lecture 1.pdf

INTRODUCTION HOMO SAPIENS - Early time, a rare animal living in sporadic but intense competition with other animals. …. Subsisting by hunting and food gathering https://kidsdiscover.com/teacherresources/cross- https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-11-21/how- curricular-activ...

INTRODUCTION HOMO SAPIENS - Early time, a rare animal living in sporadic but intense competition with other animals. …. Subsisting by hunting and food gathering https://kidsdiscover.com/teacherresources/cross- https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-11-21/how- curricular-activities-about-worlds-early-people/ cooking-food-and-gathering-for-feasts-made-us-human HOMO SAPIENS ….Became successful in adapting his environments to his own needs and in the creation of artificial habitats https://fivethemesprojectanna.weebly.c https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=31 om/humans-and-the-environment.html 03392563280866&set=a.1541537346133070 HOMO SAPIENS …. Gained a position of almost complete domination over all other forms of life on earth, Greatly expanded his sources of food and energy and his ability to modify the effects of nature on him. …. Unique skills and powers evidenced by the increase in his numbers. Human population doubling itself within one hundred years. MALTHUSIAN POPULATION THEORY T.R. Malthus, an English economist theorized… “Population increases in a geometric ratio while subsistence increases arithmetically and that unless natural catastrophes, war, or sexual restraint control population increase, worldwide famine or war will follow.” Exploitation of nature in new and disturbing ways were recognized. Increasing numbers of mankind and the supplies of food and shelter are the most profound problems. HOMO SAPIENS …. Beyond mere subsistence lie questions of the quality of life – bodily and mental health, happiness, fulfillment, joy. The ultimate source of all the benefits of life is the EARTH itself and man’s relationship to all its life and resources. Solutions must come about two ways…. There are enormous ethical problems raised by the need to make choices and decisions affecting the relationship between men and all other forms of life and between different human groups. There is the problem of understanding the nature of all these relationship in order to create more effective and sympathetic controls over the problem. EKISTICS (Science of Human Settlements) – C.A. Doxiadis 1. Constantinos Doxiadis - Greek Architect – Engineer - Awarded 12 honorary degrees 2. His Books: a. Ekistics: An Introduction to the Science of Human Settlements (1968) b. Anthropopolis (1974) c. Ecumenopolis (1975) d. Building Entopia (1975) e. Action for Human Settlements (1976) 3. He described cities as: - Urban nightmares, irrational structure, clogged arteries, congested streets, pollution & environmental degradation, lack of sufficient housing, facilities and services are poor. 4. Ekistics - Science of human settlements, Greek term “oiziko” meaning “creating a settlement”. - Human settlement – settlement inhabited by Man - Goal of Human settlement – It should satisfy Man, i.e. guarantee happiness and safety of Man. - All other science of human settlements conditioned by men and influenced by economic, social, political, administrative and technical science as well as disciplined related to the arts. 5. According to Doxiadis critical conditions common to all cities are as follows: a. There is an unprecedented increase in population due to improved living conditions, accompanied by a migration to urban settlements. The result is growth of urban settlements at a tremendous scale. b. We experience multiple impacts of machines in our lives. c. There is a gradual socialization in the patterns of living, which allows the whole population to participate more and move in the city, its facilities and resources. d. In the modern city, growth and change over time is a dominant feature, which must take precedence in all planning considerations. Human settlements are no longer satisfactory for their inhabitants Cities as urban nightmares - Pollution and environmental degradation - Clogged arteries and congested streets Human settlements are no longer satisfactory for their inhabitants Lack of sufficient housing, facilities and services Irrational structure 6. Doxiadis formulated a set of conceptual models, which formed the foundation of ekistics. Five of the most important ones are: a. The five elements of human settlements or ekistics elements – man, society, nature, shells and networks, and their relationships. b. The ekistics logarithmic scale (ELS) and the ekistics units. c. The ekistics grid, consisting of units of space and five elements of human settlements. d. The model of satisfaction https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five- e. The anthropocomos model elements-of-Ekistics-as-designed-initially-by-CA- Doxiadis-in-1947-Fookes-2008_fig1_324454600 EKISTICS ELEMENTS Doxiadis defined five elements of human settlements or ekistics elements, which are essentials for an inclusive approach to human settlements. MAN. In the center stands man, the individual human being. The generic term includes male and female. Later Doxiadis replaced man with the Greek term Anthropos to be more inclusive. SOCIETY. Deals with people and their interaction with population trends, group behavior, social customs, occupation, income, and government. Of increasing importance is the preservation of values inherent in small communities after they have been absorbed by larger settlements. NATURE. Represents the ecosystem within which man and society operate and cities and settlements are placed. The interrelation between man, machine, settlement and nature is of high importance as is the carrying capacity of regions, continents and ultimately the entire planets. SHELLS. Are used as the generic term for all buildings and structures. NETWORKS. For transportation, communication and utilities support the settlements and tie them together with their organization and structure. Their changes profoundly affect urban pattern and often developments in networks have been portending new development in cities and societies. BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Homogenous parts - fields; Central parts - built-up villages Circulatory parts - roads and paths within the fields; and Special parts - i.e., a monastery contained within the homogenous part CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Based on sizes – size of five elements and their combinations  Hamlet to Metropolitan cities  Small & sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages specializing in agriculture & other primary activities).  Large & closely spaced (urban settlements specializing in secondary and tertiary activities) Based on Location of Settlements – plains, mountains, coastal, etc. Based on Relationship between Settlements within Space (hierarchical or non-hierarchical) Based on Physical Forms – form as the expression of content, function, & structure. Based on Five Elements of Human Settlements. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Based on Functions – which are important to an understanding of the meaning & role of settlements:  Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d,etre of settlements.  Based on activity (economic, social), their performance, or special role (as dormitories, retirement villages, etc.) Based on Time Dimension – age of settlements, their place in continuum (past, present, future), their relative static or dynamic character, the whole process of their growth. Based on degree of society’s conscious involvement in settlements creation – natural & planned settlements. Based on institutions, legislation & administration – which society has created for settlements. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS By Ekistics Units By Ekistics Elements By Ekistics Functions By Evolutionary Phases By Factors & Disciplines EKISTICS UNITS: FOUR BASIC GROUPS  Minor shells or elementary units – man (Anthropos), room, house;  Micro-settlements – units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used, do & still do achieve interconnection by walking (housegroup, small neighbourhood);  Meso-settlements – between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small metropolis, small megalopolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis); and  Macro-settlements – whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis. EKISTICS UNITS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL UNITS o Man (as individual) – smallest unit o Space – second unit either personally owned or shared with others. o Family Home –third unit SOCIAL UNIT o Group of Homes EKISTICS UNITS: 15 LEVEL Also called Ekistics Logarithmic Scale (ELS). Units range from Man to Ecumenopolis which turn into Four Basic Groups. EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE Ecumenopolis: The entire area of Megalopolis: A group of Earth taken up by human conurbation consisting of more 10 settlements million people each. Conurbation: A group of large cities & their suburbs, consisting of 3 to 10 Metropolis: A large city & its suburbs million people. Also called urban consisting of multiple cities & town agglomeration having 1 to 3 million people.  EKISTICS UNITS Large City: A city with large population & many services having less than 1 million but over 3 hundred thousand people. City: A city with abundant but not as many services as in a large city, having over 1 hundred thousand to 3 hundred thousand people’ Large Town: Population of 20,000 to 1 hundred thousand people. Town: Population of 1,000 to 20,000. Village: Generally does not have many services, possibly having only a small corner shop or post office. Population of 100 to 1,000. Hamlet: A tiny population (