lesson 3.pdf

EKISTICS AND LAND USE MODELS Instructor: Archemedes G. Wabe, MAURP Ekistics Ekistics Science of human settlements. Ekistics involves the descriptive study of all kinds of human settlements and the formulation of general conclusions aimed at achieving harmony...

EKISTICS AND LAND USE MODELS Instructor: Archemedes G. Wabe, MAURP Ekistics Ekistics Science of human settlements. Ekistics involves the descriptive study of all kinds of human settlements and the formulation of general conclusions aimed at achieving harmony between the inhabitants of a settlement and their physical and sociocultural environments. Descriptive study involves the examination of the content, such as man alone or in societies, of a settlement, and the settlement container, or the physical settlement, composed of natural and human-made elements (Britannica.com) Ekistics, the Science of Human Settlements (Synopsis) “In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science of human settlements. This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and quality. The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions. Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.” Constantinos A. Doxiadis C.A. Doxiadis “Father of Ekistics” C.A. Doxiadis inspecting the scale model of Islamabad, Pakistan © uploaded photo from twitter user: Muhammad Yaqoob @yaqoobm Constantinos A. Doxiadis (14 May 1913 – 28 June 1975) Considered the father of "ekistics” The term “ekistics” was coined by Doxiadis in 1942 and a major incentive for the development of the science is the emergence of increasingly large and complex settlements, tending to regional conurbations and even to a worldwide city. However, ekistics attempts to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from the archaeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities, but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern. Doxiadis also coined the term entopia, coming from the Greek word C.A. Doxiadis teaching Ekistics έν ("in") and τόπος ("place"). He quoted "What human beings need is not utopia ('no place') but entopia ('in place') a real city which they can build, a place which satisfies the dreamer and is © Wikipedia (accessed September 2022) acceptable to the scientist, a place where the projections of the © Photo by Toronto Public Library artist and the builder merge." Ekistics Ekistics (from oikos, the Greek word for a house or dwelling) is the science of human settlements. It coordinates economics, social sciences, political and administrative sciences, technology and aesthetics into a coherent whole and leads to the creation of a new type of human habitat. (Doxiadis, 1963, p.96) C.A. Doxiadis explaining his plan for the streets of Rio de Janiero © A. Sakka, Ekistics, or the science of human settlements, through the paradigm of the master plan of Islamabad © Photo by Wicked Local The 5 principles of man in shaping his settlements 1. Maximization of man’s potential contacts with the elements of nature, with other people, and with the works of man 2. Minimization of the effort required for the achievement of man’s actual and potential contacts 3. Optimization of man’s protective space (selection of distance to contacts, shown in e.g. walls, fortifications, etc.) 4. Optimization of the quality of man’s relationship with his environment (influence in architecture and arts) 5. Organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum synthesis of other four principles. Elements of Human Settlements Ekistics The 5 elements that comprise the human settlements. © doxiadis.org Hierarchy of Settlements The population figures are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100, at which time he estimated 1. Anthropos – 1 (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population 2. room – 2 growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy. 3. house – 5 4. housegroup (hamlet) – 40 5. small neighborhood (village) – 250 metropolis – a very large, heavily populated urban complex. 6. neighborhood – 1,500 megalopolis - is a group of metropolitan areas 7. small polis (town) – 10,000 which are perceived as a continuous urban area 8. polis (city) – 75,000 through common systems of transport, economy, 9. small metropolis – 500,000 resources, ecology, and so on. 10. metropolis – 4 million eperopolis - gigacities in excess of one billion population, in which an entire continental region 11. small megalopolis – 25 million is an unbroken continuum of human settlements 12. megalopolis – 150 million 13. small eperopolis – 750 million 14. eperopolis – 7.5 billion 15. Ecumenopolis – 50 billion © Wikipedia (date accessed: 09102021) Hierarchy of Settlements Structural identity of the higher units of the Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS) CONURBATION - is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. © John G. Papaioannou, Environment and the Role of Ekistics Hierarchy of Settlements Probable structure of Ecumenopolis with 15 billion inhabitants, 2100 A.D. Ecumene or universal city © John G. Papaioannou, Environment and the Role of Ekistics Hierarchy of Settlements Ecumenokepos, or the global garden, superimposed on a map of Ecumenopolis Eck has to be visualized as a systematic linking of all Open Spaces (OSs), spaces not built-up, at all scales, through bridges or corridors of protected nature: it is Eck that is fully connected and continuous, leaving Ecp, at all scales, as purposefully isolated "blobs" © John G. Papaioannou, Environment and the Role of Ekistics Land Use and Land Use Model Land use is the function of land - what it is used for. Land use varies from area to area. In rural areas (countryside) land use can include forestry and farming. In urban areas (towns and cities) land use could be housing or industry. Land use models are theories which attempt to explain the layout of urban areas. A model is used to simplify complex, real world situations, and make them easier to explain and understand. © http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/ Land Use Model Land-use models are simplifications of a complex reality whose parameters are expressed using a combination of empirical data and theoretical predictions of the relationships among system components. Decisions regarding data input, resolution, and spatial extent for land-use modeling are inherently difficult, and necessarily based on data availability, the model design, and its intended application. These decisions are further complicated because many of the factors that influence land-use patterns occur across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Fortunately, improvements in data collection techniques have enabled a more sophisticated modeling approach that captures both the spatial and scalar characteristics of land-use change. © B. Voigt, A. Troy, in Encyclopedia of Ecology (Land Use Modelling), 2008  Land Use Theories and Models Linear City Model Garden City Model LEDCs and MEDCs Urban Model Concentric Zone Model Central Place Theory Irregular Pattern Model Grid Model Sector Model Latin American Model (Hippodamian) The Rank Size Rule Multiple Nuclei Model African City Model Galactic City Model Southeast Asian Model Core Frame Model Desakota Bid Rent Theory Urban Realms Model Edge Cities Grid Model Hippodamian Model by Hippodamus of Miletus, around 500 BC Also called “Hippodamian Model” or “Gridiron Model” developed by Hippodamus of Miletus during the 5th Century BC. (Although grid layouts can be seen in earlier civilizations such in the Indus Valley, Egypt and China.) Hippodamus was considered the “Father of European Urban Planning”. He devised the ideal city to be inhabited by 10,000 men (free male citizens), while the overall population (including women, children, and slaves) up to 50,000. He divided the citizens into three classes (soldiers, artisans and 'husbandmen'), with the land also divided into three (sacred, public and private). The model features roads and streets that run at right angles to each other forming a Photo credits: By Baedeker - Baedeker&#039;s Handbook of Greece grid pattern. Piraeus (port of Athens), Greece designed by Hippdamus for the Greek Statesman Pericles. The grid plan features wide streets radiating from the central Agora, then called Hippodamia in his honor Grid Model Hippodamian Model by Hippodamus of Miletus, around 500 BC Photo credits: By Hippodamos - Den svenska staden Photo credits: By Johann Homann Map of Miletus, Greece during the The map of St. Petersburg (1717). The grid of 'lines' and Photo credits: By Jleon - English Wikipedia Classical Period, plan by Hippodamus 'prospekts' is seen across the whole rectangular Vasilyevsky 1811 Commissioners’ Island, but only the eastern part was built Plan, Manhattan, NYC Classic Models Von Thunen Model (Agricultural) Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model The 3 Classic Models (North America): Photo credits: uploaded via pranilblogs.wordpress.com  Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess, 1924 Developed by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1924. used to describe urban social structures in a city socioeconomic status often correlates with distance from the city center. The model is based on the idea that “land values are highest in the center of a town or city”. It resulted to high-rise, high-density buildings being found near the Central Business District (CBD), with low-density, sparse development on the edge of the Town or City The city grows outward from a central point in a series of rings. Photo credits: photoarchive.lib.uchicago.edu Photo credits: Burgess (1925) via researchgate ( Bhargav Adhvaryu)  Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess, 1924 Photo credits: thegeograoheronline,net Photo credits: transportgeography.org  Concentric Zone Model Ernest Burgess, 1924 Photo credits: CRITICISMS OF THE MODEL : bike-lab.org It describes the peculiar American geography, where the inner city is poor while suburbs are wealthy; the inverse is the norm elsewhere. It assumes an isotropic plane – an even, unchanging landscape. Physical features – land may restrict growth of certain sectors; hills and water features may make some locations unusually desirable for residential purposes. Commuter villages defy the theory, being a distant part of the commuter zone. Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment. Urban regeneration and gentrification – more expensive property can be found in formerly 'low class' housing areas. Many new housing estates were built on the edges of cities in Britain. It does not address local urban politics and forces of globalization. The model does not fit polycentric cities. © Wikipedia, 2021  Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939 Homer Hoyt’s schemes for the Sector Model was an American economist known for his pioneering work in land use planning, zoning, and real estate economics. Photo credits: Michael Hoyt Photo credits: Source: Hoyt, Homer, The Structure and Growth of Residential Areas in American Cities (Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration, 1939), p. 115. Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939 Model developed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939 He proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, by geographic position and environmental reasons. As city grows, activities flourish and expand outward like a wedge and become a “sector” of the city. If a district is set up for high income housing, a new development in that district will expand from the outer edge. Photo credits: transportgeography.org Photo credits: transportgeography.org Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939 The significance of Hoyt Model Ecological factors + economic rent concept to explain the land use pattern. Stress on the role of transport routes in affecting the spatial arrangement of the city. Both the distance and direction of growth from the city center are considered. Brings location of industrial and environmental amenity values as determinants in a residential place. Example: Sectors of high-class residential areas tend to grow towards higher grounds, sites with a better view, more open space, the homes of influential leaders within the community and existing outlying, smaller settlements. Sector Model Homer Hoyt, 1939 CRITICISMS OF THE MODEL Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges The growth of a sector can be limited by leapfrog land. The theory too lacks the idea based on land topography. Photo credits: https://www.slideshare.net/SUKHBIRDV/sector-theory © Wikipedia, 2021 Multiple Nuclei Model Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman, 1945 Model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities“ Model based from Chicago. From the former CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to © Lewellyn via magazine.uchicago.edu allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city. This creates nodes or nuclei in other parts of the city besides the CBD thus the name multiple nuclei model. Their aim was to produce a more realistic, if more complicated, model. Model Main Goals: Move away from the concentric zone model Better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger size Model Assumptions: Land is not flat in all areas Even Distribution of Resources Even Distribution of people in Residential areas Even Transportation Costs Photo credits: transportgeography.org © link.springer.com © Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021 Multiple Nuclei Model Chauncy Harris & Edward Ullman, 1945 Harris and Ullman argued that cities do not grow around a single nucleus, but rather several separate nuclei. Each nucleus acts like a growth point. The theory was formed based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased car ownership. This increase of movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (e.g. heavy industry, business parks, retail areas). The model is suitable for large, expanding cities. The number of nuclei around which the city expands depends upon situational as well as historical factors. Effects of the Model to the Industry: Transportation hubs such as airports are constructed which allow industries to be established with reduced transportation costs. These transportation hubs have negative externality such as noise pollution and lower land values, making land around the hub cheaper. Housing develops in wedges and gets more expensive the farther it is from the CBD. Photo credits: Los Angeles City Planning via losangelesplanning.weebly.com Zoning of Los Angeles, CA, USA © Wikipedia, 2021  Linear City Model Garden City Model Galactic City Model Core Frame Model Urban Realms Model Public Choice Theory Edge Cities Other Theories and Models influencing Land Use  Linear City Model Arturo Soria Y Mata, 19th Century The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in Madrid, Spain during the 19th century, and promoted Soviet planner Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin in the late 1920s. The linear city was an urban The planning of Ciudad Lineal (1895-1910) published by Madrid Urbanization Company. plan for an elongated urban formation. The city would consist The sectors of a linear city would be: of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors. 1. a purely segregated zone for railway lines, Generally, the city would run 2. a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and parallel to a river and be built so educational institutions, 3. a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings that the dominant wind would and a "children's band", blow from the residential areas to 4. a park zone, the industrial strip. 5. an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (“sovkhozy” in the Soviet Union). Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021 © By Creator:Arturo Soria - La Ciudad Lineal de Arturo Soria, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60674751 Linear City Model Arturo Soria Y Mata, 19th Century Streets were 200 meters long and 20 meters wide; the city grew parallel to the main street. New houses were bigger and had provisions for a garden. Arturo Soria gave architects freedom to design the houses to avoid monotony. Some criticisms. A few of them include: a lack of centrality (which is psychologically important), slow and limited growth rate due to only being able to grow at one end, and limitations of choice of connections and direction of movement. © Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1472339 © By Arturo Soria y Mata - La Ciudad Lineal de Arturo Soria, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=60674700 Text credits: Architerrax, 2023 Linear City Model Arturo Soria Y Mata, 19th Century Sketches of Ivan Leonidov for the Town of Magnitogorsk, © Ivan Leonidov (1930) Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, from a competition he won in 1930 Linear City Model © neom-property.com  Linear City Model © Build In Digital_ © Dezeen The Line, a 100-mile-long (170 kilometres) mega-city which consists of connected communities – which it calls "city modules" – and link the Red Sea coast with the north-west of Saudi Arabia. It will be a part of Neom, Saudi Arabia's fully automated $500 billion region that will span Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Egypt and be entirely powered by renewable energy. © Text: Dezeen  Garden City Model Sir Ebenezer Howard, 1899 - The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. - It was developed by Sir Ebenezer Howard, known for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature - Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganized with networks of garden cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism and lead to cooperative socialism. - His idealized garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 9,000 acres (3,600 ha), planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks and six radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the centre. - The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, Text credits: Wikipedia, 2023 linked by road and rail  Garden City Model Sir Ebenezer Howard, 1899 Letchworth Garden City (1903), the 1st Garden City Welwyn Garden City (1920), the 2nd Garden City The original Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard, 1902 Text and photo credits: Wikipedia, 2021 Galactic City Model Also known as Peripheral Model, is a circular city model that has become popular with post-industrial cities. The basic concept of this type of city model is high rise buildings in the city center. Low rise homes, residential areas and industrial, recreational and shopping districts surrounds the center of the city. This is a much- ©newellta.weebly.com planned urban model of cities. The city then expands in a circular fashion around the CBD. Elements: CBD or City Center Suburban Residential Area Circumferential Highway Radial Highways Shopping Center Industrial District Edge Cities Office Parks, Service Centers, Employment and Shopping Centers Airport ©Pearson Education Inc. (2011), via Quizlet Text credits: planningtank.com  Galactic City Model © City of Detroit, via detroitography.com Detroit, Michigan, USA, one of the best examples of Galactic Model, a car-dependent city. © Master Plan for Ford Properties, 1970, via detroitography.com ©FHA Housing Map for Detroit circa 1939, via The Guardian Core Frame Model Ronald R. Boyce & Edgar M. Horwood, 1959 A model showing the urban structure of the Central Business District of a town or city. The model was first suggested by Ronald R. Boyce and Edgar M. Horwood in 1959. Model includes an inner core where land is expensive and used intensively, resulting in vertical development. This area is the focus of the transport system and has a concentrated daytime population. The outer core and frame have lower land values and are less intensively developed. The various land uses are linked to the bid rent theory. The zone of assimilation and zone of discard are together called the zone of transition. Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021 © By SuzanneKn and 11gardir - This is a derivative of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Core_frame1.png, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8287557 Urban Realms Model James E. Vance Jr., 1964 The Urban Realms model was created by James E. Vance Jr. in 1964. He observed the urban ecology and the economic activities in San Francisco to create this model. The model states that urban cities today are not like previous cities where most or all of the economic activities are in the Central Business District (CBD), shopping malls and offices can also be in the residential areas. Having shopping centers and offices outside of the CBD it makes up realms that could be independent from one another. The model proposes the idea that some of the functions in the CBD can be moved to the suburbs therefore diminishes the importance of the CBD. Each realm is independent from another like little cities, but they connect with each other to create a huge urban city. This model describes some of the characteristics of urban growth because as an automobile dependent model urban growth would not be an issue therefore it expands more and more. The suburbs would become so big that it would have exurbs and would then make up another urban realm. Text credits: The World Geography Indonesia - JONATHANDINOCHEN © via Prezi – Emily Kron Urban Realms Model James E. Vance Jr., 1964 Map of the Greater San Francisco Area © images via foundsf.org – Richard Walker and Alex Schafran Edge Cities Joel Garreau, 1991 Edge city - a term that originated in the United States for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district, in what had previously been a suburban residential or rural area. The term was popularized by the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th- century central downtown. Other similar terms: suburban activity centers, megacenters, and suburban business districts. © By La Citta Vita - Flickr: Tysons Corner, Virginia, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24516685 Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021 Tysons Corner, Virginia, USA  Edge Cities Joel Garreau, 1991 Types of edge cities Scottsdale, Arizona, USA Reston Town Center, Virginia, USA Arlington, Virginia, USA Boomburbs or "boomers" Greenfields Uptowns – the most common type, having developed – originally master-planned as new – an older city, town, or satellite city, incrementally but rapidly around a shopping towns, generally on the suburban upon and around which a major mall or highway interchange. fringe. regional hub of economic activity rises ©Alliant Roofing Company ©One Reston Town Center Marketing Video, 2016 ©Pinterest: Raymond Whitacre  LEDCs and MEDCs Urban Model Irregular Pattern Model Latin American Model Sub-Sahara African Model Southeast Asian Model Desakota Models of the Global South LEDCs and MEDCs Urban Model LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries In LEDCs the poorest housing is found on the edge of the city - in contrast to MEDC cities whose suburban fringe is very often a place of high-quality housing. The areas of poor-quality housing found on the edge of cities in LEDCs are called squatter settlements or shanty towns. Text and photo credits: Bitesize BBC, accessed 2021  LEDCs and MEDCs Urban Model Text credits: Danny Lehman / Getty Images Text credits: Noel Celis / AFP Sao Paulo, Brazil showing the favelas next to the upscale Morumbi neighborhood Shanty settlement with Manila’s financial district in the background Global North (developed & high HDI) and Global South (lower-income & low HDI) © https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/global-south-countries World map showing country classifications per the IMF and the UN (last updated April 2023). Blank map: File:World map (Miller cylindrical projection, blank).svg IMF data: World Economic Outlook Database April 2022 -- WEO Groups and Aggregates The countries in light blue form the "Global North", the rest are mostly categorized as Information. www.imf.org. Retrieved on 2022-06-02. belonging to the "Global South", with few exceptions under some listings. UN list: UN List of Least Developed Countries as of November 2021. www.un.org.  Irregular Pattern Model Arrangement of space characterizing the “Transition from village to City”, common in Third World Countries A result of lack of planning and illegal construction without approval/permit Blocks with no order can be found in CBDs that are unrelated in function. © sketch by Somya Bajaj via worldbank.org Text Credits: Geofrey Yator via slideshare.net  Latin American Model < South American Land Use Trends Model of Greater Santiago, Chile > © Barbara Willaarts via Researchgate The Latin American City Model combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the disamenity sectors. Text credits: AFA High School, via: https://www.afsahighschool.com/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=3983&dataid=9531&Fi © Francisco Rowe via Researchgate leName=City%20Model%20Readings.pdf, accessed 2021 Latin American Model Different aspects of the model: Commercial/CBD Market Industrial Elite residential sector Gentrification: A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a mostly low-income renter-occupied area to a mostly middle to upper-middle class owner-occupied area. Inner-city zone of maturity: Residential area in which a stable population has gradually © photo viahttps://sites.google.com/a/richland2.org/nicaraguafyi/urban-land-use transformed the district into one that is fully serviced, typically traditional colonial homes and upgraded selfbuilt homes. Area of upward Disamenity: Contains relatively unchanging slums (barrios or favelas) mobility, but residents unable to participate in that may not be connected to regular city services. the spine/sector. Zone of situ accretion: A mix of middle- and Zone of peripheral squatter settlements (pereferico): Home for low-income housing, generally thought of as a impoverished and unskilled; housing consists of mostly shantytowns. transitional area between the zone of maturity and the zone of squatter settlements. Text credits: AFA High School, via: https://www.afsahighschool.com/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=3983&dataid=9 531&FileName=City%20Model%20Readings.pdf, accessed 2021 African City Model The central city is found to have three central business districts (CBDs): a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and periodic market zone, and a traditional business center where commerce happens from the curbside or storefronts. The former colonial CBD has vertical development, the traditional business center is usually a zone of single-story buildings with a touch of traditional architecture, and the market zone is open-air, informal (economically), and yet important. Sector development is the encircling zone of ethnic and mixed neighborhoods, in which people have strong ethnic identities. Mining and manufacturing zones are found next to some parts of these ethnic neighborhoods. On the outermost part of many African cities, there are informal satellite townships, which are squatter settlements. These squatter settlements consist of poor neighborhoods, or shantytowns, in which people make home anywhere that is possible or open, no matter if it is public or private. © via Quizlet Text credits: AFA High School, via: https://www.afsahighschool.com/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=3983&dataid=9531&FileName=City%20Model%20Readings.pdf, accessed 2021 Southeast Asian Model T.G. McGee, 1991 This model was developed by T.G. McGee. It is sometimes called the McGee Model. McGee studied several cities in Southeast Asia and discovered that they shared certain aspects of land use. Some similarities include: Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district Western commercial zone (dominated by European or American merchants) Alien commercial zone (dominated by Chinese merchants) No formal central business district (CBD) Hybrid sectors & zones growing rapidly New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city Text credits: AFA High School, via: https://www.afsahighschool.com/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid =3983&dataid=9531&FileName=City%20Model%20Readings.pdf, accessed 2021 Text and photo credits: Bitesize BBC, accessed 2021 Southeast Asian Model T.G. McGee, 1991 Parts of the Model: No CBD is visible. However, several components of the CBD are present in separate areas in the city. Basically, the components of the CBD are clustered around the port zone. The Western commercial zone for western businesses. The alien commercial zone is dominated by the Chinese who have migrated to other parts of Asia and live in the same buildings as their businesses. These are Chinese merchants. The mixed land-use zone that has miscellaneous activities including light industry. This also zone contains various economic uses which can include informal business. © Asia Propery Awards Government Zone near the center of the model. View of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam The focal point is the Port Zone reflecting a city oriented Text credits: AFA High School, via: around exporting. https://www.afsahighschool.com/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=3983&dataid=95 31&FileName=City%20Model%20Readings.pdf, accessed 2021 Desakota T.G. McGee, 1991 Desakota is a term used in urban geography used to describe areas in the extended surroundings of large cities, in which urban and agricultural forms of land use and settlement coexist and are intensively intermingled. The term was coined by the urban researcher Terry McGee of the University of British Columbia around 1990. It comes from Indonesian desa "village" and kota "city". Desakota areas typically occur in Asia, especially South East Asia. © McGee (1991) uploaded by Bing Sheng Wu via Researchgate Examples can be found in the urbanised regions of Java, the densely populated, delta-shaped areas on the peripheries of the Jakarta agglomeration ("Jabodetabek"), but also the extended metropolitan regions of Bangkok or Manila. Outside South East Asia, areas with comparable features have been described in mainland China,India, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. © McGee (1991), uploaded by Bing Sheng Wu via Researchgate The ideal desakota spatial system according to McGee. Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021  Desakota T.G. McGee, 1991 Desakota areas are situated outside the periurban zones, from which daily commuting is easily possible, i.e. more than 30 to 50 km (18 to 30 miles) off the city centre. They often sprawl alongside arterial and communication roads, sometimes from one agglomeration to the next. They are characterized by high population density and intensive agricultural use (especially wet-rice cultivation), but differ from densely populated rural areas by more urban-like characteristics. © License No: CC BY-NC 2.5 uploaded via Researchgate © Arnisson Andre C. Ortega uploaded via Researchgate Manila’s Fringe Typical Zone Model of a Southeast Asian Mega Text credits: Wikipedia, 2021 Urban Region Desakota T.G. McGee, 1991 “Type I means Asian countries, such as Japan or South Korea, that have experienced a rapid transformation of the spatial economy in terms of a rural-to-urban shift in population, although agricultural land use may remain quite persistent. Type II includes countries, such as Taiwan or Thailand, that have experienced a decline of people in agriculture and a concurrent growth of small-to- medium-sized industries in rural areas. Type III covers countries, such as China or India, that bear some spatial and economic resemblance to type II but are characterized by changes that occur due to high population growth and slower economic growth.” © McGee (1991), uploaded by Bing Sheng Wu via Researchgate 3 Types of Desakota Patterns in Asia Text credits: Wu, Bing Sheng & Sui, Daniel (2015) Modeling impacts of globalization on desakota regions: a case study of Taipei Metropolitan Area, Researchgate, accessed 12132021  REFERENCES: https://www.geographyrealm.com/von-thunen-model-of- agricultural-land-use/ https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/bid-rent-theory https://pangeography.com/webers-theory-of-industrial-location/ https://www.thoughtco.com/central-place-theory-1435773 https://www.geographyrealm.com/central-place-theory/ https://pangeography.com/cumulative-causation-theory-by-gunnar- myrdal/