نظريات التنظيم PDF

1 | Page Theories of Organization Traditional View Modern View Traditional View Org. characterized by closed-system thinking This view assumes that the surrounding environment is fairly predictable and that uncertainty within the organization can be eliminated through de...

1 | Page Theories of Organization Traditional View Modern View Traditional View Org. characterized by closed-system thinking This view assumes that the surrounding environment is fairly predictable and that uncertainty within the organization can be eliminated through detailed planning and strict control Org. primary goal is seen to be economic efficiency ‫ ال يوجد عملية تفاعل خارج محيط العمل‬، ‫نظام مغلق‬ ‫الهدف الرئيسي منها هو زياده المردود المالي‬ Traditional Principles of Organization 1. A well-defined hierarchy of authority 2. Unity of Command 3. Authority equal to responsibility 4. Downward delegation of authority but not of responsibility Superior pass along the right to get something accomplished to subordinates The obligation for getting it done remains with the supervisor ‫ تفويض نزولي للسلطة‬، )‫ سلطة مساوية للمسؤولية ( صح انك مدير لكن انت تحت المساءلة‬، ‫ وحد قياده‬، ‫وجود تسلسل للسلطة‬ ، ‫ولكن ليس المسؤولية ( انتقال المهمه من منصب اعلى الى منصب اقل بس كمان بضل المدير هو المسؤول عن انتهاء العمل‬ ‫تسلميه في وقته‬.... ) Modern View org. characterized by open-system interacting continuously with an uncertain environment Both the organization and its surrounding environment are assumed to be filled with variables that are difficult to predict or control Org. primary goal is survival in an environment of uncertainty and surprise ‫ الهدف منها االستمراري‍‍ة‬، ‫ يوجد تفاعل مع خارج محيط العمل‬، ‫نظام مفتوح‬ 2 | Page Open system characteristics Interaction with the environment Synergy is where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, when two or more people or organizations combine their efforts, they can accomplish more together than they can separately. a successful business is more than traditional factors of production Interaction with the environment ‫تفاعل مع البيئه‬ Synergy ‫بما معناه دمج شغلتين وهيك بتكون االنتاجية افض‬ Examples of synergy Mergers. Companies often attempt to achieve synergies by merging with other companies to which they are compatible. For example, a manufacturing company may have the most up-to-date technology to make the best product of its type on the market, but has a lackluster logistics system. 3 | Page  An older manufacturing company may have a stellar logistical system, but outdated manufacturing equipment. If the two companies merge, they can accomplish more together than they could apart ‫ قد‬، ‫ على سبيل المثال‬.‫غالبًا ما تحاول الشركات تحقيق التآزر من خالل االندماج مع شركات أخرى تتوافق معها‬ ‫ ولكن لديها نظام لوجستي باهت‬، ‫تمتلك شركة التصنيع أحدث التقنيات لتقديم أفضل منتج من نوعها في السوق‬. ، ‫اندمجت الشركتان‬ ‫ إذا‬.‫ ولكن معدات التصنيع قديمة‬، ‫قد يكون لدى شركة تصنيع قديمة نظام لوجستي ممتاز‬ ‫فيمكنهما أن ينجزا معًا أكثر مما يمكن أن يفترقا‬ Dynamic equilibrium: maintaining the internal balance necessary for survival by importing needed resources from the environment ‫يكون عندي توازن داخلي ( المخرجات مساوية للمدخالت او اكثر ) وهالشي مهم الستمرارية المنظمة‬ Equifinality: reaching the same results by different means Different( and better) way of getting the job done ‫ اني اوصل للنتيجة بغض النظر عن الوسيلة المستخدمة ( مثالً التعليم االلكتروني هدفه‬, ‫تكافؤ او مساواة‬ ‫ ساليد‬، ‫ توصيل المعلومات بغض النظر عن الطريقه فيديو‬، Examples 1-Production Line an arrangement in a factory in which a thing being manufactured is passed through a set linear sequence of mechanical or manual operations an example of a----- a closed system -----------system within an organization. The daily work can be insulated from outside factors such as day-to-day meetings between upper-level executives, or information from other similar, competing production lines. Instead, workers on an assembly line are generally only responsible for completing their tasks on the line, depending on what type of line it is ‫ مثال على‬، ‫ترتيب في مصنع يتم فيه تمرير شيء يتم تصنيعه من خالل تسلسل خطي محدد للعمليات الميكانيكية أو اليدوية‬ ‫نظام ضمن اجتماعات يومية بين المديرين التنفيذيين من‬- ‫ يمكن عزل العمل اليومي عن العوامل الخارجية‬.‫مؤسسة نظام مغلق‬ ‫ يكون العاملون على خط التجميع‬، ‫ بدالً من ذلك‬.‫ أو معلومات من خطوط إنتاج متنافسة أخرى مماثلة‬، ‫المستوى األعلى‬ ‫ اعتما ًدا على نوع الخط الذي هو عليه‬، ‫مسؤولين بشكل عام فقط عن إكمال مهامهم على الخط‬. ‫ زوار ) الهم انتاج السلعة‬، ‫خط االناتج عباره عن خطوات متسلسلة ليس لها عالقة فيما يحدث في الخارج ( اجتماعات‬ Examples 2- Specific Departments For example, a research-and-development (R&D;) department within a computer organization may be set up as a --------------system with no interaction outside of the 4 | Page  division; the purpose is to protect trade secrets and inventions that are being produced inside. ‫مثالً شركه بحث وتطوير مستحيل تكون ( نظام مفتوح ) عشان ما حدا يخذ الفكره او ينقل المعلومه فيتكون نظام مغلق‬ ‫عشان تحافظ على السريه‬ An R&D; department is much different from, say, a public relations department, which is an example of an ----------- system that must interact with the outside environment on a regular basis ‫ رح تكون نظام مفتوح النها تتضمن تفاعل مع البيئه‬، ‫منظمه عالقات عامه‬ Example3-Corporate Messaging A corporate messaging system can be an example of a closed system depending on how it is set up within an organization. While email systems are open systems, corporate instant messaging systems are closed systems in which you establish with whom you want to communicate. Unlike email systems, which allow you to include more than one person on a note, many corporate messaging systems allow you to converse only with one person at a time. ‫ على‬.‫يمكن أن يكون نظام المراسلة الخاص بالشركات مثاالً على نظام مغلق بنا ًء على كيفية إعداده داخل المؤسسة‬ ‫ إال أن أنظمة المراسلة الفورية الخاصة بالشركات هي‬، ‫الرغم من أن أنظمة البريد اإللكتروني هي أنظمة مفتوحة‬ ‫ التي تسمح لك بتضمين‬، ‫ على عكس أنظمة البريد اإللكتروني‬.‫أنظمة مغلقة يتم تأسيسها مع من تريد التواصل معه‬ ‫ تسمح لك العديد من أنظمة المراسلة المؤسسية بالتحدث فقط مع شخص واحد في‬، ‫أكثر من شخص واحد في مالحظة‬ ‫المرة الواحدة‬. ‫ممكن تكون مسج مفتوح لكل الناس وممكن مغلق لشخص واحد حسب الهدف‬ Example One of the brightest examples of a ------system model of an organization is the Jordanian Army. It is definitely a pyramid where obeying orders is the main rule in order to stay. The “informational flow” is very “narrow” and is maintained between the main leaders. The Jordanian Army is perfectly organized and every person knows his responsibilities and duties. All the information acquired inside the Jordanian Army is confidential and is not a subject of “spreading ، ‫الجيش االردني عباره عن نظام مغلق‬ 5 | Page  the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. ”The mission of the Texas Department of Corrections is to provide public safety, promote positive change in offender behavior, reintegrate offenders into society, and assist victims of crime”. In order to provide these tasks and supervise the offenders off prison, the department has to interact with other different facilities and exchange information with them. ‫ مثال على نظام مفتوح‬، ‫مراكز االصالح والتاهيل‬ Closed vs. Open Closed systems are easier to deal with theoretically than open systems, ‫التعامل في النظام المغلق اسهل من النظام المفتوح‬ For example, if abuse of prisoners took place in a certain prison, a closed-system approach would look for explanations for the abuse within the prison itself, and then adopt correctional procedures. It would not pay attention to the external environment to identify the causes of the problems. Span of Management Span of management: the number of employees reporting to a supervisor, ‫عدد الموظفين الي انا مشرف عليهم‬ also called span of control, of authority , & of supervision Factors affecting span of management Type of work Degree of training of the worker Organizational stability Geographical location Flow of work Supervisor’s qualifications Availability of staff specialist 6 | Page  ‫ الموقع الجغرافي ( لما‬، ) ‫ تتراجع‬، ‫ ثابته‬، ‫ ثبات المنظمة ( تتقدم‬، ‫ درجه تدريب الموظفين‬، ‫طبيعة العمل‬ ‫ هل المشرف عنده‬، ) ‫ تدفق العمل ( في طلبيات كثير او ال‬، )‫تكون بالعاصمه بختلف عن لما تحون بقريه‬ ‫ هل عندي اخصائي ذو خبره‬، ‫خبره‬. Centralization & Decentralization Pertain to the hierarchical level at which decisions are made Centralization: means that decision authority is located near the top of the organization ‫اصحاب القرار هم اصحاب المناصب العليا‬ Decentralization : means that decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization level ‫اصحاب القرار من الموظفين االقل منصب‬ Departmentalization A fundamental characteristics of organization structure the basis for grouping positions into departments and departments into the total organization together to perform their work Mangers make choices about how to use the chain of command to group people to Grouping related jobs or processes into major organizational subunits ‫الناس الي عندها وظائف ومهارات متقاربة ينحطهم مع بعض‬ Example Functional departments is one example of Departmentalization A fundamental characteristics of organization structure the basis for grouping positions into departments and departments into the total organization together to perform their work Mangers make choices about how to use the chain of command to group people to ‫االشخاص الي الهم عالقه بوظيفه واحده بكونوا مع بعض‬ The most common org structure for health care organizations is a functional organizational structure whose key characteristics is a pyramid-shaped hierarchy, which defines the functions carried out and the key management positions assigned to those function Factors influence centralization vs. decentralization 7 | Page  Greater change and uncertainty in the environment are usually associated with decentralization ‫ مثال زمان كانت تعطى صالحيته‬، ‫ممكن حدوث تغيرات طارئة وغير متوقعه قد تؤدي الى تغير القرار‬ ‫تعطيل المدارس لوزير التربيه والتعليم وهسا انتقلت الصالحيه لمدير التربيه عشان في اختالفات بين المناطق‬ ‫وهيك بكون مدير التربية ادرى بمنطقته وعارف شو االجراءت المناسبة‬ The amount of centralization or decentralization should fit the firms' strategy ‫يجب أن يتناسب مقدار المركزية أو الالمركزية مع إستراتيجية الشركات‬ In times of crises or risk of company failure, authority may be centralized at the top ‫ تكون السلطة مركزية في القمة‬، ‫في أوقات األزمات أو خطر فشل الشركة‬ The organizational process Basic steps of organizing are Goal recognition and statement Review of organizational environment Determination of structure needed to reach the goal (eg. Degree of centralization, basis of departmentation , committee use, line, and staff relationship Determination of authority relationships and development of organizational chart, job descriptions, and related support documents 8 | Page