Physical Education Lesson-1-5-Pathfit_014846 PDF

PHYSICAL EDUCATION Physical Education is an integral part of the education program purposely to promote the optimum development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities Phase of e...

PHYSICAL EDUCATION Physical Education is an integral part of the education program purposely to promote the optimum development of the individual physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally through total movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities Phase of education concerned with the teaching and learning of skills and attitudes in play activities It is an aspect of education that may be appropriately described as education through physical exertion Legal Bases of Teaching Physical Education in the Philippines Setting 1901 - Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in the public schools and regular program of athletics was developed 1920 - Physical Education was made a required subject in the curriculum of all public schools 1937 - Physical Education was made a curricular subject in the secondary school Curriculum. 1969 - The School of Physical Education and Sports Development Act of 1969. A program of activities included among others: 1. A program of health education and nutrition, 2. A program of physical fitness for all pupils, 3. A program of competitive athletics, 4. A program of intramurals and inter unit athletic competition within schools, districts and provinces and 5. An annual athletic competition and among regions. 1982 - MAPE was introduced and the learning area involves music, arts and physical education Article 1 of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Paris (1975) and Recommendation 1, Inter disciplinary Regional Meeting of Experts in Physical Education and Sports, UNESCO, Brisbane (1982). The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right of all... and the right should be not treated as different in principle from the right of adequate food, shelter and medicines. Article XIV Section 19 (1) & (2) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution mandates that: The state shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry. All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors. Functions of Physical Education Physical Education performs three functions which are: 1. Biologic Function refers to the enhancement of the individual's growth an development through body movement 2. Integrative Function refers to the personality integration achieved through participation in properly selected physical activities 3. Social Function refers to the transmitting values and standards that are consistent with the needs and ideals of the society Fitness - A Major Goal of Physical Education Different people differ in their notion of fitness in the field of Physical Education, the concept of fitness has implications for physical, social, emotional and mental well-being in view of these four aspects, it can be said that FITNESS is the ability to live a healthy, satisfying and useful life. This type of life is what the educational philosophers and thinkers’ term as the "good life." This is the ultimate goal of education.  Physical education as a component of the educational system strives to aid or facilitate the development of an individual so that he can achieve total fitness to allow him to envoy's the "good life". Therefore, a major goal of physical education is FITNESS Objectives of Physical Education The following are objectives of Physical Education are viewed and stated in terms of their contributions to the outcomes of education and in the curriculum Physical Development Through cautiously selected physical education activities, an individual who participates energetically will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical fitness. The attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who participates further in physical activities; hence, his growth and development will be improved. Through cautiously selected physical education activities, an individual who participates energetically will develop and maintain good health and a high level of physical fitness. The attainment of physical skills can motivate an individual who participates further in physical activities; hence, his growth and development will be improved. Social Development Involvement in Physical Education activities provides opportunities for the development of enviable social traits needed for adjustment to the social life in general Some worthwhile traits are: 1. Friendliness 2. Cooperation 3. Respect for the rights of others 4. Good sportsmanship 5. Good leadership and followership 6. Honesty in group competition Emotional Development The informal nature of physical education activities offers opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery Examples of worthwhile emotional traits are: 1. Self-confidence 2. Self-control 3. Self-reliance 4. Courage 5. Determination Mental Development Through participation in physical education activities, the individual develops his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying movements, as he obtains knowledge and understanding of the rules and strategies of the games and sports. and as he discovers ways of improvising his strategies. movement in gymnastics and dance. Likewise, it enhances critical thinking how activities are done according to rules, regulations and OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1. Knowledge it enhances critical thinking how activities are done according to rules, regulations and strategies. 2. Physical Fitness - improves and maintains the workload of the individual without staggering and undue fatigue after which has time or energy to meet someone more emergencies in life. 3. Social to understand oneself; to get along with others for effective living. 4. Motor skills it is the learning of the fundamental skills necessary for participation in sports and games. 5. Aesthetic relating or responsive to or appreciative of what is pleasurable to the senses. 6. Nationalism preservation of cultural heritage through revival of indigenous games, dances and sports. 7. Conservation of natural environment such as protection of forest and aquatic resources. PURPOSE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION The Physical Education specialists in our country have identified the following purpose of Physical Education: 1. To develop optimum physical fitness and health of the individual so that he is capable of living the "good life" and contributing his maximum capacity to the attainment of the goals of the "New Society"; 2. To produce individuals who can contribute to the economic well-being through: a. The improvement of proper work habits and work attitudes such as punctuality, cooperation, reliability, precision and accuracy, and open-mindedness; and b. Proper emphasis on problem-solving skills such that an individual can identify a problem correctly and master the skills necessary or useful in the business world; 3. To train good leaders with moral integrity of the highest order and develop other desirable traits necessary for effective group participation or group living essential to the New Society through, a. An adequate system of values by equipping the individual to be able to make moral choices or decisions needed in daily living, and b. Offering group participation in such experiences as intramural, extramural, play days or sports fests, 4. To develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith in God and love of country and fellowmen; and 5. To install a love and pride for their preservation, and develop an understanding of the culture of other for a feeling of international brotherhood and unity. What is Physical Education? Physical Education is 'education through the physical". It aims to develop students' physical competence and knowledge of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide range of activities associated with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. It also develops students' confidence and generic skills, especially those of collaboration, communication, creativity, critical thinking and aesthetic appreciation. These, together with the nurturing of positive values and attitudes in PE, provide a good foundation for students' lifelong and life-wide learning. "Physical education is the study, practice, and appreciation of the art and science of human movement" (Harrison, Blakemore, and Buck). While movement is both innate and essential to an individual's growth and development, it is the role of physical education to provide instructional activities that not only promote skill development and proficiency, but also enhance an individual's overall health. Physical education not only fulfills a unique role in education, but is also an integral part of the schooling process. Understanding the Importance of Physical Education Physical education is beneficial for both the bodies and minds of students. By being more active, students will also benefit by being able to better avoid injury, they will have more confidence, and they can see improved mental health. It's important to educate students on the benefits of playground and in-school physical activity and instruct them on issues related to the human body and other health-related issues to give them a better understanding to how their body works. What is FITNESS? Fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day's activities without undue fatigue. What is Physical fitness?  Is a state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities? Physical fitness is generally achieved through proper nutrition, moderate- vigorous physical exercise, and sufficient rest. BENEFITS of Physical Fitness  Reduce risk of disease  Development of physical components Provide better health  Builds stronger Bones, Joints, and Ligaments Maintenance of Optimal Body Weight  Boost in energy level  Improved Appearance  Relaxation and Stress relief  Causes Delayed Aging  Improve your overall health  Healthier, Longer Life Reduces risk of disease  People who participate in regular exercise have a decreased risk of developing:  heart disease  diabetes  metabolic syndrome  Different types of cancer development of physical fitness components Your Guide to Understanding The Different Components Of Physical Fitness Physical fitness is divided into different component categories that vary from person to person. Each person can be trained on these components of physical fitness to improve certain skills or performance in activities. Building on specific components can bring about the changes you desire in your fitness levels, mental health, and lifestyle. Physical fitness is made up of both health-related fitness components and skills- related components. The health related-fitness components relate to how well the systems of your body operate. Are your heart and other muscles in good shape? This type of physical fitness is related to your overall state of health. The skill-related fitness items are concerned with abilities related to sports activities. Are you fast? Do you have good hand-eye coordination? Both kinds of fitness are important for successful participation in sports activities. However, only the health-related components can be related to the prevention of disease and the promotion of health. That is why they are called the health-related components of fitness. Maintaining an acceptable level of the health- related components of fitness is recognized as a key element in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. People who attain such levels of fitness reduce their risks of developing health problems, such as heart disease, low back pain, and obesity, and improve their body's ability to function. This is why health-related fitness should be the concern of everyone, regardless of age. "Many people do not have a clear understanding of physical fitness. Some people think you have to be a good athlete to be physically fit. This is not what a personal fitness awareness program is about! Being physically fit is about understanding the Components of Fitness and working towards improving them as best as you can." SKILL RELATED FITNESS COMPONENT Skill-related fitness is broken down into six different components; agility, speed, power, balance, coordination, reaction time. These skill-related components are movements that are necessary for an individual to successfully demonstrate a variety of motor skills and movement patterns. If you want to develop your level of fitness beyond the basic requirements for health, adjust your workout program to include exercises designed to improve the skill-related components of fitness. 1. POWER Power combines speed and strength. In essence, it's how fast you can generate a maximal force. In sports, "power athletes" are those who exert brute strength in short, all-out efforts, such as Olympic weightlifters, football players, and gymnast. Athletes in other sports, like basketball, volleyball, and tennis, can also benefit from developing greater power. Jumping to get a rebound requires leg power, while forcefully spiking volleyball requires a combination of upper and lower body power. 2. AGILITY Agility is the ability to move quickly and to easily change direction. Basketball players, for instance, are incredibly agile. They have to move in every direction, jumping, sliding, twisting, and backpedaling in quick response to the movement of the ball and other players. Their bodies have to be trained to respond and change course at the drop of a hat. 3. BALANCE Balance itself refers to your ability to adjust your body position to remain upright. It deals with proprioception, or knowing where your body is in space, and being able to make adjustments to your position as your center of gravity changes during movement. There are few sports where balance doesn't play an important role, and there are lots of activities where balance is required for enhanced performance and safety. 4. REACTION TIME Reaction times refers to how quickly you can respond to an external stimulus. Think about a tennis match for a moment: The best competitors react almost instantaneously when the ball comes off their opponent's racquet, sprinting toward the location where they expect the ball to bounce. Reaction time hinges heavily on your mind-body connection. Your eyes see a stimulus, your eyes interpret the stimulus, and your body reacts in accordance with the interpretation. Much of this mind-body reaction relates to knowledge of the sport or activity in question. A professional tennis player can almost instantly interpret and predict the movement of a ball. This knowledge enables them to react more quickly (and accurately) to the stimulus. 5. COORDINATION Coordination is the body's ability to perform smooth and efficient movements. Good coordination requires the athlete to combine multiple movements into a single movement that is fluid and achieves the intended goal. This is contrary to what many people first think of, which is hand-eye coordination which refers to the relationship between eye movements and hand movements, so that our hands make an intended movement in response to our eye movement, usually tracking a ball or something similar. Coordination also includes hand-eye coordination and foot-eye coordination. This type of coordination relates to the movement of the hands or feet in response to eye movement, as it tracks moving objects or people. Someone with good hand-eye coordination is going to be more successful at throwing, catching, and hitting. This enables them to be more successful in sports such as netball, basketball, tennis, cricket, baseball, NFL, AFL, hockey, rugby codes, and much more. Good foot-eye coordination will mean better success in kicking, controlling, and stopping objects with your feet. 6. SPEED Speed is the rate at which something moves. Speed relates to power, as you have already learnt, and relates to the force and the mass of the object the force has acted upon. Speed is the distance an object travels in a set period of time and is usually measured in m/s or km/hr. Speed relates to movement efficiency and performance because there are many sports in which the speed at which someone is moving is advantageous. This includes all racing sports, such as: sprinting, swimming, triathlons, marathons, and much more. For these sports the faster the athlete can move, the better they will perform. In relation to efficiency, high speed will frequently require high energy consumption and result in fatigue. Furthermore, if an athlete has higher speed, it does not mean they have a higher speed without fatigue. Marathon runners often don't have the best speeds when it is tested, but can maintain higher speeds for longer periods of time when compared to sprinters. FITNESS ASSESSMENT Fitness assessments consist of different types of tests and exercises used to determine your overall health and physical fitness level. These tests typically assess your strength, endurance, and flexibility. Fitness tests are required for physically demanding jobs, such as police officers, firefighters, and military personnel. Fitness assessments can also help you, or your personal trainer, figure out an appropriate fitness routine and goals. Fitness assessments are a series of tests that measures and monitors students’ physical fitness level. The series of tests assess the five (5) components of health-related fitness that make up total fitness: cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. As well as the skill related components such as: Speed, Balance, Coordination, Reaction time, Agility and power. Fitness testing is an effective strategy to monitor and assess students’ fitness levels. It can also help students understand how healthy they are by learning about the five components of fitness and how to set goals to improve their health-related fitness. Assessments are the measuring stick of physical education classes. They help to show yourself & others that your students are learning and becoming more physically fit as a result of being in your class. Assessments can also help to show that your PE class is valuable. Therefore, assessments are important and should matter to you in your PE class. They should be performed at least before and after a unit or some set period of time. BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) Body mass index (BMI) is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. BMI is an inexpensive and easy screening method for weight category ⸻underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity. BMI does not measure body fat directly, but BMI is moderately correlated with more direct measures of body fat. Furthermore, BMI appears to be as strongly correlated with various metabolic and disease outcome as are these more direct measures of body fatness. BMI can be a screening tool but it does not diagnose the body fatness or health of an individual. To determine if BMI is a health risk, a healthcare provider performs further assessments. Such assessments include skin fold thickness measurements, evaluations of diet, physical activity, and family history. How is BMI calculated? BMI is calculated the same way for both adults and children. The calculation is based on the following formulas: Measurement Units Formula and Calculation Kilograms and meters (or Formula: weight (kg) / [height (m)]2 centimeters) With the metric system, the formula for BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Because height is commonly measured in centimeters, divide height centimeters by 100 to obtain height in meters. Example: Weight = 68 kg, Height = 165cm (1.65 m) Calculation: 68 ÷ (1.65)2 = 24.98 Pounds and inches Formula: weight (lb.) ∕ [height (in)]2 x 703 Calculate BMI by dividing weight in pounds (lbs.) by height in inches (in) squared and multiplying by a conversion factor of 703. Example: Weight 150 lbs, Height 5’5” (65”) Calculation: [150 ÷ (65)2] x 703 = 24.96 How is BMI interpreted for adults? For adults 20 years old and older, is interpreted using standard weight status categories. These categories are the same for men and women of all body types and ages. The standard weight status categories associated with BMI ranges for adults are shown in the following table. BMI WEIGHT STATUS Below 18.5 Underweight 18.5 – 24.9 Normal or Heavy Weight 25.0 – 29.9 Overweight 30.0 and Above Obese Classification BMI (kg ∕m2) Sub-classification BMI (kg ∕m2) Underweight < 18.50 Severe thinness < 16.00  Moderate thinness 16.00 – 16.99 Mild thinness 17.00 – 18.49 Normal Range 18.5 – 24.99 Normal 18.5 – 24.99 Overweight ≥ 25.00 Pre-obese 25.00 – 29.99 Obese Obese (≥ 30.00) Class I 30.00 – 24.99 Obese 30.00 – 34.99 Class II Obese ≥ 40.00 Class III For example, here are the weight ranges, the corresponding BMI ranges, and the weight status categories for a person who is 5’9”. Weight Weight Height BMI Range Status 5’9” 124 Below Underweight lbs. or 18.5 less 125 18.5 to Normal or lbs. to 24.9 Healthy 168 Weight lbs. 169 25.0 to Overweight lbs. to 29.9 202 lbs. 203 30 or Obese lbs. or higher more How good is BMI as an indicator of body fatness? The correlation between the BMI and body fatness is fairly strong, but even if two people have the same BMI, their level of body fatness may differ in general.  At the same BMI, women tend to have more body fat than men.  At the same BMI, Blacks have less body fat than do Whites, and Asians have more body fat than do Whites.  At the same BMI, older people, on average, tend to have more body fat than younger adults.  At the same BBMI, athletes have less body fat than do non-athletes. The accuracy of BMI as an indicator of body fatness also appears to be higher in persons with higher levels of BMI and body fatness. While, a person with a very high BMI (e.g., 35 kg/m²) is very likely to have high body fat, a relatively high BMI can be results of either high body fat or high lean body mass (muscle and bone). A trained heath care provider should perform appropriate heath assessments to evaluate an individual’s health status and risks. If an athlete or other person with a lot of muscle has a BMI over 25, is that person still considered to be overweight?  According to the BMI weight status categories, anyone with a BMI between 25 and 2.9 would be classified as overweight and anyone with a BMI over 30 would be classified as obese. However, athletes may have a high BMI because of increased muscularity rather than increased body fatness. In general, a person who has a high BMI is likely to have body fatness and would be considered to be overweight or obese, but this may not apply to athletes. A trained healthcare provides should perform appropriate health assessments to evaluate an individual’s health status and risks. What are the health consequences of obesity for adults? People who have obesity are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions including the following:  All-causes of death (mortality)  High blood pressure (hypertension)  High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (dyslipidemia)  Type 2 diabetes  Coronary heart disease  Stroke  Gallbladder disease  Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint)  Sleep apnea and breathing problems  Chronic inflammation and increased oxidative stress  Some cancers (endometrial, breast, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and liver)  Low quality of life  Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders  Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning