Types of Aquaculture PDF

Types of Aquaculture and Technical Components of Aquaculture Systems AGBE 3013 ENGR. LHDC Aquaculture by Species Aquatic Plants Algaculture: a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae The majority of algae that are intentionally cultiva...

Types of Aquaculture and Technical Components of Aquaculture Systems AGBE 3013 ENGR. LHDC Aquaculture by Species Aquatic Plants Algaculture: a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae (also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes or planktonic algae) Aquaculture by Species Aquatic Plants Seaweed farming or kelp farming: the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's life cycle Aquaculture by Species Fish Fish farming or pisciculture is the most common form of aquaculture. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting fish in tanks, ponds, or pens/cages. The fish raised in fish farming are used for food and derivative products. On the other hand, a facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing and to sustain a species is known as a fish hatchery. Aquaculture by Species Fish Globally, the most important species used in fish farming are: Anual Global Species Production Carp 25 MMT to 30 MMT Salmon 3 MMT to 4 MMT Tilapia Over 6 MMT Catfish 4 MMT to 5 MMT Aquaculture by Species Crustaceans A crustacean is an animal with a hard shell and several pairs of legs, which usually lives in water. Crabs, lobsters, crayfish (Astaciculture) and shrimps are crustaceans. Aquaculture by Species Molluscs Aquacultured shellfish include various oysters, mussels, and clam species. These bivalves are filter and deposit feeders, which rely on ambient primary production rather than fish or other feed inputs. As such, shellfish aquaculture is generally perceived as benign or even beneficial. Aquaculture by Species Echinoderms Sea Urchin Farming: the aquaculture practice of cultivating sea urchins, primarily for their edible roe, known as "uni," which is considered a delicacy in many cuisines, especially in Japan. This farming is typically done in controlled marine environments where conditions such as water quality and temperature are carefully managed to optimize growth and roe production Aquaculture by Species Echinoderms Jellyfish Farming: it refers to the systematic raising of jellyfish for food, feed, and cosmetics. It is a type of emerging aquaculture technology that is at its early stages. Some examples of cultured jellyfish species include the Edible Jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) cultured primarily for food and the Nomura’s Jellyfish which is farmed for both food and cosmetics Aquaculture by Species Other Species Other species include aquatic reptiles and amphibians that are farmed at a very small volume that they do not contribute much to the global aquaculture production. Nonetheless, some examples of these are frogs that are farmed for frog legs and some species of turtles such as the Chinese Softshell Turtle that is also farmed for food. Aquaculture by Method Freshwater Aquaculture Freshwater aquaculture refers to raising and breeding aquatic animals (fish, shrimp, crab, shellfish, etc.) and plants for economic purposes by the use of ponds, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and other inland waterways (including brackish water), which play an important role in the aquaculture industry Aquaculture by Method Brackish Water Aquaculture Brackishwater aquaculture, also known as coastal aquaculture, is a rapidly expanding farming activity and plays an important role in the overall fisheries development effort. Marine and estuarine shrimp, fish and crabs are the farm products. Aquaculture by Method Marine Aquaculture Mariculture has been defined as the cultivation, management, and harvesting of marine organisms in their natural environment (including estuarine, brackish, coastal, and offshore waters) or in enclosures such as pens, tanks, or channels.  Aquaculture by Management Extensive Aquaculture Extensive aquaculture refers to aquaculture production systems with low production per unit volume Characteristics: Low stocking density Natural feeds only Minimal human and technological intervention Minimal input  Aquaculture by Management Semi-Intensive Aquaculture Semi-intensive aquaculture systems produce an adequate volume of aquaculture produce relative to the resources used. Characteristics: Moderate stocking density Natural feeds with supplemental feed Regular human and technological intervention Moderate water-change rate  Aquaculture by Management Intensive Aquaculture An intensive aquaculture system is characterized by an extremely efficient use of resources by maximizing production volume. Characteristics: High stocking density Regular feeding High human and technological intervention Use of Pumps and Aerators  Phases of Aquaculture Hatchery: from broodstocks to eggs to postlarvae or small juveniles (often called “fry” or “seed Nursery: from “fry” to larger juveniles (often called fingerlings) Grow-out: from juveniles to preferred market sizes Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms 3 Major Components in Aquaculture Farms In a farm, the various technical components included in a system can be roughly separated as follows: Production units Water transfer and treatment Additional equipment (feeding, handling, and monitoring equipment) Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Land-based Farms Land-based farms normally utilize much more technical equipment than sea cage farms, especially intensive production farms with a number of tanks. Primary Components: (1) Water inlet and transfer, (2) Water treatment facilities, (3) Production units, (4) Feeding equipment, (5) Equipment for internal fish transport and size grading, (6) Equipment for transport of fish from the farm, (7) Equipment for waste and wastewater treatment, (8) Instrumentation and Monitoring Systems. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Water Inlet and Transfer The design of the inlet depends on the water source: is it seawater or freshwater (lakes, rivers), or is it surface water or groundwater? Further, it depends whether the water is fed by gravity or whether it has to be pumped, in which case a pumping station is required. Water is normally transferred in pipes, but open channels may also be used. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Water Treatment Facilities Equipment for removal of particles prevents excessively high concentrations reaching the fish; additionally large micro- organisms may be removed by the filter. Water may also be disinfected to reduce the burden of micro- organisms, especially that used on eggs and small fry. Aeration may be necessary to increase the concentration of oxygen and to remove possible supersaturation of the gases nitrogen and carbon dioxide. If there is lack of water or the pumping height is large pure oxygen gas may be added to the water. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Water Treatment Facilities For optimal development and growth of the fish heating or cooling of the water may be necessary; in most cases, this will involve a heat pump or a cold-storage plant. If the pH in a freshwater source is too low pH adjustment may be a part of the water treatment. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Production Units The production units are necessary and their size and design will depend on the species being grown. In the hatchery, there will either be tanks with upwelling water (fluidized eggs) or units where the eggs lie on the bottom or on a substrate. After hatching the fish are moved to some type of production tank. Usually, there are smaller tanks for weaning and larger tanks for further on-growing until sale. Weaning start feeding tanks are normally under a roof, while on- growing tanks can also be outside Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Feeding Equipment Some type of feeding equipment is commonly used, especially for dry feed. Use of automatic feeders will reduce the manual work on the farm. Feeding at intervals throughout the day and night may also be possible; the fish will then always have access to food, which is important at the fry and juvenile stages. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Internal Transport and Size Grading Because of fish growth it is necessary to divide the group to avoid fish densities becoming too high. It is also common to size grade to avoid large size variations in one production unit; for some species this will also reduce the possibilities for cannibalism. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Transport from Farm When the fish reaches a commercially-accepted size, it needs to be transferred from the farm to the market. Either a truck with water tanks or a boat with a well is normally used for live transport. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Equipment for waste handling and wastewater treatment Precautions must be taken to avoid pollution from fish farms. These include legal treatment of general waste. Dead fish must be treated and stored satisfactorily, for example, put in acid or frozen for later use. Whether wastewater treatment is necessary will depend on conditions where the effluent water is discharged. Normally there will at least be a requirement to remove larger suspended particles. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Instrumentation and Monitoring Systems In land-based fish farms, especially those dependent upon pumps, a monitoring system is essential because of the economic consequences if pumping stops and the water supply to the farm is interrupted. The oxygen concentration in the water will fall and may result in total fish mortality. Instruments are being increasingly used to control water quality, for instance, to ensure optimal production. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms On-growing Sea Cage Farms Normally a sea cage farm can be run with rather less equipment than land-based farms, the major reason being that water transfer and water treatment (which is not possible) are not necessary because the water current ensures water supply and exchange. Primary Components: (1) Production units, (2) Feeding equipment, (3) Working boat, (4) Base station, (5) Equipment for size grading Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Production Units Sea cages vary greatly in construction and size; the major difference is the ability to withstand waves, and special cages for offshore farming have been developed. It is also possible to have system cages comprising several cages, or individual cages. Sea cages also include a mooring system. To improve fish growth, a sub-surface lighting system may be used. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Feeding Equipment It is common to install some type of feeding system in the cages because of the large amounts of feed that are typically involved. Manual feeding may also be used, but this involves hard physical labor for the operators. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Working Boats All sea cage farms need a boat; a large variety of boats are used. Major factors for selection are size of the farm, whether it is equipped with a gangway or not, and the distance from the land base to the cages. Faster and larger boats are normally required if the cages are far from land or in weather-exposed water. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Base Stations All cage farms will include a base station; this may either be land- based, floating on a barge, or both. The base station can include storage rooms, mess rooms, changing rooms and toilets, and equipment for the treatment of dead fish. The storage room includes rooms and/or space for storage of feed; it may also include rooms for storage of nets and possibly storage of equipment for washing, maintaining, and impregnating them. Technical Components of Aquaculture Farms Size Grading Equipment Equipment for size grading can be necessary if this is included in the production plan. It may, however, be possible to rent this as a service from subcontractors. Questions? Wala? Thank you!