Español general - Unidad 1

# Español general Unidad 1 | Lenguaje y comunicación ## EL LENGUAJE Lenguaje is the human capacity to communicate with others through oral or written signs. We can understand it as the ability to establish communication through signs. In this way, language presents many different manifestation...

# Español general Unidad 1 | Lenguaje y comunicación ## EL LENGUAJE Lenguaje is the human capacity to communicate with others through oral or written signs. We can understand it as the ability to establish communication through signs. In this way, language presents many different manifestations in the different communities existing on our planet. These manifestations are what we know as languages or idioms, such as Spanish, English, French, or German. Language is an abstract category with which communication of information is designed through different mediums. Language uses signs that convey meaning. ## ORIGEN Y FUNCIONES DEL LENGUAJE Investigations into the origin and simplest forms of language have encountered tremendous difficulties. Studies have arrived at conclusions and plausible and suggestive conjectures, but they leave unresolved the enigma of the forms of language of primitive man. It is probable that the speech of some current tribes in a primitive state or the rudimentary infantile speech can provide some data of coincidence or linguistic phenomena parallel to the primitive forms of language. But more or less reasonable speculations can only be accepted as hypotheses. A. Genesis of the Bible considers language as a divine donation. God called the light "day" and darkness "night" ... Man appears knowing how to speak and naming animals... There was a universal language that disappeared by divine intervention, causing confusion of languages in the incident of the Tower of Babel. The Bible does not do linguistics, it is only interested in simply explaining the divine origin of man and the universe. B. Some people think that at the beginning exclamations or sequences of sounds, more or less articulated were uttered, which expressed states of mind. Gradually they would associate with familiar objects (nouns) and frequent actions (verbs). The evolution from the first exclamations to verbs and nouns may have taken man as many centuries as the sum of days that pass from the time a child is born until he speaks normally. C. Another theory talks about how humans started imitating the sounds of nature. Some sounds would be related to animal cries. Others were learned from birdsong. There's an ancient Egyptian papyrus preserved with this expression: "I speak with the voice of birds". This theory, excessively poetic, summarizes itself in an onomatopoeic origin of language. D. The mechanistic theory puts a mimetic origin to language. Man would begin to express himself with his hands and gestures, eventually replacing them with oral gestures. However, the path was long and difficult. Similar and parallel to the evolution from hominids to the present Homo sapiens. ## FUNCIONES DEL LENGUAJE ### Función expresiva This function is expressed when the speaker manifests his emotions and feelings, even the most personal and intimate. It is characterized by the use of interjections, turns of phrase and exclamatory intonations that show the sensibility through sorrow, joy, enthusiasm, fear, surprise, pain, admiration, etc. In this function the speaker communicates something about himself and we also find it implemented in animal communication since many animals are capable of expressing different states and reactions of their sensibility in various ways. ### Función apelativa Also known as active or conative. It is used when the speaker wants to capture the listener's attention and provoke a response. The speaker conveys his will to act on another person: * Calling their attention: “Look!” * Directing their behavior: "No parking." * Exhorting: "Let’s produce more food." * Pleading: “Go on... get up please.” * Ordering or commanding: “Take me to the bank”. Sometimes the expression can be persuasive or like an invitation, but properly it intends a tone and an imperative language. It occurs in animal communication when they want to get attention. The language of command and the authoritarian often use this type of expression. Advertising language uses the appellative function but softened, appearing to be to give information but trying to convince. ### Función discursiva Also called representative or referential. This is the main function of language because it is the one that communicates wider messages. It acts to make statements or ask for objective information. It is a function especially human because we collect or provide objective information by affirming, denying or asking. Man uses language to express his thoughts and knowledge when applying this function. The sender and receiver’s attention focuses on content of the message because it represents ideas and concepts. A clear example of the discursive or representative function of language is found in mathematical and scientific language because a definition represents a concept: "Rectangle is a quadrilateral." ### Función de contacto o fática This function of language aims to maintain the communicative contact between the sender and the receiver. Between speaker and listener a continuous flow of simple words is established to indicate that the communication stays open. Examples are: “Yes”, “uh huh”, “OK”, “well”, “of course”, “right”, “correct”, "naturally", “sure”, “hmm”, etc. The perfect functioning of the communication channel needs to be checked from time to time throughout the transmission. That is why these expressions are more frequent during a phone conversation than when you’re face to face. It is like saying to the interlocutor: “Yes, I’m listening to you. I understand you. I'm here listening to you. The communication channel is working well. The message is being received correctly”, etc. This function occurs among animals to maintain contact between the members of the species or the herd. ### Función metalingüística This function is used to talk about language itself. Often we talk about language itself when wanting to expand knowledge by asking about the meaning of a word. Or, in short, language is used to talk about language itself. In this communication the message refers to the same code that is being used. ### Función estética o poética This function of language is used when the sender, with the way of using words and building a message, reveals an aesthetic vision and tries to induce enjoyment or artistic emotion in the listener or reader. In this function the receiver’s attention, as the sender’s intention, focuses on the material and formal aspects of the message. This function is not only found in literature but also, with the same vitality and frequency, in everyday language. Popular expressions created and preserved by the community, by the collective speaker, express this function: * “Time is money”. “Time flies”. Also in proverbs and sayings: * "Genius and figure until the grave”. “The early bird catches the worm.” This same attitude can be seen in folk poetry, such as ballads, songs and romances. But in general, when we speak and write, for various reasons, we are inclined to choose words, sentences and phrases that seem better or more appropriate. ## SINOPSIS Language is the human capacity to communicate with others through oral or written signs. To know why there are so many languages has also implied a mystery because the cause of the existence of various linguistic systems is unknown. However, there is a science that studies everything related to language: Linguistics, and it has grouped languages considering genetics, that is, considering the languages that come from a common root. In this way, they can be classified into: Indo-European, Hamitic and Semitic, Sino-Tibetan, Black-African and American. Following the idea that language is a uniquely human ability, we can say that it allows man to have an identity, be part of a particular culture and society, derive a language that facilitates interaction with members of his surroundings and share common signs with them to understand each other, whether written or spoken. Language is used to communicate a reality (whether affirmative, negative or possibility), a desire, an admiration, or to ask a question or give an order. Depending on how we use the different sentences that express those realities, will be the function that language performs. ## ACTIVIDADES 1. Identify the functions of language in the following examples: * What does **"substitute**" mean? - According to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, "Said of a substance that, having properties similar to those of another, can replace it.” * I carried the whole night on my back of Atlas. - The stars sang for me. * PARIS, FRANCE (AFP) - For a long time scientists assumed that dinosaurs were cold-blooded reptiles, but a Spanish study published this Wednesday suggests the opposite. Just as the rings of trees, the bones of some animals... * Please get out of here immediately! 2. What function of language is manifested in proverbs? 3. State, according to your criteria, the evidence that supports the mechanistic theory of the origin of language. 4. Explain the onomatopoeic origin of language: 5. Tell a short story and underline the phrases that indicate a function. Specify what function it is. ## LA LENGUA This is the system of signs that speakers of the same linguistic community use to communicate. It's a code known by all to use when they need to communicate. Language is, as we have said, a system of signs that speakers learn and keep in their memory. This code is very important for the normal development of communication between people because the fact that all speakers of a language know it is what allows them to communicate with each other. It is a general and constant model for all members of a linguistic community. Humans create an infinite number of communications from a finite number of elements. We can see that language changes as time passes and some terms or words disappear and others are born, marking different generations. This is what is known as language variables and we can distinguish the following. ### Variable Geographic, Location or Diatopic We’ll use Spanish as an example. Almost all of America speaks it as the main language. Well, in each country this language is different, because the Spanish spoken in Chile is different than the Spanish spoken in Argentina, even though they both follow the same linguistic line. Likewise, it can vary within a country. For example, Chileans in the south have different idioms or verbal intonations from Chileans in the central or northern zones, but all of them are still from the same country and share the same base language. *Examples:* * Chile: “You have”. * Argentina: “You have”. * Chile South: “It’s private”. * Chile Center: “It’s angry.” ### Variable Socio-cultural or Diastratic This factor is related to the educational level of the speakers, which results in the two main registers: cultured and uncultivated (and their intermediate levels), and correspond to social and cultural motivations of people, as well as to the context where they develop and carry out the same activities. ### Variable Stylistic or Diaphasic This corresponds to the symmetrical or asymmetrical relationships that occur in a dialogue, which are determined by the speakers’ hierarchy, the context, and the subject to be addressed. This variable has to do with the use of language, considering the speakers’ linguistic attitude. Diaphasic variants are the most personal of the individual and are due to the speaker’s situation, topic or channel. For example, the “goooooooool, goal, goal, goooooool” of radio broadcasters would be a diaphasic variety. ## Diachrony and Synchrony * Diachrony: study of language through time, that is to say, the factors that have motivated its evolution. * Synchrony: Study of the state of language at a point in time in history. Example: Study of technical terms used in the sixties. The elements that make up the language are defined more by what they are not, than by what they are. That is, the relationships between units in the system are relationships of opposition. The relationships of opposition are established at three levels: 1. **Phonological level:** between phonemes: /p/ /b/. 2. **Morpho-syntactic (or morphological) level:** between phrases: a boy/ a girl. 3. **Semantic level:** Between the meaning of signs: white/ black. ## EL HABLA This is the individual and peculiar way that each speaker produces when pronouncing words. The same word pronounced by different people has peculiarities and nuances that differentiate them. Speaking is the embodiment of language, the recreation of the model that everyone in a linguistic community knows. It is a unique act where a person, individually and voluntarily, encodes a specific message choosing for that purpose the code, the signs and rules that he needs. In other words, it is the act where the speaker, through articulation (sound emission) or writing, uses language to establish an act of communication. Speaking is the materialization or momentary recreation of that model in each member of a linguistic community. It is an individual and voluntary act in which the speaker, through acts of articulation and writing, uses language to communicate. The various manifestations of speech are what make language evolve. ### Difference between Language and Speech Language is immaterial because it is located in memory, and is social because it is available to the whole community of speakers. Speaking is material because it can be heard and read, and is individual because it’s the concrete use that each individual makes of it. ## LA NORMA Between language and speech is established a kind of intermediate layer that linguists understand as a norm. The norm is what prevents speakers from using linguistic forms that, according to language logic, could be correct. It happens when a child says “I went” instead of “I walked”, in the same way as he would say “ I played”, “I looked” or “I sang”. This type of norm is historically based and, thus considered, does not constitute any irregularity. The norm imposes deviations in certain aspects of language that we all accept, but the speaker does not have to know them and are commonly learned. The norm is a variation of language. There are as many norms as ways of saying things. The norm refers to a particular way of saying things, according to the context in which communication takes place. The speaker uses traditional models and adapts them to his needs. The system is more advisory than imperative because it is the way the code is organized; any combination is allowed as long as the basic rules of the code are not modified. The norm is a set of obligatory relationships of a geographic-linguistic and socio-cultural nature that varies according to the speakers’ community. When the speaker emits a message, he extracts what he needs at that moment from the language or system of signs, but he also selects what he needs from norms or rules. The norm is the set of social uses of language of a community. Between individual speech and the language system there is a peculiar way of expressing oneself between different groups. The norm encompasses less variety of possibilities than the language, but more than the individuality of speech. The norm is what usually is the language and is between what could be the language and what actually is speech. Even though it might lead to confusion, language and speech are not the same thing. As we have seen, language refers to a code made up of linguistic signs and rules of combination. In contrast, speech is a particular act whereby the sender, in this case the speaker, encodes a message using the linguistic code. So, language is immaterial, it is not concrete, it belongs to the memory of speakers. It’s general. In contrast, speech is concrete, material because it’s heard or seen -depending on whether it’s oral or written- and is also particular, because it belongs to the speaker at the moment in which he encodes a message For example, we can say that all speakers of Spanish know the Spanish language (its rules, its units, etc.), when we use it in a particular situation, we use a specific type of speech. ## EL SIGNO LINGUISTIC Language is the manifestation of language in a particular community and consists of a coherent set of linguistic signs. According to the Swiss Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguistic sign has two sides: meaning, that is the concept or abstract idea that the speaker extracts from reality, and the signifier, the name of things, the sound image that’s linked to the concept of each thing. ### Characteristics of the Linguistic Sign: * **Linearity:** The elements of each sign, as well as each sign with respect to another, are presented one after the other, in the timeline (spoken chain) and in space (writing). * **Arbitrary:** The relationship between meaning and sign does not respond to any motivation; it’s established conventionally. Each language uses a different signifier for the same meaning. * **Mutable and Immutable:** Because it is arbitrary, the sign does not depend on a speaker in particular: it’s immutable, permanent, no individual can change it. On the other hand, it’s evident that languages change because the signs change, that is to say, they are mutable in the long term. * **Articulated:** Larger linguistic units are divisible into smaller parts, recognizable and interchangeable. ### Double Articulation of the Linguistic Sign The linguistic sign is doubly articulated because it can be subject to a double division. According to the first articulation, the sign is divided into parts with meaning and signifier, which can be used in other contexts. The units of this first articulation are called “monemes”. According to the second articulation, the sign is divided into smaller units that do not have meaning, but which are distinctive. The units in this second articulation are the phonemes. If a linguistic sign changes a phoneme, it also changes its meaning. Double articulation means that with only a few units of the second articulation, all the monemes of a language can be formed, and the first articulation avoids having to learn a sign for each reality. This articulated character is truly unique and exclusive to the linguistic code compared to other codes. ## INDEX, ICON AND SYMBOL The American Charles Sanders Peirce developed a theory of signs, which he called Semiotics. He always worked with the conviction of finding the universality of thought that would allow him to understand the whole world. Linguistically, he is related to De Saussure because he is a contemporary. Although Pierce was looking for the relationship that man establishes with reality, his work was in line with that of De Saussure because the latter focused on the use of language and its functioning. If we compare the two lines of work, we can conclude that studying language and how it functions is a way to understand reality. ### What is a sign? According to Peirce, a sign is a mental representation through which someone can know objects of reality and to understand it we must know its components: * **The object:** (part of reality that is known through the sign). * **Representative or sign:** that is to say the aspect or aspects of the object. * **The interpreter or another sign:** that is represented in the mind of the person. Having this definition will make it easier to understand the types of signs, according to the relationship that the signs have with the object. * **Icon:** It has a direct relationship of resemblance with the object it represents. For example: portraits, paintings, maps, etc. In this image we observe that icons represent the masculine and feminine, respectively. They are figures that directly represent the male and female. * **Index:** The relationship with the object it represents is a continuity with respect to reality. For example: a footprint is an index of research or investigation. * **Symbol:** The relationship with the object is conventional and arbitrary. For example: a dove is a symbol of peace, traffic signs, etc. The symbol that represents the Olympics has been arbitrarily chosen by a group of people who wanted to represent the five continents united for a special occasion. ## Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) He was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the son and grandson of scientists. He studied science at the University of Geneva in 1875 but, a year later, he moved to Leipzig and Berlin to study linguistics. At the age of 22, he published his academic thesis about the proto-Indo-European vowel system (*Memoir on the Primitive System of Vowels in Indo-European Languages*), a work that reveals his theoretical scope and which, for a long time, will be his best- known work. In 1880, he obtained his doctorate in Leipzig with the dissertation *On the use of the Absolute Genitive in Sanskrit*, and went on to France where he worked for eleven years as Head of Studies at the École Pratique des Hautes études in Paris. In 1891, he returned to Geneva and until he died in 1913 he filled the chair of Indo-European History and Linguistics. He investigated the techniques used to construct the classics of ancient Greece and Rome, based on the anagrams or paragrams. This research opened a wide methodological path for investigation. He published very few works, but his magnum opus is contained in the *Course in General Linguistics*, published posthumously in 1916, based on his lecture notes taken by his students and other material collected by them. The book became a widely read text, translated and edited and corrected many times, forming the theoretical basis of structuralism and being a forerunner to semiology. Among other editions of the *Course of General Linguistics* (*Curso de Linguistica Geral* in Spanish and Portuguese): Losada, Buenos Aires, 1945; Cultrix, São Paulo, 1958; Publicações D. Quixote, Lisboa, 1978; Akal, Madrid, 1980; Eds. 62 Barcelona, 1985; Alianza Universitaria, Madrid, 1987. ### His thought He's considered the father of the theoretical development of modern linguistics (structuralism, semiotics, etc.), whose benchmark work is *Course of General Linguistics*, which was published posthumously. His basic contributions, which represent a break with historical trends, have remained relevant a century later. The key points of Saussure contribute to a better understanding of the structures that humans construct to communicate. Saussure establishes a distinction between “language”, “tongue” and “speech” and focuses on the language itself, from a structural point of view, as a central object of study. The language is made up of basic units that are related to each other. The unit or linguistic sign is made up of two elements -the concept and the mental trace of the concept, its "acoustic image"- which are linked together in a psychic association in the individual’s brain.' These two facets make up the "meaning" and the “signifier”, the idea and sound (sound is the sign of an idea). There is no natural relation between meaning and signifier, it is arbitrary, the "arbitrariness of the sign”. There is no motivation. This arbitrariness, however, acts, although it does not fix definitively the meaning-signifier relationship, as a protection of stability, while setting and determining the signifier, but does not fix definitively the meaning-signifier relationship. Language tends to stay the same, to be stable, to defend itself from innovation. It is a product of society (the social nature of language), but it is acquired as a heritage where bonds with the past are stronger than innovation or "freedom of expression". But this does not mean that there are no displacement or mutations that affect the meaning-signifier relationship. In the last years of his life, he developed the term "semiology" as the idea for a new science dedicated to the study of the nature of signs and their relation to social reality. Source: *www.infoamerica.org* ## Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and died in Milford, Massachusetts. He was a North American philosopher, the son of the astronomer and mathematician Benjamin Peirce. From his early years, he received a strong scientific training from his father. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard University in 1859, a Master of Arts in 1862 and a Bachelor of Science in 1863. He worked as a scientist, although philosophy was becoming a growing interest for him. He worked at the United States Coast Survey from 1861. He served as an Assistant at the Harvard Observatory from 1869 to 1875, and in 1872 he began an important series of experiments on the pendulum in an attempt to determine the density and shape of the Earth. That same year he began studying the length of light waves with L. M. Rutherford. In 1876, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He published various articles on mathematics, physics, astronomy, optics, chemistry, and engineering. His writings from that time include *Photometric Researches* (1878) and an edition (1882) of the *Linear Associative Algebra* written by his father. His work as a philosopher was even more significant. He taught philosophy at Harvard University in 1864-1865 and 1869-1870. From 1879 to 1884 he was Professor of Logic at Johns Hopkins University and gave lectures at Bryn Mawr during that period. He also collaborated on hundreds of articles with specialists. His first important paper *How to Make Our Ideas Clear* was published in the *Popular Science Monthly* in January of 1878 and translated into French and published in the *Revue Philosophique* the following year. His works include *Studies in Logic* (1883), *The Architecture of Theories* (1890), *What is Pragmatism?* (1905), *The Genesis of Pragmatism * (1905). Peirce’s studies gave birth to the pragmatic movement, which he also named pragmatism. In 1887, he stopped working at the Coast Survey (though not officially), and moved to Milford. He was a member of the editorial board of the *Century Dictionary* (1889-1891) and *Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology * (1901-1905 ), writing diverse articles on science , psychology, phonetics, bibliography, cartography. Lacking the means to solve financial difficulties, he lived his last years in poverty, alone and forgotten, tormented by the cancer he had suffered for years, but continued his relentless work until the very end. Source: *www.biografiasyvidas.com* ## NIVELES DEL LENGUAJE The human language is a “tool” at our service. Its use may be at a higher or lower level depending on the degree to which we reflect on it. Level does not mean importance, value, but awareness of use and metalinguistic knowledge. In that sense, family language is less reflective than written literature, but it is not less language for that. Written literary language is higher because it involves greater knowledge of it and greater care to produce it without errors. It is easy to see that the speech of a community is not uniform, even when expressed in the same language (Spanish). Indeed, Spanish spoken in Latin America has different varieties in the different countries and regions: specific words and turns of phrase are used in each country and region. These modalities, which some authors classify as levels in the previously mentioned sense, characteristic of a region are called diatopic varieties, that is to say particularities that are “horizons” or geographical. “Vertical” modalities are those specific to the different strata of society and are called diastratic varieties. Both types of modalities are usually manifested through regionalisms (diatopisms) or vulgarisms if we are talking about the strata or social groups that are less educated. (diastratism). Language, in fact, is not homogeneously distributed throughout society. It is not possessed with the same breadth and the same norms by the different social classes because education, the level of education they receive and the value they give to language plays an important role in their position. Starting with these guidelines, we will study the levels of language according to the following classification: ## ESCALA GEOGRAFICA (Diatopic) Spanish adopts two forms of realization: general or common speech, at the interregional level, and regional or local speech, at the lower level. **General speech** is that which does not have characteristics of a particular place. It assumes knowledge of the common language. For example: "...Exquisite snacks abounded and at midnight a splendid dinner was served. The orchestra, conducted by thirty artists, sweetened those hours that everyone wished would last forever..." (M.A. Rosa) This text can be expressed and understood by any average speaker from any Spanish-speaking region. **Regional speech** is the speech that is manifested, with its characteristic color, in the speaker's region of origin. The more pronounced the localism of the speech, the more it will differ from the general language and therefore will be less useful for interregional communication. For example: “I grabbed the *machangay* and, walking inside, I came across a *yuca* buffalo; when I reached La Junta, I got off and bought a *colín* to give to my brother, who is in Campo Bejuco. That’s why I stayed in my *lonas*.” (Comment by a speaker from the north coast of Honduras.) This text can be understood by anyone with a little attention. But only someone from that region will express it like that. The interpretation of the previous example in the general language or common language is: " I took a train and ate *yuca* on the way; when I arrived at La Junta (Train Station), I got off and bought a machete to give it to my brother, who lives in Campo Bejuco (Banana Plantation), that’s why I stayed without money..." ## ESCALA SOCIAL (Diastratic) This includes vulgar speech, cultured speech, and technical and scientific speech. **Vulgar speech** belongs to the common people, that is, to the marginalized social classes: rural settings, urban neighborhoods with less resources and assistance... (there are always cases of people with little culture who speak beautifully, but these are exceptions). In this type of speech, forms that are unacceptable because of their incorrectness (grammar) –or because they offend the taste of most people (vulgar or inappropriate words)- are used. Let’s see an example (part of the conversation between two country folk who reflect their social level): ...“Hey! Don’t joke. That dog is *encachimbado* and won’t fill up. I’m not going to give him any more (j). So he won’t *curseye*. -Hey, man, let’s go *pijiniar* to the *chagüite* or better yet to the *aldella* so you can meet the girls there, or, never mind. Those women over there are ‘trash’, you can’t find a good one..." **Cultured speech** is the one that is usually used in more favored social classes, those who have had more opportunities to educate themselves (people who are “educated” specifically). It assumes that the speaker has a greater knowledge of his language and more attention in how he uses it. He intends to avoid inappropriate language and find elegance in his use of language. **Technical and Scientific speech** is the language that is used in the professions. Along with the aforementioned *General Language,* there are special languages of different trades and professions, natural and social sciences and different technologies that generally do not have a wide reach, but rather are known and used mainly by those who work in these fields. This vocabulary consists of words with a restricted or "exclusive" meaning (technical speech). Technical languages are also called *jargon* or *slang*. Jargon can be scientific (that of the underworld or the world of crime). Sometimes, jargon is reserved for uncultivated manifestations. For example: -“Well, I- the fat one - give a beating to the one who steals ten *pesebres* from me, if he doesn't pay, I’ll tear him apart. - You are going to get into trouble. Remember, the law is here today. - - Those new *chirizos* give anyone a beating with their *caraos*. - I grab a *turunca* and I kick the arse of anyone who hits me. - If you have time. They also handle the *chispero* quickly. - They are *jodidos* , you! - Well, I’ll give them a good run around, all tied up, that’s no match for me. - Or if not with the *laiza*. With the *puya* no one takes away my olympic record. - You’re always going to end up in the tube. - *Güechos*! I’m going to *pelo* your *tuza*! - They grab you at the border, harass you and rummage through your *Pepsi-cola*. You think it is *chicha*. (Julio Escoto, “Dialog of the Seven Soles”) In recent decades, technical and scientific vocabulary has grown at a much faster rate than the common language. This makes it difficult for lexicographers to keep up. For this reason, it is hard to make a decision about them. There are many lexicons for each specific science or technique (Biology, Architecture, Medicine, Pharmacology, Aeronautics, etc.,) that sometimes have hundreds or even thousands of specialized terms. Here is an example of technical and scientific speech: “ **HUMBERGRIP** New therapy for influenza and its complications... Humbergrip contains antipyretic and analgesic substances… The combination of substances is boosted because they are dosed in harmonic proportions, which leads to a decline in fever and the elimination of muscle aches and headaches that accompany the condition.” ( From a medical prospectus) Here’s an example of mathematical language, in which they speak of the operation “going to the limit”. "Given a language variety XN, that is to say an indefinite sequence X1, X2, X3... the operation consisting of finding its limit is called going to the limit. Other arithmetic operations that we have studied until now have a finite number of data; this new arithmetic operation requires knowledge of unlimited numbers... “ Until the great expansion of technical and scientific languages, technicians generally got their training by using elements from Greek and Latin. Thus, electric, electricity, electrify, etc. were formed by taking Greek “elektron” as the base. The terms airplane, pilot, aviation were created in the last century, based on Latin "avis" (bird). Scientific terminology does not escape a circumstance common to all known languages: no language knows completely new radical terms. They all obey a certain motivation, that is, they are based on words that already exist in that language or another language. ## ESCALA ESTILISTIC (Within the diastratic) Depending on how "treated" language is, the speech tends to take these modalities: colloquial speech, literary speech, mixed speech. **Colloquial speech** is the one we use in conversations among family or friends. The tradition is passed on from parents to children, from teacher to student, from generation to generation. It is also called popular speech, speech of the people, of the population, of the people. After childhood learning, a person, even if they are young, is already equipped to manage and enrich it. It is characterized by spontaneity. Because of that, it is not a model of perfection. It’s full of charm and culture. It has expressive elements that are impossible in written language: mimicry, intonation, use of context, situational or any other circumstance in which a phrase or a few words are spoken. A significant danger to avoid is the use of crutches: "Well... this... so… that’s right… ha… he… or rather….etc”. Generally, it uses pronunciation that is independent of phonological and grammatical laws: “Come here” for “Come here”. “My stomach hurts" for '' My stomach rumbles.” Here is an example of colloquial dialogue: (Two friends meet on campus): -Hey, how are you? -Not so well as you. What’s new? -The same old stuff. Work to class, class to work. Oh! When I come here, I’m not in the mood to go to class. -Look, we have two exams tomorrow. Will you come? -I have no other choice. Hopefully I’ll get a chance to study, if not, they will give me heck in class. -See you later. I have to get back. -See ya. **Literary speech**, in contrast to colloquial language, is