Pharmacognosy Lectures 1-5 (Dr. Taha Hussien) PDF

Pharmacognosy: - It is the study of crude drugs of animal, plant and mineral origin treated scientifically. - The word "Pharmacognosy" is derived from the Greek name "Pharmakon", a drug "gnosis", to acquire knowledge of. It is introduce by Seydler in 1815. Pharmacognosy study of: Struc...

Pharmacognosy: - It is the study of crude drugs of animal, plant and mineral origin treated scientifically. - The word "Pharmacognosy" is derived from the Greek name "Pharmakon", a drug "gnosis", to acquire knowledge of. It is introduce by Seydler in 1815. Pharmacognosy study of: Structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters of crude drugs of vegetable, animal and mineral origin including the following items: - Historical background. - Methods for cultivation, collection, drying and storage of medicinal plants. Other particulars as treatment they receive during: their passage from the producer to the distributor or pharmacist. A "crude drug“ - Means a dried unprepared natural material of plant, animal or mineral origin before they have undergone extensive processing or modification , which is used for medicine. Official and non-official drugs - An official drug: is one that is listed and described in a book recognized by the government as the legal authority of standards eg.: British Pharmacopoeia (B. P.) Egyptian Pharmacopoeia (E. P.) Classification of drugs for study Taxonomical Aliphabitical Classification of drugs for study Chemical Pharmacological Classification of drugs for study: - Vegetable drugs can be arranged for study under the following headings: 1- Alphabetical Classification : - Arrange alphabetically by using either Latin name or English name e.g.: Pharmacopoeias 2- Taxonomical Classification : - The drugs are divided into groups taxonomically based on ; family, genus, species 3- Morphological Classification; - The drugs are divided into groups, based on plant part used medicinally such as leaves , flowers, fruits ,seeds ,barks, roots, rhizomes ,woods and those are known as organized drugs and as gums, resins, oils ,dried extracts ,which known as unorganized drugs. 4- Chemical Classification: -The drugs are classified into groups according to the chemical nature of the active constituents, e.g. drugs containing alkaloids , glycosides , tannins, bitter principles, volatile oils. 5- Pharmacological Classification: - The drugs are classified into groups accord. to their pharmacological action or therapeutic uses e.g. antihypertensive drugs, cardio tonic drugs, anticancer drugs , antispasmodic,..etc  Adulteration of natural products - Generally occurs when a drug has high price - Adulterant must be cheap and available in large amount - Adulterated drug is that which does not comply with the official requirements Types of Adulteration; 1- Sophistication or True adulteration The addition of an inferior material to any article with intends to defraud. e.g. addition of wheat flour to powdered ginger, with enough capsicum →to enhance the pungency and enough curcuma →to maintain color. 2- Substitution Replacement of the original drug by the adulterant (An entirely different article used). Different ways of substitution: Substitution of exhausted drugs: e. g.: As in the preparation of volatile oils from clove. 3- Admixture The addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance or carelessness i.e. Argel instead of Senna. 4- Deterioration Can be defined as: An impairment of drug quality by →→ the abstraction or destruction of valuable constituents by →→distillation, extraction, aging, moisture, heat, fungi, insects e.g. coffee which lost its caffeine through over roasting. 5- Spoilage A form of deterioration in which: the quality or value or usefulness of an article is impaired or destroyed by fungal action →→ as to render the drug unfit for human consumption. 6- Inferiority - Is any substandard condition for any cause. i.e. addition of synthetic material to fortify inferior products such as, adding citral to lemon oil.  Chemistry of Active Constituents  Food storage products (Primary metabolites) 1- Starch 2- Mucilages 3- Protein 4- Fixed oil, Fats and Wax 5- Calcium oxalate 6- Calcium carbonate Uses of the starch 1- As disintegrant in tablet manufacturing 2- Antidote for iodine toxicity 3- As dusting powder for skin preparation 4- As nutrient 5- As starting material for preparation of liquid glucose, dextrose, dextrin, soluble starch and insoluble starch. Commercial starches Maize, Wheat, Rice and Potato starch 2- Mucilages: - They are polysaccharide, white amorphous powder - They are found in the cortical cells of roots, rhizomes, endosperm cells or special cells Uses: as lubricant, demulcent or emollient Chemical test: - With ruthenium red reagent →give red colour - With corallin soda reagent →give red colour 3- Protein - Storage protein present in living cell in the form of amorphous mass or sometimes filling the cell as endosperm or in the form of definite grains known aleurone grains. Chemical test - With Millon's reagent →whole grain take red colour on warming 4- Fixed oil, Fats and Wax - They are mixtures of esters of fatty acids with glycerol - They are greasy, non-volatile, viscous (oil), semisolid (fats) or solid wax - The are insoluble in water or cold alcohol but soluble in non-polar organic solvents (Why???) Chemical tests 1- With Sudan III stained red 2- With chlorophyll tincture stained green  Products of metabolism (Secondary metabolites) I- Alkaloids II- Volatile oil III- Glycosides IV- Tannins V-Resin VI- Oleo-gum VII-Oleo-gum-resin VIII- Gum  Products of metabolism I- Alkaloids Heterocyclic, nitrogenous, basic pharmacologically active compounds. Occurrence and distribution - They occur mainly in dicotyledones: Solanaceae but (labiatae and rosaceae are free) in monocotyledons: Liliaceae They are precipitated by reagent containing heavy metals as: 1- Mayer's reagent (K-HgI) 2- Wagner's reagent (I2-KI) 3- Kraut's reagent (KBi-I) 4- Marme's reagent (K-CdI) 5- HgCl2 Or by some acids as tannic acid and picric acid II- Volatile oils: - Important odourous principle in the plants - Due to their evaporation at ordinary temperature and air they are called volatile oils - They are not esters of fatty acids (C.F. Fixed oil) and undergo resinification (not rancidity) - They are mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds (oxides, alcohol, aldehyde …etc) - They are secreted in the plant by special cells, ducts, glands, glandular hairs. Example of oils: Clove oil, Chamomile oil, peppermint oil …etc Dherapeutic actions and uses of volatile oils Carminative, antispasmodic, Diuretic, Anthelmintic, Mild antiseptic, …… etc Widely used in perfumery, Widely used as spices for flavoring of food Chemical tests With Sudan III reagent give red colour III- Glycosides Glucose O O OH - They are non-reducing substances which on H COOH hydrolysis yield →one or more reducing sugar (glycone) R and non-reducing part (aglycone) H OH - Aglycone responsible about the pharmacological action. Glucose O O - Glycone improve the solubility of drug and facilitate its absorption and metabolism. R= COOH (Sennoside A) R= CH2OH (Sennoside C) IV- Tannins - Naturally occurring phenolic substance of plant origin - Used in tanning process which change skin into leather Therapeutic uses of Tannins Astringent and antiseptic for the treatment of burns and gastrointestinal disorders. Antidotes in alkaloids or heavy metal toxicity. Antidiarrheal, Homeostatic (stop of bleeding). Reagent for the detection of gelatine and proteins. Chemical tests They are gives bluish black color with FeCl3 ( Test for hydrolysable tannins) They are gives greenish black color with FeCl3 (Test for condensed tannins) V- Resins - Resins are solid or semisolid amorphous organic substances of complex chemical nature as acids, esters, alcohols or glycosidic compounds... etc., and they are free from nitrogen. VI- Oleo-Resin: It is a mixture of Volatile oil and Resin VII- Oleo-Gum-Resin It is a mixture of Volatile oil, gum and Resin - Gums are neutral salts of complex polysaccharide acids which contain methylpentose, pentose, hexose and uronic acid residues - Gums = sugars + uronic acid residues The Leaves  Lectures outline: 1-Leaves containing Alkaloids 1- Stramonium Leaf 2- Egyptian henbane leaf 3- Belladonna leaf 4- Jaborandi leaf 5- Boldo leaf 6- Tea leaf 7- Coca leaf II- Leaves containing Glycosides 1. Anthraquinone glycosides (Senna leaflets) 2. Cardiac glycosides (Digitalis and Squill leaves) 3. Phenolic glycosides (Uva ursi leaves) 4. Flavonoid glycosides (Ginkgo leaves) III- Leaves containing Tannins 1. Hamamelis leaves 2. Henna leaves IV- Leaves containing volatile oils 1. Buchu Leaves 2. Eucalyptus leaves 3. Thyme leaves 4. Rosemary leaves 5. Sage leaves 6. Guajava leaves 1- Stramonium Leaf 2- Egyptian henbane leaf 3- Belladonna leaf 4- Jaborandi leaf 5- Boldo leaf 6- Tea leaf 7- Coca leaf  1- Stramonium Leaf ) ‫( أوراق الداتورة‬ Other name: Thorn apple Origin: It is the dried leaves with or without flowering tops of Datura stramonium Family: Solanaceae Geographical source Temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America Active constituents Alkaloids: Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine Atropine (dl- Hyoscyamine) Hyoscyamine O CH2OH O N-CH3 O-C-C H Hyoscine (Scopolamine)  Actions and Uses of Solanaceous Alkaloids Atropine, Hyoscyamine and Scoplamine (Hyoscine) are: Cholinergic blocker drugs “Anticholinergic drugs” Anticholinergics are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, or a chemical messenger. It transfers signals between certain cells to affect how your body functions. How anticholinergics work Anticholinergics drugs: block acetylcholine from binding to its receptors on certain nerve cells →→They inhibit actions called parasympathetic nerve impulses. →→These nerve impulses are responsible for involuntary muscle movements, body processes and secretions and Ex: Anticholinergics act as: * Decrease body secretions. * Depress the motility of smooth muscles. Therapeutic Uses 1- Atropine is used in ophthalmology to dilate the pupil of the eye (mydriatic effect) and therefore used for examination of eye as eye drops. 2- Atropine is CNS stimulant. 3- Atropine relaxes the intestinal and bronchial smooth muscles and therefore used as antispasmodic. 4- Atropine is used in pre-anesthetic medication to stop or inhibit body secretions. 5- Hyoscine has sedative action, as used in the control of motion sickness  2- Egyptian henbane leaf ‫اوراق السكران المصري‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus Family: Solanaceae Geographical source Egypt Active constituents As Datura leaves Uses As Datura leaves  3- Belladonna Leaf ‫اوراق ست الحسن‬ Other names: Deadly night shade, Poison black cherry and Mad cherry Origin: It is the dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa belladonna Family: Solanaceae Geographical source England, USA and European countries Active constituents Alkaloids: - Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine and Atropine Volatile bases: ( N-methylpyrroline and N-methylpyrrolidine) Uses As Datura leaves  General chemical test for alkaloid Shake the powder with dilute HCl→ filter→ add drop of Mayer's reagent→ a creamy white ppt. is formed Mayer‘s reagent Potassium mercuric iodid Creamy white coloured ppt Specific chemical test for Solanaceous alkaloids (Tropane alkaloids). Vitali-Morin test Evaporate of 1ml of the alkaloidal solution on water bath till dryness → add 2 drops of conc. HNO3 and also evaporate till dryness → Cool the residue → add 1 drop of freshly prepared alcoholic KOH (10%) →A bright purple colour.  4- Jaborandi leaf ‫اوراق الجابورندي‬ Origin: It is the dried leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi Family: Rutaceae Geographical source South America, West India, Brazil and Central America Active constituent Alkaloids: (Pilocarpine, Isopilocrpine, Pilosine and Isopilosine) Therapeutic uses 1- Pilocarpine salts are used in ophthalmic therapy as eye drop, as it cause contraction of eye pupil (myotic action) used in treatment of glaucoma. N.B.(Glaucoma=increase the Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) *Pilocarpine has parasympathomimetic activity and cholinesterase inhibitor 2- Pilocarpine is antidote for Atropine this means (It antagonize the action of Atropine) where, it has Miotic action, induce salivation (Sialagogue) and increase sweating (Diaphoretic ) 3-Used in renal diseases to eliminate both water and urea Tests for identity: Helch’s test Pilocarpine soln in H2O + Pot. dichromate + H2O2 + dil. acid → violet color  5- Boldo Leaf ‫اوراق البولدو‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves of Peumus boldus Family: Monimiaceae Geographical source Chile, Mediteranean mountains Active constituents - Alkaloids: boldine, isoboldine - Volatile oil: mainly p-Cymene, 1,8-Cineole, Ascaridole and Linalool - Flavonoid glycosides Therapeutic uses - Cholagogue , liver stimulant and diuretic - Carminative, diaphoretic and flavouring agent  6-Tea Leaf ‫اوراق الشاي‬ Origin: It consists of the prepared leaves of Thea sinensis (Camellia thea) Family: Theaceae Geographical source Sri-Lanka, China, Japan Preparation of black and green tea 1- In preparation of black tea (Slow drying ) - During the drying and in the fermentation process (slow drying at temperature of 20-27 C ) → The colour of tea leaves change from green to reddish brown → due to the activity of an oxidase enzyme called ( Thease ) which converts partly Phlobatannins ( the soluble tannin ) into → insoluble Phlobaphens (Reddish brown in colour) + and liberate free caffeine. 2- While in green tea manufacture (Rapid drying ) - Some enzymes of which ‘'Thease’’ are destroyed and therefore, the soluble tannin (Phlobatannins ) is not oxidized. (The colour of tea leaves still green after rapid drying). N.B. - Black tea contains higher percent % of Caffeine than green tea. Active constituents -Alkaloids: ( Caffeine, Theobromine, Theophylline ) O O CH3 O H3C CH3 N N N H3C HN N NH O N N O N N O N N CH3 CH3 CH3 Caffeine Theobromine Theophylline Therapeutic uses - Marked CNS stimulant, heart stimulant (Refreshment ) and relief headache due to Caffeine - Mild diuretic and Weak smooth muscle relaxant due to Theobromine and theophylline.  7- Coca Leaf ‫اوراق الكوكا‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves of Erythroxylum coca Family: Erythroxylaceae Geographical source South America, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia  Active constituents COOR Alkaloids: Cocaine Therapeutic uses N-CH3 OR' Therapeutic uses R R’ Cocaine Methyl Benzoyl 1- CNS stimulant (small dose) - In large dose causes CNS stimulation followed by depression and may cause cardiac arrest. - Large dose causes addiction 2- Cocaine HCl is a local anaesthetic. - Now it’s use restricted and confined to minor surgical operation ( as ophthalmic, ear, nose and throat surgery) due to it’s strong addiction developing power and it’s toxicity. 1. Anthraquinone glycosides (Senna leaflets) 2. Cardiac glycosides (Digitalis leaves) (Squill leaves) 3. Phenolic glycosides (Uva ursi leaves) 4. Flavonoid glycosides (Ginkgo leaves) Senna Leaf  1- Senna leaflets ‫وريقات السنا‬ Other name: Senamakki Origin: - It is the dried leaflets of cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian senna) and Cassia angustifolia (Indian senna ) Family: Leguminosae Geographical source: 1- Alexandrian senna Sudan, Egypt. 2- Indian senna cultivated in south India Active constituents - Anthraquinone glycosides: Sennoside A, B, C and D, Aloe- emodin Glucose O Glucose O O OH O OH H H COOH COOH R R H H Glucose O O OH OH Glucose O O R= COOH Sennoside A R= COOH Sennoside B R= CH2OH Sennoside C R= CH2OH Sennoside D - Flavonoids: Kaempferol, Isorhamnetin - Mucilage Therapeutic uses - Used in treatment of patient with habitual constipation, as: Small dose is laxative while large dose is purgative but in over dose cathartic. N.B. A frequent or long – term use (therapy) of drugs containing anthraquinone derivatives. has been associated with increased risk of intestinal tumours, Therefore, the use of anthraquinones drugs should be restricted to short-term therapy I- Borntrager's test Test for free anthraquinone 1- Boil 1 g of powdered drug with water 2- Filter while hot → cool → extract with benzene 3- To the benzene layer add equal of its volume with ammonia → shake well and allow separating → the aqueous layer will take a rose-pink colour II- Modified Borntrager's test Test for combined anthraquinone 1- Boil 1 g of powdered drug with 5 ml of 10% H2SO4 for 2 minutes → to hydrolyze the glycoside 2- Filter while hot → cool → extract with benzene 3- To the benzene layer add half of its volume with ammonia → shake well and allow separating → the aqueous layer will take a rose-pink colour  2- Digitalis Leaf (Foxglove) ‫اوراق الديجيتالس‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves of the flowering species of Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata Family: Scrophulariaceae Geographical source Central and southern Europe, England, USA and Canada Active constituents 1- Primary glycosides; purpurea glycosides A and B in addition to hydrolytic products 2- Secondary glycosides; Digitoxin, Gitoxin and 1 mole of glucose 18 12 17 20 22 11 OH 13 16 1 19 8 21 O 23 O 2 14 15 9 10 OH 3 7 O 4 5 Gitoxigenin 6 digitoxose-digitoxose-digitoxose- -D-glucose Gitoxin purpurea B - while D. lanata contains lanatoside A, B, C and D CHO CHO CHO CHO CHO H OH H OH CH2 CH2 H OH HO H H OH H OH H OMe MeO H H OH HO H H OH H OH HO H H OH HO H H OH H OH H OH CH2OH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 D-Glucose L-Rhamnose Digitoxose Cymarose D-Digitalose Cultivation and collection 1- Cultivated in soil rich in Manganese to give good crop. 2- Collected in the early afternoon: where the active constituents are concentrated during the day light, therefore the maximum percentage in the afternoon. 3- Drying rapidly at 55-600 C to prevent destruction of the glycosides by inlet of hot air. 4- Storage must be in presence of dehydrating agent e.g. Ca(OH)2 ). N.B. - During early or night, the enzymatic degradation (Hydrolytic enzymes ) become active and degradate or hydrolyze the main active constituents (Cardioglycoside ). - Therefore, the percentage of crop is more less during early and night. Therapeutic uses - Used as cardiotonic for treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF ). (where, Cardiac glycosides act to increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscles). Chemical test 1- Keller-Kiliani test (for Digitoxose) - Dissolve the glycoside in glacial acetic acid containing traces of FeCl3 → add conc. H2SO4 containing the same amount of FeCl3 to form a lower layer → An intense blue colour develop at the surface between the two layers (in 2-5 minutes) 2- Liebermann’s test (for the steroidal nucleus) 3- Kedde’s test (for 5-membered lactone ring)  3- Squill ‫بصل العنصل‬ Origin: - It is the sliced and dried scale-leaves of Urginea maritima Family: Liliaceae Geographical source Mediterranean region Active constituents 1- Cardiac glycosides: ( Scillarin A and B ) 2- Mucilage Therapeutic uses It act as digitalis like action (Cardiotonic in ttt of congestive heart failure (CHF ) Expectorant and in chronic bronchitis Large dose cause emesis  4- Bearberry leaf (Uva-ursi) ‫اوراق عنب الدب‬ Origin: - It is the dried leaves of Arectostaphylos uva-ursi Family: Ericaceae Geographical source - Central and northern Europe Active constituents O-Glucose 1- Phenolic glycosides (Arbutin) 2- Flavonoids glycosides 3- Tannins OH Therapeutic uses: Arbutin - Urinary tract antiseptic for ttt urinary tract infections. (due to Hydroquinone (Bacteriostatic) which result from hydrolysis of Arbutin in urine at pH>7 )→→Therefore, Leaves extract administrated with specific foods (Tomatoes or Potatoes) or Na-bicarbonate to alkalinize of urine at pH>7 - Diuretic and mild astringent. - Arbutin is skin whitining or natural antihyperpigmentation agent. (act as tyrosinase inhibitor = an enzyme playing a major role in formation of melanin pigment inside the melanocytes of the skin )  5- Ginkgo leaves ‫اوراق الجنكو‬ Origin: - It is the dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba F. Ginkgoaceae Geographical source - China and European countries Active constituents 1- Sesquiterpenes lactones ( Bilobalide) 2- Diterpenes lactones ( Genkgolides A, B, C, J, M ) 3- Triterpenoids 4- Flavonids ( Kaempferol, Quercetin ) Therapeutic uses - Ginkgo extract improve of general and cerebral circulation. (as increase of blood flow). - Therefore, Ginkgo extract are mainly used in the following cases; Dementia , Cognitive deficiency, Alzheimer disease and Impotence (Sexual dysfunction) N.B. - Ginkgo Extract contraindicated (not used) with patients have Bleeding disorders due to it’s anti-platelet activity. - Ginkgo Ext. not recommended with Aspirin and Warfarin (They have similar effect) - Ginkgo Ext. is contraindicated with pregnant and nursing (lactating) mother. - Ginkgo Ext. is unsuitable for self-treatment or OTC (over the counter). 1. Hamamelis leaf 2. Henna leaves  1- Hamamelis leaf (Witch hazel leaf ) ‫) اوراق الهماميلس‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves of Hamamelis virginiana Family: Hamamelidaceae Geographical source Canada, USA Active constituents 1- Tannins: (Gallitannins, Ellagitannins and Proanthocyanidins) 2- Bitter principle Therapeutic uses - Used Externally as astringent and Heamostatic due to the therapeutic properties of Tannins (Astringent & antiseptic). - Used as ingredient in hemorrhoidal products for ttt of Hemorrhoid. - Also, used in treatment of insect bites, stings and teething preparations.  2- Henna (Lawsonia) leaves ‫اوراق الحنا‬ Origin: - It is the dried leaves of Lawsonia inermis Family: Lythraceae Geographical source - Egypt and Sudan Active constituents 1- 1,4 – Naphthoquinone compounds (Lawsone) (colouring material as pigment ) 2- Flavonoids 3- Tannins Therapeutic uses 1- Henna leaves widely used externally for ttt eczema, scabies 2- Henna leaves also used as Taenicide due to antifungal effect of lawsone compound. 3- Henna leaves used in cosmetic preparations as hair and nail dye due to the strong binding of Lawsone to hair. 4- Henna leaves exhibit internally diuretic and astringent effects and therefore used in ttt amoebic dysentery and GIT ulcer (limited used internally). 1. Buchu Leaves 2. Eucalyptus leaves 3. Thyme leaves 4. Rosemary leaves 5. Sage leaves 6. Guajava leaves  1- Buchu Leaf ‫اوراق البوكو‬ Origin: It is the dried leaves of Barosma betulina (short or round buchu) (official drug), Barosma crenulata (oval buchu) (Non official) and Barosma serratifolia (long buchu) (Non official) Family: Rutaceae Geographical source South Africa, Europe and USA  Active constituents 1- Flavonoid (Diosmin) OH OCH3 Rhamnose-Glucose-O O OH O OH O 2- Volatile oil (Diosphenol) (Diosphenol) 3- Mucilage Chemical test - Less of powder + KOH soln. → Intense yellow colour ( Specific test for Diosmin). (Diosmin dissolve in KOH soln. to give intense yellow colour.) Therapeutic uses - Used as urinary tract antiseptic in case of urinary tract infection. - Also, act as Diuretic and Diaphoretic - Diosmin: improve blood flow and strengthening of blood capillaries walls, so it used in ttt peripheral vascular disorder ( in case of varicose vein and Hemorrhoid).  2- Eucalyptus leaves Origin: - It is the dried leaves of Eucalyptus globules Family: Myrtaceae. Geographical source - Mediterranean countries Active constituents 1- Volatile oils ( 0.5 – 4 % ) ( Cineol 54 – 95 % ) 2- Tannins 3- Triterpenes and Flavonoids (Traces ) Therapeutic uses 1- Eucalyptus is used as astringent, antiseptic, effective decongestant, expectorant and bronchodilator (by inhalation and aromatherapy massage ) 2- Eucalyptus is used as herbal tea for ttt Bronchitis and bronchial asthma. 3- Eucalyptus oil is used as one of ingredient of cough syrups and cough drops (used in recommended dose). 4- Eucalyptus oil has antiviral effect (effective against Herpes simplex).  3- Thyme leaves ‫اوراق الزعتر‬ Origin: - It is the dried leaves of Thymus vulgaris Family: Lamiaceae Geographical source - Mediterranean and European countries. Active constituents 1- Volatile oils (Thymol 20- 54 % ) 2- Flavonoids 3- Tannins Therapeutic uses 1- Thymol is used as ingredient of mouth wash preparations due to it’s antiseptic activity. 2- Thyme leaves used as thyme tea in ttt of cough, bronchitis and upper respiratory infections. 3- Thyme tea is used in ttt of dyspepsia (after administration of heavy meals). N.B. - Thyme preparations contraindicated for pregnancy in first trimester due to (thyme oil has oxytocin like effect ,→→where causes uterine contraction and increase the risk of abortion)  4- Rosemary ‫اوراق اكليل الجبل‬ 5- Sage ‫اوراق المريمية‬ 6- Guajava Leaf ‫اوراق الجوافة‬ - It is the dried leaves of It is the dried leaves of It is the dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis Salvia officinalis Psdium guajava, F:Lamiaceae F: Lamiaceae Family (Labiatae) (Labiatae) Myrtaceae Active constituents: Active constituents: Active constituents: 1. Volatile oil 1. Volatile oil 1. Volatile oil (cineol). 2. Flavonoids 2. Flavonoids 2. Tannin. 3. Phenolic acids 3. Phenolic acids 3. Flavonoids (Quercetin). 4. Glycosides (Guaiavein). Uses: Uses: Uses: 1. Powerful antioxidant. 1. ttt of flatulence, dyspepsia, 1. Astringent due to 2. Perfumery, gastritis, fevers and presence of tannins. aromatherapy inflammation of throat. 2. Antiseptic for upper (due to volatile oil). 2. Antioxidant respiratory tract 3. Falvouring agent and in infections so its Aromatherapy. extract is added to cough mixtures.