Pharmacognosy II Lecture 2 (2024-2025) PDF

Pharmacognosy II Lecture (2) For Second year Pharm D Students Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia University 2024-2025  Coriander fruit ‫ثمرة الكزبرة‬ Fructus Coriandri, Coriander, Coriandrum Botani...

Pharmacognosy II Lecture (2) For Second year Pharm D Students Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia University 2024-2025  Coriander fruit ‫ثمرة الكزبرة‬ Fructus Coriandri, Coriander, Coriandrum Botanical Origin: Coriander is the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, Family: Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). The unripe fruit has a strong disagreeable odour. Macroscopical characters  Macroscopical characters: Condition: dried cremocarp Colour: brownish-yellow or brown in colour. Surface: Nearly glabrous Shape: sub-spherical or globular Odour: an aromatic odour. Taste: aromatic spicy and characteristic taste.. Each is crowned by 5 small sepals and a short conical stylopod. T.S of coriander fruit  Powdered Coriander fruits: Colour: light brown to brown. Odour: aromatic. Taste: characteristic. Simple vittae Parquetry endocarp + porous innermost layer of mesocarp Crossed wavy Hairs and starch granules, absent. schlerenchyma fibres  Active Constituents: 1- Volatile oil (1% up tp 1.8 % according to origin) containing D(+) linalool (55-74%). 2- Fats (up to 26 %), its main fatty acids are oleic and linolenic acids. 3- Flavonoid glycosides ( quercetin, iso- quercetin and rutin), coumarins and phenolic acids.  Actions and Uses: 1- Coriander is more often used as a spice than a medicine. 2- It is used as a stomachic, spasmolytic, carminative and flavoring agent. 3- It has a bactericidal and fungicidal properties. 4- It is useful for sub-acid gastritis, diarrhea and dyspepsia of various origins. 5-It has been reported to have strong lipolytic activity. 6- the high percent of fats and protein make distillation residues suitable for animal feed. 7- The volatile oil of coriander is widely used in perfumery.  Contraindication: Not known Side effects: Powdered coriander may give rise to allergic reactions due to 5- and 8- methoxypsoralen, imperatorin and other photoactive compounds present in various parts of the plant, including fruits.  Adulterants: 1- Bombay Coriander fruits: Fruits are ellipsoidal About 5-8 mm long and 3-4.5 mm wide Contain little volatile oil. 2- Fenugreek seeds cereal fruits: Other small fruits and seeds where their macroscopical and microscopical characters easily distinguished.  Special chemical tests: Powdered coriander fruits + Sudan III Examined under the microscope orange-red coloured oil globules are produced which are evaporated when the slide is warmed.  Caraway ‫ثمر الكراوية‬ Botanical origin: Caraway is the dried ripe fruit of Carum carvi Linn., Family: Umbelliferae caraway vitta  Active constituents: 1- Essential oil (3-7%): the main odoriferous component is (+) carvone (up to 65%), dihydrocarvone, carveol, and limonene. 2- Fixed oil (10-18 %). 3- proteins, carbohydrates and flavonoids.  Actions and uses: 1- stomachic as it promotes gastric secretions and stimulates appetite. 2- excellent spasmolytic activity. 3- Caraway oil has marked fungicidal activity. i.e the diluted volatile oil is a useful remedy for scabies. 4- The volatile oil is included in mouthwashes and gargles. 5- as a spice, taste enhancer and improves tolerance to food causing flatulence e.g. cabbage  Special chemical test: - using Sudan III for volatile oil. Contraindications: Not known. Side effects: Not known. Adulterants: 1-Exhausted fruits. 2- Small stems and rays of the umbels. 3- Indian dill (fruits of Anethum sowa). 4- Seeds of Nigella sativa (Family: Ranunculaceae) are sometimes known as black caraway. Non-Umbelliferous Fruits  Non-Umbelliferous fruits Official fruits Capsicum Fruits ‫ثمر الشطة‬ Botanical Origin: Capsicum is the dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum Roxb., Family: Solanaceae.  Macroscopical characters: Fruit color: red or orange (berry). Seeds:pale yellow or white. Odor: characteristic & irritant for the mucous membranes. Taste: pungent burning sensation. L.S in Capsicum Fruit T.S in Capsicum Fruit Powder: color: red or orange Odor: characteristic & irritant for the mucous membranes. Taste: pungent with burning sensation. Powder: Sclerides of the endocarp (S.V) Sclerides of the testa (S.V) epidermis of the calyx in surface view Epidermis of the pedicel in showing glandular surface view trichomes. showing a covering trichome.  Active constituents: 1- Pungent principles named Capsaicinoids, including: Capsaicin, 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin and homocapsaicin. The pungency of Capsicum is not destroyed by treatment with alkalies as capsaicin is a fatty acid amide which can be destroyed by oxidation with potassium dichromate or permanganate. 3- Minute quantities of liquid non-pungent alkaloid Capsicine. 4- Carotenoid pigments. 5- Steroid glycosides (including Capsicosides A,B,C and D)  Actions and Uses: The medicinal value of Capsicum is directly related to its pungency. 1- Capsicum fruits are used as condiment. 2- Internally, the drug is given in dyspepsia and flatulence. 3- Externally, it is used in different formulations (ointments, plasters…) as a pain controller for the relief of rheumatism, lumbago. The drug is used as a deterrent for thumb sucking or nail biting in children.  Contraindications: Capsicum is contraindicated in application on injured skin, allergies to Capsicum preparations. Side effects: 1- The use of Capsaicin cream. Some people may have an allergic reaction to the cream, so the first application should be to na very small area of skin. 2- Oral intake can cause burning in the mouth and throat and can cause the nose to run and eyes to water. 3- People with ulcers, heartburn or gastritis should use any cayenne- containing product cautiously as it may worsen their condition.  Chemical tests: 1- Capsaicin gives a bluish- green colour on the addition of few drops of FeCl3 2- When Capsaicin dissolved in H2SO4 and a small piece of sucrose sugar is added a violet colour is developed after few hours.  Colocynth bulb “Bitter apple” ‫ثمر الحنظل‬ Botanical origin: Colocynth is the dried unripe but fully grown fruits of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Scharder, Family: Cucurbitaceae, deprived of its seeds and outer hard pericarp. It contains not more than 5 percent of its seeds and not more than 2 percent of the outer sclerenchymatous part of the pericarp.  Perennial climbing herb, the fruit size like the size of orange fruit. yellow colored with brown or white seeds. Odorless. Taste : very bitter.  epidermal cells of colocynth seed  Active constituents: 1- an amorphous resin which is soluble in ether and chloroform and also causes drastic purgation. 2- Cucurbitacins, i.e Cucurbitacins E, B and L. 3- Crystalline alcohol citrullol. 4- Flavonoids: vitexin and isovitexin. 5- Fixed oil in the seeds.  Actions and uses: 1- gastrointestinal stimulant and so considered as one of the most powerful purgatives acting as a hydragogue cathartic. 2- Cucurbitacins are reported as potent cytotoxic. 3- In folk medicine it is used as anti-rheumatic. 4- Flavonoid content found to have moderate antimicrobial activity.  Side effects 1. Inflammation in GIT. 2. Nausea. 3. Cramps. 4. Purgative. 5. In large doses toxic. Special chemical test: Aqueous extract of Colocynth + 90 % H2SO4 Reddish colour  Senna pods ‫ثمر السنامكى‬ Botanical origin: Senna pods are the dried ripe fruits of Cassia acutifolia known as Alexandrian Senna pods and of Cassia angustifolia known as Indian or Tinnevelly Senna pods, Family: Leguminoseae, it contains not more than 2% of foreign matter.  Cassia acutifolia –Alexandrian (Egyptian) Senna. Cassia angustifolia —Indian Senna Family: Leguminosae  Active constituents: 1- Anthraquinone glycosides, named Sennosides A, B, C and D. 2- Mucilage, fixed oils and proteins. 3- Flavonoids: derivatives of Kaempferol and isorhamnetin.  Actions and uses: Strong laxative (purgative) for short term use in habitual (acute) constipation. N.B. (abdominal operations , anal-rectal operation, hemorrhoids , x-ray for intestines). Mechanism: 1. Stimulant laxative (contact) which increases intestinal motility causes abdominal cramps (spasm). 2. It softens the faeces by increasing the flow of water and electrolytes into the large intestine.  Contraindications: 1- Pregnancy and lactation. 2- Appendix and colon inflammations. 3- Cardiac diseases (as Senna pods decrease the potassium levels causing hypokalemia which can cause decreasing the tone of the cardiac muscle. 4- Children less than twelve years, Senna can cause intestinal paralysis. 5- Anti-arrhythmic drugs. Senna should not be used by persons with: 1. intestinal obstruction. 2. ulcerative colitis. 3. Chronic heart failure (C.H.F). 4. Gastrointestinal bleeding and inflammations. N.B This herb should not be used for longer than 1-2 weeks ( habit forming medication).  Special chemical tests Borntrager’s test: For Aglycones (free anthraquinones): Extract plant material with organic solvent. Shake with NH4OH OR KOH. Modified Borntrager’s test: Boil plant material with dil. HCl for 10 min, filter and shake with organic solvent (Ether or Benzene). Separate the organic solvent. Shake with NH4OH OR KOH. Positive result indicated by Rose Red colour in the aqueous alkaline layer.  Bitter orange peel ‫قشر النارنج‬ Botanical origin: It is the peel of the fruit of Citrus aurantium var. amara, Family: Rutaceae.  Active Constituents 1- Volatile oil mainly limonine as main constituent. 2-Bitter principles i.e aurantiamarin and aurantiamaretic acid. 3- Alkaloids i.e. Synephrine and N-methyl tyramine. 4-Bitter tasting flavonoid glycosides such as neohisperidin. 5- Small amounts of vitamin A, B and C. 6- Non-bitter flavonoids, such as hesperidin. 7- Pectic substances in the white rind.  Actions and Uses 1- Flavoring agent. 2- loss of appetite, nasal congestion. 3- applied to the skin for fungal infections such as ringworm and athlete’s foot. 4- Anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial. 5- for weight loss, Synephrine alkaloids (extracted from Citrus aurantium). 6- Hesperidin and other flavonoids are used as a remedy for capillary fragility.  Lemon Peel ‫قـشر الليمون‬ Botanical origin: It is the peel of the fruit Citrus lemonis, Family: Rutaceae.  Active constituents: 1- Flavonoids especially neohesperosides and rutenoides of hesperitin. 2- Volatile oil containing mainly limonine and citral. 3- Vitamin C and citric acid.  Actions and Uses: 1- Aromatic flavoring agent and stomachic. 2- The oil is extensively used in cosmetic preparations and perfumery.  UNOFFICIAL FRUITS Vanilla pods ‫ثـمـر الفـانـيـلـال‬ Origin: The dried and cured fully grown but unripe fruits of Vanilla planifolia, known as Mexican vanilla, Family: Orchidaceae.  Preparation “Curing Vanilla pods”: – Killing or Wilting – Sweating – Drying – Conditioning  Wilting or Killing Purpose – Stop bean growth – Initiates enzymatic reactions – Pod/bean turns brown Methods – Sun wilting – Oven wilting  Sweating Purpose is to promote – Enzymatic activity – Initial drying Method – Remove from oven (40°C) – Sweating boxes – Cover to keep in heat for 24 hours  Drying Purpose – Slow drying – 30% of original weight Sun drying – Laid out on mat cover concrete or brick floor – 4-6 hours – Pick up and return to sweat boxes Cycle repeated 11 to 25 times  Conditioning Purpose – Allow full development of aroma and flavor Methods – Packed in bundles of 50 beans – Wrapped with waxed paper – Stored in closed boxes – At least three months  Poor quality Final product Final product – 1 kg cured beans Excellent quality – 3.5-4.5 kg picked beans.  Description: Fleshy elongated, straight capsules. Greenish yellow at maturity – 10 - 25 cm long – 8 - 15 mm wide – Very small black seed Active constituents: 1- The main constituent is glucovanillin and glucovanillic acid which up on curing “slow careful drying in the shade” converts into vanillin, glucose and glucovanillin alcohol. 2- Catechin.  Uses Flavorings – Widely used flavoring agent. – Major component Vanillin (oleoresin) at 1.5 to 3.5%. About 150 other flavor components.  Crataegus ‫زعرور األدوية‬ Hawthorn berry Origin: The dried ripe fruits of Cratagus lavigata, Family:Rosaceae  Active constituents: 1- Procyanidins “leucoanthocyanidins”. 2- Flavonoids i.e. Hyperoside. 3- Amines (some with cardiotonic action). 4- Catechins and Epicatechins.  Actions and Uses: in treatment of: - cardiac insufficiency, - angina pectoris, - nervous heart complications, - arteriosclerosis - and hypotension.  Contraindications: Fruit –Drug Interaction Anti-arrhythmics ; the fruit action is similar to class III anti- arrhythmics Anti-hypertensive nitrates; increased risk of hypotension Cardiac glycosides; increased risk of cardiac toxicity.  Black pepper Black pepper is the dried full-grown but unripe fruits of Piper nigrum linn., Fam. Piperaceae. The plant is cultivated in Malay, Southern and West Indies. The drug is obtained from Sumatra and Malabar Coast. CONSTITUENTS: 1. Black pepper contains from 2 to 4% of volatile oil. 2. From 5 to 9% of the crystalline alkaloids piperine and piperittine and resin. The pungency is due to resin and piperine. 3. Protein, carbohydrates and lipids. Chemical Test: On sprinkling a few crushed fruits on the surface of sulphuric acid, and placing them in a porcelain dish, a red color is produced. USES: 1. It is used as a condiment. 2. It is used in certain tonic and rubefacient preparations.  ALLIED DRUGS White pepper It is the dried unripe fruits of Piper nigrum Linn., Fam. Piperaceae, deprived of the outer part of the pericarp. The fruits are subglobular with slightly depressed area at the apex and a conical projection at the base. The outer surface is greyish, marked with sixteen lines, running from the base to the apex, indicating the vascular bundles.  Silybuum Marian, or Milk thistle Silybuum marianum Fam. Compositae Mediterranean region and Southwest Europe. Active Constituents 4-6% flavanolignan complex Silymarin (silybin, silychristin, and silydianin). 16-18% Fixed oil (linoleic and oleic acids). Uses Antihepatotoxic and for regeneration of liver cells (powerful antioxidant reduces toxic fatty degeneration in the liver) for fatty liver in alcoholics & liver cirrhosis.  Wheat grain Dried fruits of Triticum sativum, Fam. Gramineae. North & South America, Africa, Europe, Asia & Australia. Active Constituents 8-20% Protein (glutin). 53-63% starch fixed oil. Vit. A, B, E & H. Enzymes. Uses Production of wheat flower, wheat starch, Glutin, wheat bran, wheat germ oil. Source of vit. E. wheat bran is a good mechanical laxative & used as a food for diabetic patients & used in colon diverticulitis.  Cornsilk Dried long styles and a stigma of Zea mays, Fam. Graminae Cultivated almost universally as a food crop, corn is native to Central America, Possibly originating in Peru Active Constituents Flavonoids (maysin) Alkaloids Saponins 0.2% Volatile oil. Mucilage. Vitamins C and K. Potassium. Uses To reduce water retention, for example in high blood pressure. Frequent urination, e.g. cystitis. Difficulty in passing water, e.g. prostatitis. For kidney problems, e.g., kidney stones.