Anatomy Lec 1 PDF

1  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY  DEFINITION of anatomy Greek: Ana = apart, Tome = To cut It is the science that studies the structure of the body and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other  SUBTYPES OF ANATOMY 1. Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy: it is the study...

1  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY  DEFINITION of anatomy Greek: Ana = apart, Tome = To cut It is the science that studies the structure of the body and the relationship of its constituent parts to each other  SUBTYPES OF ANATOMY 1. Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy: it is the study of body details which can be seen by the naked eye. 2. Microscopic (Histology) anatomy: it is the study of the fine structure of the body tissues using the microscope. 5. Developmental anatomy (Embryology): the sequence of events taking place to produce a full-term human being. THE BODY POSITIONS 1-Anatomical position: All anatomy books describe structures and tissues of the body with reference to this position. In this position, the subject is standing upright with the upper limbs hanging by the side, the feet close together and the face and palms of the hands are directed forwards 2-Supine: means the body is lying on the back 3-Prone: means the body is lying on the front with face downwards 2  ANATOMICAL PLANES which divides the body into equal right Median and left halves (midsagittal) vertical plane parallel to the Median plane which divides the body into right and left parts Paramedian (Sagittal) vertical planes at right angle to the sagittal plane and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts Coronal horizontal planes at right angle to the sagittal and coronal planes and divide the body into upper and lower parts Transverse 3  TERMS OF POSITION Superior (Cephalic – Cranial – Rostral) Inferior (Caudal) means towards the head means towards the feet Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) towards the front of the body towards the back of the body Medial Lateral means nearer to the median plane means more away from the median plane Proximal Distal means near (towards) the trunk means (away) far from the trunk Peripheral Central away from the center of body mass near the center of body mass 4  Superficial (external) Deep (internal) means near the surface of the body means away from the surface of the body Ipsilateral Contralateral means of the same side of the body means of the opposite side of the body Unilateral Bilateral on one side on the two sides Palmar and dorsal Plantar and dorsal describe the anterior and posterior surfaces describe the superior and inferior of the hand respectively surfaces of the foot respectively 5  GENERAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS approximation of two surfaces. It takes place around a horizontal axis Flexion opposite direction i.e. is the return back from flexion i.e. means straightening the joint Extension movement brings the part towards the median plane or the central axis of the body Adduction movement brings the part away from the median plane or the central axis of the body Abduction 6 Protraction to move forward Retraction to move backward moving up Elevation moving down Depression  Rotation: means turning the part along its longitudinal axis A-Medial rotation: is the movement that directs the anterior surface of the part medially B-Lateral rotation: is the movement that directs the anterior surface of the part laterally  Circumduction: is a combined movement including flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in the same order of sequence 7  SPECIAL TERMS OF MOVEMENTS Pronation medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly Supination lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction Inversion opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction Eversion  Adduction & abduction of fingers or toes: abduction is applied to the spreading of these structures and adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures  Movements of thumb: 1-Flexion 2-Extension 3-Abduction 4-Adduction 5-Opposition 6- Reposition 8  MCQS 1-The following statement describes the anatomical position: a- The eyes are looking backwards. b- The upper limbs are hanging by the sides. c- The palms are facing backwards. d- The thumbs are directed medially. 2- Anatomical position is: a- A term used referring to the body facing forwards and sitting down. b- The position in which the body is lying down with feet parallel and arms by the sides. c- The position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forwards. d- The position in which the body is erect, facing forward with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing backwards. 3- The plane which divides the body into 2 equal halves right and left is: a- Median plane b- Coronal plane c- Paramedian plane d- Horizontal plane 4- Which of the following is true about the coronal plane? a- It is a horizontal plane. b- It divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. c- It cuts the body into upper and lower halves. d- It is a vertical plane that divides the body into 2 equal right and left halves. 5- The anatomical term that means "away from the median plane" is: a- Lateral, b- Medial. c- Distal. d- Proximal. 6- The anatomical term that means "nearer to the root of the limb" is: a- Lateral. b- Medial. c- Distal. d- Proximal 9