GE-RIPH Readings in Philippine History Lesson 1.B PDF

GE-RIPH Readings in Philippine History LESSON 1. B Lesson 1.A.docx Historical Criticisms: External and Internal Criticisms INITIAL ACTIVITY: Another Fake News!? Instruction: Study the images from different articles below, then answer the followi...

GE-RIPH Readings in Philippine History LESSON 1. B Lesson 1.A.docx Historical Criticisms: External and Internal Criticisms INITIAL ACTIVITY: Another Fake News!? Instruction: Study the images from different articles below, then answer the following questions: 1. Is Mocha Uson, the PCOO assistant secretary, correct in labeling GMA News article as an example of fake news? Explain your answer. 2. Which of the following online sites will you consider as reliable source of information? Explain your answer. Article 2 Article 1 15  Fake news is now a trending issue in social media. It is also sometimes used as an expression by millennials to describe rumors or topics that are not true. However, discerning true and fake news is a challenging task, especially to youths that rely mainly in social media to validate information. Similarly, in history, historical “hoax” is not unusual since factualness of stories from the past are hard to determine. However, this should not be an excuse for any historians to easily claim any historical information without further validation. This lesson will guide the students to determine the authenticity and credibility of historical sources. This is an important skills to acquire in order for you to not become a victim of false information. Are you ready? Let’s start! What is Historical Criticism? In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and content must be settled. This may be done through: 1. External Criticism 2. Internal Criticism EXTERNAL CRITICISM is a historical criticism that addresses the problems of authenticity of the evidence. It refers to the process of scrutinizing every aspect related to its forms. This is to prevent the use of evidence that are fabricated, forged, and faked in making historical claims. It will also distinguish which evidence is a hoax or misrepresentation (Gottschalk, 1969). So, how can you practice external criticism in order to determine the authenticity of any existing historical sources? Neuman (2003); retrieved from: https://researchgate.net Here are the tests you can do: TEST EXAMPLES 1. Determine the date of the Example 1. document to see whether they are Pencils did not exist before the 16th Century. anachronistic. This means, the Therefore, any claim about the period earlier than use of a person or thing in support 16th Century that is supported by pencils should be of a particular claim but their easily negated. existence does not fit to the time period being studied. 16  Example 2. You must not see Jose Rizal in any photo holding an iPhone. 2. Determine the author of the Example 1. document. It is with utmost What is the handwriting style of the author? How importance that the author of the about the signature? document claimed to be of historical value must be revealed Example 2. or at least given identity. Does s/he use a seal? 3. Look for the anachronistic style. Example 1. This is the use of language that The use of abbreviation in daily communication does not fit with the time it like SKL which stands for “share ko lang”. describes. It could be idioms, orthography, and punctuation. 4. You have to determine if there is Example 1. any anachronistic reference of The use of correct periodization like pre-colonial, events. colonial, post-colonial in Philippine history. 5. You have to determine the Example 1. provenance or custody of the The origin of “Lupang Hinirang”. evidence. Knowing its place of origin provides you genuineness. Example 2. The origin of “Rice Cultivation” 6. You have to determine the Example 1. meaning of a text or word (Its The “Fray Botod” of Graciano López Jaena Semantics). Example 2. Peninsulares, Insulares, Indio 7. You have to determine the Example 1. ambiguities of the meaning of the The use of the term “Benevolent assimilation” by word (Hermeneutics) the Americans. Example 2. The use of the term “Insurgency” to refer to the actions of Emilio Aguinaldo and his troupe. As you have learn, determining the authenticity of historical sources is a difficult task to any historians, and even you as students of this course. However, once you master the tests authenticity, I guarantee you that this difficult task would become an enjoyable one for you. Now, the next topic will help you to determine the credibility of historical source. This is also an important aspect in historiography. Are you ready? Let’s learn! 17  INTERNAL CRITICISM on the other hand, looks into the problems of credibility of the evidence. Credibility refers to the accuracy of the contents. It considers every significant aspect the existing evidence carries (Gottschalk, 1969). How can you practice internal criticism on any existing historical evidence? Here are the tests you can do: Neuman (2003); retrieved from: https://researchgate.net Here are the tests you can do: TEST PURPOSE 1. You have to look into the To determine the author’s reliability; mental identification of the author. processes, and personal attitudes. 2. You have to determine the To provide contextual basis and validity. approximate date. 3. You have to find out the author’s To determine how near the author was to the event; ability to tell the truth. How competent the author was; How much attention did the author pay when the event happened. 4. You have to look into the author’s To determine if the author consciously or willingness to tell the truth. unconsciously tells falsehoods. 5. You have to look for similar To collect independent scientific findings which claims or discovery from other provides another chain of supports to make the fields of sciences to establish evidence or claim more reliable. corroboration. STUDY GUIDE After going over the discussion on the historical criticisms, you are to answer the following: 1. What is the importance of determining the authenticity and credibility of historical sources? 2. Are primary sources, particularly monographs and letters, can be considered credible sources of past stories? 3. Are the tests for authenticity and credibility of historical sources can be used in determining social media’s “fake news”? 18  I hope everything is clear in this lesson, if not, do not hesitate to ask questions of clarification to your teacher! It is better to fool for a minute rather than for a lifetime, right?? To know if you understand the discussion in this lesson, do the activity below. This is your first task that involves intensive reading of materials, so do your best! Good luck! DO THIS!! Instruction: Read the two historical sources (Primary and Secondary Source) about the Katipunan and Tejeros Convention. Analyze the given documents and answer the comparative matrix that will be provided to you. Reading list: Santiago Alvarez. The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General Teodoro Agoncillo. (2002). The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan University of the Philippines Press. Quezon City. Philippines YOU MADE IT!! To finally end this lesson, please fill up the emoji exit slip below! https://templatelab.com 19 REFERENCES: Candelaria and Alporha (2018). Readings In Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Quezon City, Philippines Gottshcalk, Louis (1969). Understanding History: A Primer on Historical Method. A.A. Knopf Publishing. New York. Howell, Martha and Walter Prevenier. (2001). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York 20