Lesson#1.1_Aquaculture production systems_Practices and norms.pdf

Aquaculture production systems: Practices and norms_SA perspective Animal Production iiib_SAP3002 Module Objectives: § Demonstrate general understanding and overview of theoretical and practical perspective of an aquaculture ventu...

Aquaculture production systems: Practices and norms_SA perspective Animal Production iiib_SAP3002 Module Objectives: § Demonstrate general understanding and overview of theoretical and practical perspective of an aquaculture venture; § Application of basic principles and management strategies to determine and operate an effective and efficient aquaculture production for a specific market segment; § Demonstrate understanding and application of different production and culture systems as applied across aquaculture enterprises.  Upon successful completion of this module, the Learning student should be able to: outcome: Apply common knowledge to distinguish between culture and production systems that are applied in the aquaculture sector; Demonstrate knowledge and skills to efficiently and effectively establish a particular species under determined farming systems; Demonstrate skills and ability to identify the economic consideration of a particular aquatic species or production system; Identify and describe the regulatory issues that advance or discourage the growth and development of the aquaculture sector in South Africa. Further reading: Araunjo, G.S., Silva, J.W.A.d., Cotas, J., & Pereira, L. 2022. Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of marine sciences and engineering. 10, 1598. https://doi.org/103390/jmse10111598 Stadtlander, T., Stamer, A., Buser, A., Wohlfahrt, J., Leiber, F., & Sandrock, C. 2017. Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout on farm. Journal of insects as food and feed. 3 (3): 165 – 175. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0056 IDC, 2015. Research into the potential for the production, processing, and export of tilapia for the southern African market. Urban-Econ Development Economists. 1088 Pretorial Street, Hatfield, PRETORIA 0028. Lecture outline: Global aquaculture production Common cultures and farming systems Economic considerations of aquaculture production Advantages and disadvantages of common fresh-water species Analyzing the feasibility of aquaculture production enterprises  Top aquaculture-producing countries: Source: Statista, 2023 7/30/24 6  Top 10 regional and world aquaculture producers: 7/30/24 7 Distribution of marine aquaculture farming activities in South Africa 7/30/24 8 Marine aquaculture production in South Africa 7/30/24 9  Values of fish and aquatic invertebrates exported by Western Cape: 7/30/24 10 Classification of aquatic organisms: qCrustaceans – Crayfish, Shrimp, Crab, Lobster qMolluscs – Oyster, Abalone, Mussel qFish – Tilapia, Salmon, Trout, Carp qAmphibians and reptiles – Frog, Turtle, Crocodile qInvertebrates – Jellyfish, Sea urchin World aquaculture production growth over the decade Common aquaculture farming systems Extensive system: This uses large stagnant ponds, rivers, streams, and open sea water and relies on natural production for feed and animals; Management and skills input is generally low. Semi-intensive system This is much like extensive culture, there is however a greater degree of intervention either through feeding and or improvement of water quality through aeration and partial water exchange; This allows for increased production compared to an extensive system; Management and skills input occurs at a medium level. Intensive system Livestock are maintained at high stocking densities and feeding comes solely from introduced feeds; This system tends to be highly technical and may require energy input to operate effectively; The space required is relatively small and the system is designed to optimize water use and quality; Management and skills input is highly recommended for this system.  Three main culture environments commonly applied in aquaculture enterprises Freshwater culture: The cultivation of freshwater aquatic organisms such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes, and canals in which the salinity does not normally exceed 0.5 parts per thousand. Earlier life-cycle stages of these organisms may be spent in brackish or marine waters. Brack-water culture: The cultivation of brack-water aquatic organisms such as estuaries, coves, bays, lagoons, and fjords in which the salinity may lie or generally fluctuates between 0,5 parts per thousand and the full potency of seawater. The early life cycle stages of these organisms may be spent in fresh or marine waters. Mari-culture: The cultivation of seawater aquatic organisms such as fjords, inshore waters, open waters, and inland seas in which the salinity generally exceeds 20 parts per thousand. Earlies life-cycle stages of these organisms may be spent in brackish or freshwater. World aquaculture production and relative share by culture environment 7/30/24 15 Successful freshwater farmed species 7/30/24 16  Enclosure and pens – water areas, confined by net, mesh, and Aquaculture other barriers, allowing uncontrolled water interchange, and distinguished by the fact that enclosers occupy the full water production systems: column between the support structure and surface. Enclosures and pens will generally enclose a relatively large volume of water; Cages – open or covered structures constructed with net, mesh, or any porous material, allowing natural water interchange. Cages may be floating, suspended, or fixed to the support structure, but still permit water interchange from below; Raceways – artificial units constructed above or below ground level of high-water exchange rates (more than 20 exchanges per day)  Aquaculture production systems: Rafts, ropes, stakes – infrastructure, used for culturing shellfish (particularly mussels) and seaweeds, usually conducted in open waters. The stakes are impaled in the seabed, in inter-tidal area and ropes are suspended in deeper waters from rafts or buoys; Nurseries – production facilities generally for the second phase in the rearing process of aquatic organisms (often small outdoor ponds and tanks); Hatcheries – Housing facilities for breeding nursing and rearing seed for fish, invertebrates, or aquatic. Tilapia: § Often referred to as the aquatic chicken due to its widely successful cultured systems around the world; § Tilapia are herbivores, with some species eating plants and others eating phytoplankton; § Tilapia species have many possibilities for pond culture. Their fast growth rates, ease of breeding, good taste, and hardy bodies make them a good choice, particularly for beginner farmers; § The “Oreochromis mossambicus” species are used to control filamentous algae, which is a habitat for mosquito larvae, thus the tilapia is used to help with malaria control 19  Advantages and disadvantages of tilapia Advantages: Disadvantages: vFeed at a low trophic level (they can eat a qDue to their early maturing, they tend to wide range of feeds); over-reproduce in ponds which often leads vAre excellent table-fish and therefore to stunting; have a good appeal to the consumer; qThey generally do not grow well at vFast-growing, robust, and highly disease temperatures below 20 degrees Celsius; resistant; qThere is generally a lack of local access to vGenetically improved strains have been better strains developed for better growth. Rainbow trout: § Well-established aquaculture species in South Africa and is considered a high-value food fish; § Trout prefer cooler temperatures (12 – 18 degrees Celsius) and begin to show signs of stress at temperatures above 21 degrees Celsius; § The successful culture of trout requires a system with plenty of clean, oxygen-rich water and cannot be cultured in stagnant ponds or those with a slow water exchange rate; § In the wild, trout feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects, molluscs, crustaceans, fish eggs, and other small fishes. The natural dies is rich in pigment and this is responsible for the orange-pink color in the flesh.  Advantages and disadvantages of trout Advantages: Disadvantages: vPopular angling, recreational, and qNot tolerant to low oxygen or high table fish; temperatures, thus restricting their vHighly fast-growing fish; distribution; vIt can be cultured at high densities and qHighly susceptible to diseases; may be suitable for pond, tank, or cage qIt is regarded as an alien invasive culture; species by conservation agencies; vIt is an established species with a good qFingerlings are only obtainable from and variety of markets hatcheries. Biological economic attributes of aquaculture species: High survival rates and capability to reproduce under captivity or controlled environment; Ability to produce numerous hardy eggs, fingerlings and adults; Ability to adapt to artificial feeding and achieve high feed conversion rates; Rapid growth rates and reach marketable size; Ability to demonstrate non-cannibalism and territorial; Demonstrated high tolerance of high-density condition (overcrowding) Biological economic attributes of aquaculture species: Ability to multi culture systems and multi species farming systems; Easy to handle, harvest and transport; High resistance to diseases and parasite infections; Have an excellent market demand; Good dress-out weight values and long shelf-life; Healthy appearance and colour and good eating qualities; Easy to catch and process  Feeding and nutrition 7/30/24 25  Global consumption of fishmeal and fish oil by major aquaculture species groups: 7/30/24 26  Plant-based feed ingredients usage for major aquaculture species and species groups:  Integrated aquaculture systems: With irrigated crops, water is used twice With fowls, ducks or and enriched by fish Livestock manures geese can directly water. Feed can be used to fertilize ponds, vegetable waste to fertilize ponds; thereby increasing herbivorous fish productivity species; 7/30/24 28 29 Analyzing the market feasibility of an aquaculture enterprise Market area – determine time available for deliveries. What is the longest distance you can travel to your market; Market segments – within the market area, who is most likely to buy your product and what would they be willing to pay?; Buyer’s needs – which product form is preferred by your market: options are live, fresh, frozen, value-added, etc. what is the preferred quantities and can you provide consistent supplies?; Market potential – what competition is there from other similar or alternative products? 7/30/24 30  Threats and opportunities in the South African aquaculture sector Threats Opportunities Shortage of expertise and aquaculture professionals; q There is an increasing high demand for affordable protein Lack of technical skills and technical support or extension alternatives in South Africa; services; High feed, equipment, and technology costs; q High shortages in traditional fisheries products; Lack of veterinary services and disease management; q Aquaculture has been accelerated onto the government agenda; Poor government understanding and support; q High potential for agricultural diversification; Lack of species choice and good seed stock; Complex resource-based legislation; q Good natural resources; Inaccessible financial sector and poor financial support services; q Relatively good infrastructure; Lack of marketing services, marketing structures, and market q Potential for linkages with tourism; penetration; q Growing economy and good economic climate Considerably high climate variability and seasonality Meat and fishery production outlook, dressed weight or eviscerated basis: 7/30/24 32 www.mandela.ac.za