Anatomical Terminology Lec1 PDF

BY Dr. Amira El-Sayed Definition of anatomy Methods of study the anatomy Anatomical position Anatomical planes Terms of direction Terms of movement Anatomy?? Anatomy is a descriptive science and requires names for the many structures and processes of the body.  Methods of study the anat...

BY Dr. Amira El-Sayed Definition of anatomy Methods of study the anatomy Anatomical position Anatomical planes Terms of direction Terms of movement Anatomy?? Anatomy is a descriptive science and requires names for the many structures and processes of the body.  Methods of study the anatomy 1- Regional Anatomy It depends on dissecting the body region by region to get detailed knowledge. 2- systemic Anatomy Study the human body system by system  Anatomical position Person standing in erect position Head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly The arms adjacent to the sides The palms facing anteriorly The lower limbs close together Anatomical planes Thesagittalplane The coronal plane The transverse plane  Sagittal planes They are vertical planes They divide the body into right and left halves Midsagittal Divide the body into right and left equal halves (median) plane Parallel to the median plane Parasagittalplane on either side of the body  Coronal plane It divides the body into anterior and posterior parts  Transverse plane It divides the body into upper and lower segments  directions Anterior : towards the front of the body Posterior(dorsal): towards the back of the body Superior(cephalic , cranial): near the upper end Inferior(caudal): near the lower end  directions Medial : near the median plane Lateral: away from the median plane Superficial: near the surface Deep: away from the surface Proximal: near to the trunk Radial: later al side of the  forearm Ulnar: medial side of the forearm Tibial : medial side of the leg Fibular: lateral side of the leg Palmer: anterior surface of the hand Planter: the sole of the foot Dorsum: the other surface of hand and foot Terms of movements Flexion : bending toward the ventral surface (Movement of the anterior surface of the distal segment toward that of proximal segment) Extension: the opposite of flexion with straightening of the joint (It takes place in a posterior direction) Exceptions of flexion  At shoulder : the arm move forward in front of the chest  At knee: the posterior surface of the leg moves towards the posterior surface of the thigh  At ankle: 1. there is dorsiflexion :(occurs during walking by lifting the front of the foot and toes toward the ground 2. planter flexion: bend the foot and toes towards the ground during standing  movements  Abduction : moving away from the median plane  Adduction : moving towards the median plane Exceptions : 1- Abduction and adduction of fingers : it occurs away or towards the middle finger. 2- Abduction and adduction of toes: it occur away or towards the second toes. Circumduction  It is a circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in such away that the distal end moves in acircle  ex. The shoulder , hip and wrist joints  Rotation  It is movement of a part of the body around its long axis  Medial (internal )rotation: brings the anterior surface of a limb close to the median plane.  Lateral (external) rotation: takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. supination  They are rotational movement of the forearm and hand  Movement of the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around the anterior aspect of the ulna and the proximal end of the radius rotates in place  Pronation In pronation the palm of the hand face posteriorly and the dorsum face anterior. When the elbow is flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the palm face inferior( ex. Placing the palm flat on table)  Supination The opposite rotational movement Returning the pronated forearm to the anatomical position When the elbow is flexed, supination moves the hand so that the palm face superiorly Eversion and inversion  Eversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally (outward)  Inversion moves the sole of the foot towards the median plane, turning the sole medially (inward) Elevation and depression Elevation move apart superiorly as in elevation of the shoulder Depression moves apart inferiorly as in depression of the shoulder Protraction and retraction Protraction is to move forward Retraction is to move backward ex. The movement of the lower jaw A B A B A B  1. Adduction of the fingers means:  a. Moving the finger away from the body  b. Moving the finger away from the middle finger  c. Moving the finger towards the middle finger  d. Moving the finger towards the body  The anatomical position of the human body include the following except :  a. The person stands in erect position  b.The palm faces anterior  c.The arms are abducted  d. The lower limbs are close together