Lecture 2. Pests.Its Definition, Categories and Causes.pptx

Pests: Its Lecture 2: Definition, Categories and Causes According to based on Occurrence Based on Level of Infestation According to Losses caused by Pests Based on Host Range Marife S. Sayat Faculty, C...

Pests: Its Lecture 2: Definition, Categories and Causes According to based on Occurrence Based on Level of Infestation According to Losses caused by Pests Based on Host Range Marife S. Sayat Faculty, Crop Protection Department BS Agriculture Program Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Get ½ crosswise of yellow paper and write your complete name. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Answer this: PRE-TEST (20 minutes) 1. What do you think is the role of crop protection in global food security? 2. In your own idea, what is a “pest”? 3. What are the importance of pest identification? Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Population in the world at year 2020 has been growing at a rate of around 1.05% per year. The current average population increase is estimated at 81 million people per year. The current world population or the total number of humans currently living is 7.9 billion as of July 2021 according to the most recent United Nations estimates elaborated by Worldometer. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Food crops must compete with 30,000 species of weeds, 3,000 species of nematodes and 10,000 species of plant- eating insects. We know that despite the use of modern crop protection products 20-40% of potential food production is still lost every year to pests. These losses can occur while the crop is growing in the field, when it is in storage and in the home. In short, an adequate, reliable food Pesticides comprise a wide range of products supply cannot be guaranteed without the for both professional and home applications use of crop protection products. including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, Chemical crop protection products, sanitizers, growth regulators, rodenticides, commonly referred to as pesticides and soil fumigants. The use of chemical crop or agrochemical products, play a vital protection in all contexts is highly regulated. role in controlling the pests and The regulatory framework of pesticides diseases that threaten our food encompasses national, regional, and supply. Chemical crop protection international legislation and conventions that products, or “pesticides”, help help assure safety for users, consumers and control insects, diseases, weeds, the environment (Crop Life International). fungi and other undesirable pests. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Definition of Pests What is Pest (s)? Derived from French word ‘Peste’ and Latin term ‘Pestis’ meaning plague or contagious disease. Pests are unwanted organisms that are a nuisance to man or domestic animals, and can cause injury to humans, animals, plants, and property. Pests reduce yield and/or quality in plants ranging from field crops, fruits and vegetables, to lawns, and trees. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Four Main Categories of Pests 1 Adaptation Damage Disease Transmission Rodents are highly Rodents cause extensive Rodents carry and adaptable, thriving in various damage to crops, buildings, transmit diseases such environments, from urban and stored food, posing as plague, impacting settings to rural areas. significant economic losses. human and animal health. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Four Main Categories of Pests 2 2 Economic Impact3 Disease Vectors4 Ecological Roles 1 Abundant Despite being pests, Insects cause Many insects Insects are the most insects play crucial significant damage transmit diseases, diverse group of roles in pollination, to crops, livestock, affecting human animals on Earth, with decomposition, and and human and animal health. over a million known food webs. species. infrastructure. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Four Main Categories of Pests 3 Competition Weeds compete with crops for sunlight, water, and nutrients, reducing crop yields. Toxicity Some weeds produce toxins that can harm livestock and contaminate crops. Allelopathy Weeds can release chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants. Disease Vectors Weeds can harbor pests and diseases that can spread to crops. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Four Main Categories of Pests 4 Bacteria Disease Transmission Food Spoilage Environmental Impact Bacteria play important Bacteria cause a wide range Bacteria can roles in nutrient cycling of diseases in humans, contaminate food, and decomposition, but some can contaminate animals, and plants. leading to spoilage water and soil. and potential health risks. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Damage Boundary Damage is the lowest level of injury where the damage can be measured. Insect pests are divide into: 1. Negligibl Pests that cause less than 5% loss in yield, is said to be negligible. e Vegetable Leaf miners (Liriomyza sativae) Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  2. Minor pest (s)Insects which normally cause a loss ranging from 5 to 10% are said to minor pests. Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  2. Major pest (s)Those which cause a loss of more than 10%. Eggplant Fruit and Shoot borer (Luecinodes orbonalis) Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  2. Major pest (s)Those which cause a loss of more than 10%. White flies (Bemisia tabaci) Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Importance of Pest Identification Classification based on Origin Exotic pest - Those pest introduced from outside the Important tool for crop protection locality; of foreign (outside, non-native) managers ‘know your enemy” origin. concept - Example: Scotinophara coarctata in the Important tool for coming up with Philippines (originally from Malaysia). sound and sustainable control option. Endemic pest - Those pest that are local in origin; Important in understanding the evolved with crops or plants in the life cycle, nature of damage and same area; native pests. behavior of insects. - Example: Scotinophara coarctata in the Philippines (originally from Malaysia). Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Coconut Slug Caterpillar Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  Different Categories of Pests Based on the number of host plants attacked - Monophagous pest - Polyphagous pest - Confined to a single species of - Accept many plants from diverse plants range of plant families, even - Mostly of monophagous pests – preference still exist. feed on a group of closely related - Locusts, grasshoppers, cutworms - Oligophagous plants pest and termites. - Characteristically feed on a group of botanically related plants-within a single plant family - Diamond black moth-confined to plants of Cruciferae Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection  End of Lecture 2. Pests - Definition - Categories, Causes for outbreak of pests. Dec 27, 2023 Dr. N. Muthukrishnan (Professor) and Dean Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Course: ES 9 - Pests, Disease Management and Protection