Advanced Phonology Lecture 5-1 PDF

Advanced Phonology Level Four Fall Semester 2024-2025 Dr. Nermin Ibrahim  Lecture 5: Secondary Stress  Primary stress patterns in simple words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives generally follow predictable rules (Lecture 4). Secondary stress / Definition Secon...

Advanced Phonology Level Four Fall Semester 2024-2025 Dr. Nermin Ibrahim  Lecture 5: Secondary Stress  Primary stress patterns in simple words such as nouns, verbs and adjectives generally follow predictable rules (Lecture 4). Secondary stress / Definition Secondary stress is the second prominent level of stress. Secondary stress / Placement  Secondary stress is marked with a lowered vertical line [ˌ] at the beginning of the syllable. Secondary stress/ Pronunciation  This means that, it is a loud , a long and a high- pitched syllable, but not as much as the primary stress. Secondary stress/ Perception  For example, the first syllable of the word “disappear” /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)/ carries the secondary stress. Secondary stress/ Rules  In complex words (i.e., affixed words in which words are made from a basic stem word with the addition of a prefix or a suffix ) , stress can shift depending on the nature of the word’s components and the morphological structure. Secondary stress/ Rules 1- Prefixes and Stress  Definition: Prefixes typically do not alter the primary stress of the base word. Examples: un- ˈhappy → ˈunhappy ˈcertain → ˈuncertain ˈable → ˈunable Secondary stress/ Rules 1- Prefixes and Stress dis- ˈcover → ˈdiscover ˈconnect → ˈdisconnect ˈagree → ˈdisagree Secondary stress/ Rules In- ˈcorrect → ˈincorrect ˈactive → ˈinactive ˈsane → ˈinsane Explanation: Prefixes, like un- and dis-, usually leave the root’s stress unaffected, adding meaning without shifting stress. Secondary stress/ Rules 2- Suffixes That Carry Primary Stress Description: Some suffixes naturally carry the primary stress, dominating the stress pattern of the word. Examples: -ese: Nationalities: Chiˈnese, Porˈtuguese, Lebaneˈse -ee: Roles/Jobs: employˈee, traˈinee, absenˈtee, refugeeˈ Secondary stress/ Rules 2- Suffixes That Carry Primary Stress esque: Descriptive: pictuˈresque, groˈtesque, burˈlesque Explanation: These suffixes pull the primary stress to themselves, regardless of the root word’s original stress. Secondary stress/ Rules 3- Suffixes That Influence Stress in the Stem Description: Non-neutral suffixes shift stress to a syllable in the root or change the natural stress pattern. Examples: -ic: Stress on the syllable before -ic: ˈartist → arˈtistic, ˈlogic → loˈgical, ˈpoetry → poˈetic Secondary stress/ Rules 3- Suffixes That Influence Stress in the Stem -ity: Stress usually falls two syllables before -ity: tranˈquil → tranˈquility, ˈreal → reˈality, naˈtion → naˈtionality Secondary stress/ Rules 3- Suffixes That Influence Stress in the Stem -ion: Stress on the syllable preceding -ion: comˈpress → compreˈssion ˈdecide → deciˈsion ˈexplode → exploˈsion Explanation: These suffixes change the stress, often to a specific position near the suffix. Secondary stress/ Rules 3- Suffixes That Influence Stress in the Stem (self-learning) -eous: advantage, ------- -graphy: photo, ------ -ial: proverb, ------ -ious: injure, ------- -ive: reflex, ------- Secondary stress/ Rules 4- Suffixes That Do Not Affect Stress Placement (Neutral Suffixes) Definition: Neutral suffixes do not change the main stress of the root word. Examples: -ness: ˈhappy → ˈhappiness, ˈdark → ˈdarkness, ˈkind → ˈkindness -ly: ˈquick → ˈquickly, ˈsilent → ˈsilently, ˈcalm → ˈcalmly Secondary stress/ Rules -ment: ˈenjoy → ˈenjoyment ˈdevelop → ˈdevelopment ˈargue → ˈargument Explanation: Neutral suffixes do not alter the primary stress position; they “attach” without affecting the root’s stress Secondary stress/ Rules 4- Suffixes That Do Not Affect Stress Placement (Self-learning) -able: comfort, ------- -age: anchor, -------- -al: refuse. ---------- -en: wide, --------- -ful: wonder, ------ -ing: amaze, ---------- Secondary stress/ Rules 4- Suffixes That Do Not Affect Stress Placement (Self-learning) -like: bird, ------- -less: power, ------- -ous: poison, ------- -fy: glory, ------- -wise: other, --------- -y: fun, ------- Exercise  1-Which syllable has the secondary stress in the word “economic” /ekənɒmɪk/ ?  2-Which syllable has the secondary stress in the word “explanation” /ekspləneɪʃn/?  3-Which syllable has the secondary stress in the word “deliberation” /dɪlɪbəreɪʃn/? Answer  Economic /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/ - The secondary stress is on the first syllable: ek.  Explanation /ˌekspləˈneɪʃn/ - The secondary stress is on the first syllable: eks.  Deliberation /dɪˌlɪbəˈreɪʃn/ - The secondary stress is on the second syllable: lɪb. Stress in Compound Words Definition: Compound words, made from two or more words, often follow distinct stress patterns based on meaning. Noun Compounds Stress falls on the first element to highlight the main subject: ˈtoothpaste, ˈblackboard, ˈnewspaper, ˈsunflower Adjective Compounds Primary stress also on the first element: ˈwell-known, ˈlong- term, ˈhigh-speed, ˈfull-time Stress in Compound Words Distinguishing Compounds from Phrases Compound: ˈgreenhouse (a building for plants) vs. Phrase: green ˈhouse (a house painted green) Compound: ˈblackbird (specific bird species) vs. Phrase: black ˈbird (a bird with black feathers) Explanation: In compounds, the primary stress typically signals the main concept or distinguishing feature. Stress in Compound Words Note A variety of compounds receive stress on a the second element. Consider the following cases. 1- compounds with an adjectival first element and – ed morpheme at the end have final stress. e.g., bad-tempered, half-timed, heavy–handed  Stress in Compound Words Note 2- compounds in which the first element is a number in some form tend to have final stress. e.g., three-wheeler, second-class, five-finger 3- compounds functioning as adverbs are usually final- stressed. e.g., head-first, north-east, down-stream  Stress in Compound Words Note 4- Compounds which function as verbs and have an adverbial first element take final stress. e.g., down-grade, back-pedal, ill-treat  Exercises 1- Put stress marks on the following words (try to put secondary marks as well. A- shop-fitter e- anti-clockwise B- birth-mark f- fruit-cake C- eight-sided g- green-eyed D- open-ended h- heavy-loaded  Answer A. Shop-fitter /ˈʃɒpˌfɪtə(r)/ - Primary stress on ʃɒp, secondary stress on fɪt B. Birth-mark /ˈbɜːθˌmɑːk/ - Primary stress on bɜːθ, secondary stress on mɑːk C. Eight-sided /ˌeɪtˈsaɪdɪd/ - Secondary stress on eɪt, primary stress on saɪ D. Open-ended /ˌəʊpənˈɛndɪd/ - Secondary stress on əʊpən, primary stress on ɛnd  Answer E. Anti-clockwise /ˌæntiˈklɒkwaɪz/ - Secondary stress on ænti, primary stress on klɒk F. Fruit-cake /ˈfruːtˌkeɪk/ - Primary stress on fruːt, secondary stress on keɪk G. Green-eyed /ˌɡriːnˈaɪd/ - Secondary stress on ɡriːn, primary stress on aɪd H. Heavy-loaded /ˌhɛviˈləʊdɪd/ - Secondary stress on hɛvi, primary stress on ləʊ Weak stress  It is the third main level of stress.  It is the weakest degree of stress. Weak stress  For example, the second syllable of the word “disappear” /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)/ is an unstressed syllable. Weak stress Examples of words whose Examples of words whose Examples of words whose first syllable is unstressed second syllable is last syllable is unstressed unstressed around disability father” /ˈfɑːðə(r)/ /əˈraʊnd/ /ˌdɪsəˈbɪləti/ about /əˈbaʊt/ harmony coda /ˈkəʊdə/ /ˈhɑːməni/ today /təˈdeɪ/ academic argument /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ /ˈɑːɡjumənt/  Exercise  Listen and mark the unstressed syllable (s) in the following words. 1- Number 2- Appointment 3- Document 4- Camera 5- Victory 6- Teacher 7- Freedom  Exercise 8- Today 9- Generous 10- Library 11- Conference 12- Primary 13- Miserable 14- Achievement 15- Definite 16-Generation 17- Different  Answer 1-Number /ˈnʌm.bər/ - The unstressed syllable is: bər 2-Appointment /əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/ - The unstressed syllable is: ə (first syllable) and mənt 3-Document /ˈdɒk.jə.mənt/ - The unstressed syllables are: jə and mənt 4-Camera /ˈkæm.rə/ - The unstressed syllable is: rə 5-Victory /ˈvɪk.tə.ri/ - The unstressed syllables are: tə and ri 6-Teacher /ˈtiː.tʃər/ - The unstressed syllable is: tʃər 7-Freedom /ˈfriː.dəm/ - The unstressed syllable is: dəm  Answer 8- Today /təˈdeɪ/ - The unstressed syllable is: tə 9- Generous /ˈdʒen.ər.əs/ - The unstressed syllables are: ər and əs 10- Library /ˈlaɪ.brə.ri/ - The unstressed syllables are: brə and ri 11-mConference /ˈkɒn.fər.əns/ - The unstressed syllables are: fər and əns 12- Primary /ˈpraɪ.mə.ri/ - The unstressed syllables are: mə and ri 13- Miserable /ˈmɪz.ər.ə.bl/ - The unstressed syllables are: ər and ə 14- Achievement /əˈtʃiːv.mənt/ - The unstressed syllable is: ə (first syllable) and mənt 15- Definite /ˈdef.ɪ.nɪt/ - The unstressed syllables are: ɪ and nɪt 16- Generation /ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃn/ - The unstressed syllables are: ə (second syllable) and ʃn 17- Different /ˈdɪf.rənt/ - The unstressed syllable is: rənt Assignment Part 3: Syllables and Stress Review Exercises (8.9) pp. 76 -77