Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics (Laguna State Polytechnic University 2024-2025)

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna College of Teacher Education SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 1^st^ Sem / S.Y. 2024--2025 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Subject:**...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna College of Teacher Education SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT 1^st^ Sem / S.Y. 2024--2025 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Subject:** | Understanding Culture, Society, | | | and Politics | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Lesson No.:** | 1 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Lesson Title:** | The Nature and Goals of | | | Anthropology, Sociology and | | | Political Science | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Subtopic:** | Anthropology, Sociology and | | | Political Science | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Description of the Lesson:** | This lesson will cover the | | | discussion of the various | | | disciplines of anthropology, | | | sociology, and political science | | | that are key in understanding | | | society. This lesson will also | | | highlight the importance of such | | | disciplines in our everyday lives | | | and how it can help our society. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Week Duration:** | 1-2 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Date:** | July 29 -- August 9 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Objectives:** | 1\. describe the nature, | | | objectives, and viewpoints of | | | political science, sociology, | | | and anthropology; | | | | | | 2\. acknowledge the ideas and | | | topics covered by political | | | science, sociology, and | | | anthropological investigations; | | | and | | | | | | 3\. recognize the significance | | | of the objectives of political | | | science, sociology, and | | | anthropology. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | LECTURE | +=======================================================================+ | **Lesson 1. Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology** | | | | The subject Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics is a | | multi/disciplinary course that integrates and combines the contents, | | methods, and theories of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political | | Science. The said disciplines are all under the Social Sciences. | | Social Sciences deal with the study of people within the context of | | their social relationship within institutions and natural | | environment, political systems and cultures. | | | | A. **ANTHROPOLOGY** | | | | Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human | | societies and cultures. Culture is the learned behavior of people, | | including their languages, belief systems, social structures, | | institutions, and material goods. Anthropologists study the | | characteristics of past and present human communities through a | | variety of techniques. In doing so, they investigate and describe how | | different peoples of our world lived throughout history. | | | | 1. **Subdisciplines of Anthropology** | | | | - **Cultural Anthropology** | | | | Cultural anthropology, also known as social anthropology, is the | | study of the learned behavior of groups of people in specific | | environments. Cultural anthropologists base their work in | | ethnography, a research method that uses field work and | | participant-observation to study individual cultures and customs. | | | | - **Linguistic Anthropology** | | | | Linguistic anthropology is the study of how language influences | | social life. Linguistic anthropologists say language provides people | | with the intellectual tools for thinking and acting in the world. | | Linguistic anthropologists focus on how language shapes societies and | | their social networks, cultural beliefs, and understanding of | | themselves and their environments. | | | | - **Biological Anthropology** | | | | Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is the | | study of the evolution of human beings and their living and fossil | | relatives. Biological anthropology places human evolution within the | | context of human culture and behavior. This means biological | | anthropologists look at how physical developments, such as changes in | | our skeletal or genetic makeup, are interconnected with social and | | cultural behaviors throughout history. | | | | To understand how humans evolved from earlier life forms, some | | biological anthropologists study primates, such as monkeys and apes. | | Primates are considered our closest living relatives. Analyzing the | | similarities and differences between human beings and the "great | | apes" helps biological anthropologists understand human evolution. | | | | - **Archaeology** | | | | Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains. | | These remains can be any objects that people created, modified, or | | used. Archaeologists carefully uncover and examine these objects in | | order to interpret the experiences and activities of peoples and | | civilizations throughout history. | | | | B. **POLITICAL SCIENCE** | | | | Political science, the systematic study of governance by the | | application of empirical and generally scientific methods of | | analysis. As traditionally defined and studied, political science | | examines the state and its organs and institutions. The contemporary | | discipline, however, is considerably broader than this, encompassing | | studies of all the societal, cultural, and psychological factors that | | mutually influence the operation of government and the body politic. | | | | 2. **Fields and Subfields of Political Science** | | | | - **Domestic Politics** | | | | Domestic politics is generally the most common field of study; its | | subfields include public opinion, elections, national government, and | | state, local, or regional government. | | | | - **Comparative Politics** | | | | Comparative politics focuses on politics within countries (often | | grouped into world regions) and analyzes similarities and differences | | between countries. | | | | - **International Relations** | | | | International relations consider the political relationships and | | interactions between countries, including the causes of war, the | | formation of foreign policy, international political economy, and the | | structures that increase or decrease the policy options available to | | governments. International relations are organized as a separate | | department in some universities. | | | | - **Political Theory** | | | | Political theory includes classical political philosophy and | | contemporary theoretical perspectives (e.g., constructivism, critical | | theory, and postmodernism). | | | | - **Public Administration** | | | | Public administration studies the role of the bureaucracy. It is the | | field most oriented toward practical applications within political | | science and is often organized as a separate department that prepares | | students for careers in the civil service. | | | | - **Public Law** | | | | Public law studies constitutions, legal systems, civil rights, and | | criminal justice (now increasingly its own discipline). | | | | - **Public Policy** | | | | Public policy examines the passage and implementation of all types of | | government policies, particularly those related to civil rights, | | defense, health, education, economic growth, urban renewal, regional | | development, and environmental protection. | | | | C. **SOCIOLOGY** | | | | Sociology, a social science that studies human societies, their | | interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. It | | does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies | | such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, | | or age groups. Sociology also studies social status or | | stratification, social movements, and social change, as well as | | societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution. | | | | 3. **Areas of Sociology** | | | | - **Social Organization** | | | | Social organization refers to a pattern of relationships between | | different groups. A social organization is a fundamental component of | | modern society, as it provides a basis for complex activities that | | individuals can participate in or be affected by. | | | | - **Social Psychology** | | | | Sociological social psychology (sometimes called \"social | | psychology\") emphasizes the relationship between individual people | | and the larger social structures in which they participate. | | | | To understand the significance and effects of social structure and | | relationships, we must understand the people who create it and how | | they behave. | | | | - **Social Change** | | | | Sociologists are interested in studying \"how\" and \"why\" change | | occurs. In this sense, social change refers to any alteration in how | | a society is organized. Sociologists, in turn, seek to explain the | | causes and effects of these social changes. | | | | - **Human Ecology** | | | | \"Human ecology\" studies a given population\'s behavior and its | | interaction with the surrounding environment. Specifically, it | | focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality (and quantity) | | of natural resources and the existence of other human groups. | | | | - **Population and Demographics** | | | | This area of study (sometimes referred to as \"social demography\") | | concerns population figures, the demographics of specific regions, | | and social change. In this field, researchers are interested in | | determining how these factors influence the larger economic, social, | | and political systems. | | | | This area also focuses on things such as fertility, mortality rates, | | and the impact of migration on specific populations and their | | distribution. | | | | - **Applied Sociology** | | | | Applied sociology is concerned with using current sociological | | problems to solve social issues. | | | | - **Sociological Methods and Research** | | | | This field (sometimes called \"methodology\") is concerned with the | | applicability of sociological principles. This area of sociology | | attempts to provide objective insight into the principles that help | | guide or regulate the social environment. With a continual focus on | | improving data collection, \"methodology\" represents a concerted | | effort to build and develop theories that explain the actions and | | behavior of individuals over time. | | | | **Lesson 2. Focus and Goals Anthropology, Political Science, and | | Sociology** | | | | **Area of Focus of Each Discipline** | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | Anthropology | Sociology | Political Science | | | +=====================+=====================+=====================+ | | | \- Genetics and | -Culture and | \- Ideologies | | | | Evolution | society | | | | | | | \- States & | | | | \- Cultural | \- Socialization | constitutions | | | | Variations | | | | | | | \- Groups & | \- Regimes & | | | | \- Concept of | organizations | political | | | | culture | | | | | | | \- Social | culture | | | | \- Communication | inequality | | | | | and | | \- Political | | | | | \- Gender | | | | | language | stratification | communication | | | | | | | | | | \- Social | \- Race & ethnicity | \- Interest groups | | | | stratification | | | | | | | \- Social | \- Elections | | | | -Sex, gender & | institutions | | | | | culture | | \- Legislatives, | | | | | (families, | executives, | | | | \- Associations & | religion, | judiciaries | | | | interest | | | | | | | education, | \- Political | | | | Groups | government) | economy | | | | | | | | | | \- Religion | \- Social change | \- International | | | | | | relations | | | | -The arts | | | | | | | | | | | | \- Cultural change | | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | Ember & | **Macionis (2010, | **Roskin et. al | | | | | p. vii)** | (2014)** | | | | Peregrine (2002, | | | | | | pp. iiiiv) | | | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | | | | **Goals of Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology** | | | | - **Anthropology -** Anthropology has three main goals: first, | | providing a deep understanding of humans, both past and present; | | second, analyzing and organizing the knowledge gained and making | | it accessible; and third, engaging in the practical application | | of anthropology to various areas of contemporary human behavior. | | | | - **Political Science** - Political Science is a systematic study | | of a state and its government, with the relationships of men in | | the community, with relations of men and groups to the state | | itself, and with the relations of a state with other sovereign | | states abroad (Palispis, 2009 p. 14). According to Ricardo Lazo, | | the primary goal of Political Science is citizenship education. | | It requires us to understand and appreciate the duties and | | obligations of being a member of a society we are a part. | | | | - **Sociology** -- According to Trinity College, sociology aims to | | foster a sociological imagination, gain knowledge of sociological | | theory and its contributions to knowledge, knowledge of the | | methodological approaches in sociology, and knowledge of the core | | concepts of a sociological perspective. | | | | **Lesson 3. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics as a | | Scientific Endeavor** | | | | **The Scientific Method as the Method of Objectivity** | | | | Science has shaped the world as we today. It is through science that | | the modern people can and actually experiencing modern ways of life | | compared to the older version of human civilization. Scientist with | | their invention, discoveries, and the use of scientific method had | | ushered in a new world full of knowledge and wonders. | | | | The scientific method that scientist used is characterized by its | | exact and clear-cut way of inquiring into the nature of things. In, | | short, the scientific method is a kind of design that is precise that | | is used for conducting research. The method of science can be | | capsulized into five steps. These are: | | | | 1. Making or establishing hypotheses | | | | 2. Determining Ways to Test Hypothesis | | | | 3. Testing the Hypothesis | | | | 4. Analyzing the Gathered Data | | | | 5. Formalizing the Conclusion Inferred from the Entire Process | | | | **Objectivity:** | | the [fact](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/fac | | t) of | | being [based](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ | | based) on [facts](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/engl | | ish/fact) and | | not [influenced](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/engli | | sh/influence) by [personal](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dicti | | onary/english/personal) [beliefs](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us | | /dictionary/english/belief) or [feelings](https://dictionary.cambridg | | e.org/us/dictionary/english/feeling) | | | | **Empiricism:** Empiricism in science places a strong emphasis on | | using experiments and observation to gather information and draw | | conclusions. The purpose of such experiments is to apply theories to | | real-world observations, record the findings as empirical data, and | | convey them to the appropriate audience. | | | | **Deductive:** is an approach to science where researchers seek to | | confirm (or revise) existing theories or test hypotheses. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | REFERENCES | +=======================================================================+ | - About Anthropology \| Anthropology \| Western Washington | | University. (2024). Wwu.edu. | | https://chss.wwu.edu/anthropology/about-anthropology-0\#:\~:text= | | Anthropology%20has%20three%20main%20goals,areas%20of%20contemporary%2 | | 0human%20behavior. | | | | - Awati, R. (2022, September 7). empiricism. WhatIs. | | https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/empiricism | | | | - Christopher Fuster Bueno,Ph.D. (2011, March 23). The 7 Main Areas | | of Sociology Explained. Owlcation; Owlcation. | | https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Areas-of-Sociology | | | | - History and Branches of Anthropology. (2024). | | Nationalgeographic.org. | | https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/history-branche | | s-anthropology/ | | | | - Learning Goals - Sociology. (2019). Sociology. | | https://www.trincoll.edu/sociology/learning-goals/ | | | | - objectivity. (2024). | | https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/objectivit | | y | | | | - Political science \| Fields, History, Theories, & Facts \| | | Britannica. (2024). In Encyclopædia Britannica. | | https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-science | | | | - ‌ Sociology \| Definition, History, Examples, & Facts \| | | Britannica. (2024). In Encyclopædia Britannica. | | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sociology | | | | - What Is Deductive Reasoning? \| Definition, Examples & Tools. | | (2024, July 10). ATLAS.ti. | | https://atlasti.com/guides/qualitative-research-guide-part-2/dedu | | ctive-reasoning\#:\~:text=Deductive%20reasoning%20is%20an%20approach, | | theories%20or%20developing%20existing%20theories. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Prepared by: **KENNETH MAR A. ICO, LPT** Faculty