CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANIMALS TO HUMAN SOCIETY Food Eggs Blood Meat Fat Milk Edible slaughter by-products Body Coverings Wool Leather, pelts, hides Hair, fur, feathers Work Draft and other labor Transportation Source: McDowell, 1991, and Turman, 1986  CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANIMALS TO HUMAN SOCIETY Body Wastes Fuel Construction material Fertilizer Animal feed Other Uses Buffer for fluctuating Income grain supplies Recreation and sport Storage of capital Soil fertility Pest and weed control Storage of food enhancement Companionship and Biomedical research Prestige service models Religion and other Pet foods and treats Contributions to the cultural needs Conservation economy Slaughter by-products Source: McDowell, 1991, and Turman, 1986 CAREERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE and HUSBANDRY  Feed Milling Industry Product sales and promotion Plant manager/ supervisor Nutritionist Feed quality inspector Feed dealer/ distributor  Pharmaceuticals/ Veterinary Drugs and Supplies Industry Product sales and promotion Laboratory technicians Product testing aides Quality assurance inspector  Abattoir Operation Operations manager/ supervisor Meat fabricator Meat inspector Sanitation inspector  Food/Meat Processing Operations manager/ supervisor Food testing aides Quality assurance inspector Sanitation inspector  Dairy Processing Plant operation manager/ supervisor Product research and development Product processing Promotion and sales  Lending Investment, Financing and Insurance Loans Feasibility study Property insurance  Consultancy Farm consultant - Planning - Risk assessment  Teaching Academic Training and extension agents  Extension Work Extension worker or field technician of a particular institution or agency e.g. SCUs, bank, cooperative, feed mill, etc.  Research Research supervisor, research assistant, technology validation and promotion  Livestock and Poultry Farm Operations Farm manager/supervisor, farm technician, animal caretaker, farm accounting and bookkeeping, product marketing, etc.  Other Related Fields Mass communication (journals/newspapers; photography; advertisements) Auction markets Import and export industry  Important Factors Necessary in Animal Management  Motivation of the persons involved  Level of knowledge and skills  Housing (localization/site, lay-out, materials, construction)  Climate (macroclimate, microclimate)  Genetics (breeds, strains, crosses, and breeding)  Health management (biosecurity, disease treatment, and control)  Product technology (milk, eggs, meat, manure, etc.).  General management (feeding, breeding, etc.).  Constraints to Improving Animal Production in Developing Countries Ecological factors – Land topography, soil fertility, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity Biological factors – Feed and water supply, animal diseases, genotype Socio-economic factors – Supply and demand relationship, inputs-outputs, prices, religion, culture and tradition, politics