Lecture 7 Designing the Questionnaire PDF

Designing the Questionnaire Dr. K. Karunamoorthi M.Sc., M.Phil., DPHM., Ph.D., FRES (London)., Faculty of Public Health & Tropical Medicne Jazan University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected] 2 The Questionnaire In epidemiological study we need a tool for collection of data;...

Designing the Questionnaire Dr. K. Karunamoorthi M.Sc., M.Phil., DPHM., Ph.D., FRES (London)., Faculty of Public Health & Tropical Medicne Jazan University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected] 2 The Questionnaire In epidemiological study we need a tool for collection of data; This instrument is called Questionnaire. It is used for gathering information e.g; – Demographic – Health related habits – Risk factors of the diseases – Diseases and its complication – KAP studies The questionnaire is classified according to route of data collection into: self administered and Interviewing 3 The Questionnaire Self Administered Questionnaire I. ADVANTAGES;     Easy Less time consuming Suitable for large sample No interviewer bias II. DISADVANTAGES;     Low response rate No chance for explanation Delay in response Not suitable for illiterate 4 The Questionnaire Interviewing Questionnaire: I. ADVANTAGES: 1- Explanation for illiterate people. 2- Accurate results, if interviewers are properly trained II. DISADVANTAGES: 1- Time consuming 2- Not suitable for large sample 3- Liable for Interviewer bias Note: It is completed either through person to person interviewing/ Telephone call 5 Types of Questionnaire Three broad categories; • Closed-ended • Open-ended • Likert scale Data collected and analysis options may differ by question type. 6 Close Ended Questions • Provide answer choices in pre-coded categories • Are preferable for self-administered 7 Pre-coded demographic information Example: In which of the following categories does your age fall? • • • • • 0 – 20 21 – 40 41 – 60 61 - 80 > 80 8 Open Ended Questions • Allow respondents to provide answers in their own words. • Yield qualitative data. • May yield unanticipated answers that contribute to the study. • Are most appropriate for hypothesis generating for a new problem 9 Likert Scale Questions • Likert scales contain pre-coded ordinal responses with assigned values. • Calculate average to determine the most prevalent response. • Please rate the severity of your abdominal cramp pain (circle one): 1. Minimal 3. Moderate 2. Mild 4. Painful 5. Very painful 10 Likert Scales: Measure the Attitude 3-point scale Minimal Moderate Moderate 5-point scale Minimal Mild Moderate Painful Very Painful 11 Likert Scales: Example Please rate the severity of your abdominal cramp pain: 1. Minimal 3. Moderate 5. Very painful 2. Mild 4. Painful Calculate the average of responses, where N = 35: 1 = 10 People; 2 = 5 People; 3 = 20 People; 4 = 0; 5 = 0 • 10 x 1 = 10; 2 x 5 = 10; 3 x 20 = 60 • 10 + 10 + 60 = 80 • 80 / 35 people = 2.29 (Average response of ‘Mild Pain’) 12 Forced Questions • When you have categorical, dichotomous response options such as, ‘Yes’ and ‘No’, you may sometimes choose to add a ‘Don’t Know’ option. • Using ‘Don’t Know’ or ‘Not Applicable’ 13 The Questionnaire Rating Scale For a quality of life questionnaire we use rating scale After operation my ability to work become: 10 ----9-----8-----7-----6----5----4-----3----2----1 excellent --------------------------------------bad 14 Rules of Writing Good Questions • Use simple words. • Use short sentence. • Avoid leading question. • Avoid using jargon or abbreviation. • Avoid complex question that asks on two different items . 15 The Questionnaire • According to the study objectives • Define the number of topics to be addressed. • For each topic put a sufficient list of questions. • The questionnaire could be adopted from other studies • Questioners can be translated into Arabic. 16 Orders of Questions • Demographic data (Beginning) • Simple questions first (Build understanding) • Sensitive questions (End) 17 General Rules in Design of Questionnaire • Start with easy questions • Arrange questions logically • Avoid long question • Use local language (Arabic) • Time to complete questionnaire 20 - 25 min • Length of questionnaire 2- 4 pages • Pilot testing before data collection (Pre-test) • Train interviewers 18 Elements of Good Question Design • Reliability • Validity • Specificity • Simplicity • Only one question is asked at a time • The question has mutually exclusive answers • Avoid leading question • Avoid loaded “double-barrel” question 19 Reliable Question Design Will assure that the words are interpreted the same way in any setting, and that respondents answer the same way in any setting. 20 Designing the Questionnaire Non-Valid: Which is your source of drinking water at home? a) Tap water b) Bottled water Valid: Which is your source of drinking water at home? a) Tap water b) Well water c) Commercially bottled water 21 Problem Solving Identify the type of error in each of the following questions: 1) Do you see a success in health policy? 2) Would you give money to charities in order to save poor children’s lives? 3) Are you happy with the administrative and technical services of Jazan University? 4) Have you ever been diagnosed with CHD?