Lecture 2 Social Cognition And Social Thinking 2023 PDF

SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL THINKING Impression formation Social inference  Ash’s configural traits  Biases: Primacy/recency, +ve/-ve, …  Cognitive algebra  Regression  Base-rate information  Illusory correlation Schema Heuristics  Prototype  Exemplar  Development  Representative he...

SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL THINKING Impression formation Social inference  Ash’s configural traits  Biases: Primacy/recency, +ve/-ve, …  Cognitive algebra  Regression  Base-rate information  Illusory correlation Schema Heuristics  Prototype  Exemplar  Development  Representative heuristics  Availability heuristics  Anchoring and adjustment 1 If you could only choose one word to describe yourself, which one would you choose? 1. Intelligent 2. Skillful 3. Industrious 4. Warm 5. Determined 6. Practical 7. Cautious 8. Polite 2 ASCH’S CONFIGURAL TRAITS Kelley (1950) replicated the findings with a naturalisitc experiment by introducing a guest lecturer. 3 BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS •Implicit personality theories –Our own thinking on how different characteristics come together to form certain types of personality • E.g., friendly people who talk fast are sly (salespersons) •Primacy / Recency effects •Positive / Negative information 4 5 BIASES IN FORMING IMPRESSIONS •Implicit personality theories –Our own thinking on how different characteristics come together to form certain types of personality • E.g., friendly people who talk fast are sly (salespersons) •Primacy / Recency effects •Positive / Negative information 6 Each of 13 teachers, 10 seconds from the first 10 minutes of the class video ……………………middle……………..…… ……………………last……………………… Total 39 clips rated by 9 undergraduates on nonverbal behaviors Ambady & Rosenthal (1993) 7 COGNITIVE ALGEBRA Weighted Average Sum Simple Average English Teacher Accountant Information Score Weight Weight Chinese = A 4 2 1 English = B 3 4 1 Computer = C 2 1 3 (4x2 + 3x3 +2x1) / (2+4+1) = 3.1 (4x1 + 3x1 + 2x3) / (1+1+3) = 2.6 1 4 2.8 1.4 4+3+2 (4+3+2) / 3 =9 = 3.0 Impression Math = D Impression 1 10 2.3 SOCIAL COGNITION Schema  Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects  schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember  Self, person schemas  Role schemas  Scripts https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=zikzwu6hA3kVM&tbnid=0BCANjH7gtjiBM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mihaelastroe.ro%2Fen%2Fself esteem%2F&ei=IE4oUpv9K67uiAfa3YC4Aw&psig=AFQjCNGiggGUAhV29jUN-zUagTDYIylACg&ust=1378459538101671 9 SELF SCHEMA Cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize, and guide the processing of self-related information Self-schema influences the way we process information and how we feel about ourselves 10 SELF SCHEMA http://www.snopes.com/photos/natural/iceberg.asp http://www.successories.com/ Schematic traits  Beliefs (the cognitive part) that are organized around specific traits or features that we think of as most central or important to our image of ourselves  intelligent, slim, athletic, kind-hearted, ... 11 SOCIAL COGNITION Schema  Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects  schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember  Self, person schemas  Role schemas  Scripts 12 SOCIAL COGNITION Schema  Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects  schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember  Self, person schemas  Role schemas  Scripts 13 SOCIAL COGNITION Schema  Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by themes or subjects  schemas powerfully affect what information we notice, think about, and remember  Self, person schemas  Role schemas  Scripts 14 SELF AND SOCIAL JUDGMENT Impression formation Social inference  Ash’s configural traits  Biases: Primacy/recency, +ve/-ve, …  Cognitive algebra  Regression  Base-rate information  Illusory correlation Schema Heuristics  Prototype  Exemplar  Development  Representative heuristics  Availability heuristics  Anchoring and adjustment 15 CATEGORIZATION  A collection of instances have a family resemblance among each other  We may categorize persons, events, or situations into different schemas based on Prototypes Exemplars 16 Prototype  A schema defined by the specific features of a particular type of a person, social role, or situation.  It is abstract or constructed from different instances  Can be an average member, an ideal member, or an extreme member  It is possible that there is not an instance that can fit the prototype perfectly  For example, a righteous person: Honest, brave, … 17 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 關帝GUANDI Exemplar  An example of a category that embodies the significant attributes of the category or the prototypical/ ideal of that category. It is a real and specific member of the category. Guan Yu / Guandi Liu Bei (left), Guan Yu (back), and Zhang Fei (right) in an illustration by Japanese painter Sakurai Sekkan (1715–90) 18 Guandi Exemplar ### Red face Male Prototype Different instances of Guandi Long Warrior Beard ### 19 SCHEMA USE Tend to use categories that are neither too broad nor too specific, i.e., subtypes rather than super-ordinate or subordinate categories Tend to access role schemas rather than trait schemas Tend to access schemas cued by easily detected features or features that are contextually distinctive Tend to use schemas that are personally important and relevant 20 SCHEMA DEVELOPMENT Dynamic and not static Can be acquired via second-hand experience As more instances are encountered, a schema should become more abstract, complex, organized, compact, resilient and accurate Revision of schema through  Bookkeeping  Conversion  Sub-typing 21 SELF AND SOCIAL JUDGMENT Impression formation Social inference  Ash’s configural traits  Biases: Primacy/recency, +ve/-ve, …  Cognitive algebra  Regression  Base-rate information  Illusory correlation Schema Heuristics  Prototype  Exemplar  Development  Representative heuristics  Availability heuristics  Anchoring and adjustment 22 SOCIAL INFERENCE [Departures from normality] Regression towards the mean  An evaluation becoming less extreme as more cases are encountered 23 SOCIAL INFERENCE [Departures from normality] Base-rate information  How reliable is MTR train services?  Out of 10000 train trips, how many of these trips are on time? 24 SOCIAL INFERENCE [Departures from normality] Illusory correlation  Perceiving relation between two things while in actuality there is no association 25 ILLUSORY CORRELATION Associative meaning  Objects as seemed to be belonging to each other because of prior expectations Hat-Head Lion-Tiger Paired-distinctiveness  Less common behaviors are associated with a less common group 26 Less common behaviors are associated with a less common group Erroneously recalling more of the less-common desirable behaviors of minority group Erroneously recalling more of the less-common undesirable behaviors of minority group Hamilton & Gifford (1976) 27 ONE-SHOT ILLUSORY CORRELATIONS AND STEREOTYPE FORMATION Common groups  Democrat, Protestant, American, born in New York, psychology major, sorority member, Catholic, and Caucasian Rare groups  Jehovah’s Witness, Mormon, born in Idaho, Native American, member of the Amateur Radio Club, astronomy major, Libertarian, and Turkish Common behaviors  Not making bed in the morning, studying in library, watching football most Sundays, using ketchup and mustard on hamburgers, buying a new computer to start school, exercising at the gym regularly, owning a cat, and drinking coffee every morning, and Rare behaviors  Riding a unicycle to class, sleeping in a tent in bedroom, refusing to sit in the front seat of the car, owning a pet sloth, eating spaghetti with hands, proposing to a girl a week after meeting her, plays the harp, and completed holiday shopping before Halloween Risen, Gilovich, Dunning (2007) 28 29 HEURISTICS Rules or principles that allow individuals to make social judgments rapidly and with reduced effort.  Representative heuristics  Availability heuristics  Anchoring and adjustment 30 DECISION HEURISTICS 1 A dice has 4 green sides and 2 red sides. After tossing the dice for several times, which of the following sequence is more likely? (select one) _____ RGRGGG _____ GRGGG 31 DECISION HEURISTICS 1 A dice has 4 green sides and 2 red sides. After tossing the dice for several times, which of the following sequence is more likely? (select one) _____ RGRGGG _____ GRGGG 32 HEURISTICS Representative heuristics  A strategy for making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble ones we view as being typical 33 DECISION HEURISTICS 1A Bill is 34 years old. He is intelligent, but unimaginative, compulsive, and generally lifeless. In school, he was strong in mathematics, enjoyed music, but weak in social studies and humanities. Which of the following is the most likely? A. Bill is an architect. B. Bill is an accountant. C. Bill plays jazz for a hobby. D. Bill is a reporter who plays poker for a hobby. E. Bill is an accountant who plays jazz for a hobby. 34 HEURISTICS Anchoring and adjustment  The tendency for a starting value to unduly influence judgments or decisions. 35 DECISION HEURISTICS 3 Consider the letter R. R more likely to appear in ... A. the first position B. the third position 36 DECISION HEURISTICS 3A Which of the following are more frequent causes of death? (circle your answer) Homicide Tornadoes Plane crash Lightning Car accidents Drowning or or or or or or Diabetes? Asthma? Car accidents? Appendicitis? Cancer of digestive system? Leukemia? 37 HEURISTICS Availability heuristics  A strategy for making judgments on the basis of how easily specific kinds of information can be brought to mind. Information that can be easily remembered is viewed as more frequent or important that information that cannot be readily remembered. 38