lec.6.pdf

Lecture 6 English Dr. Meena Muneeb BDS, M.Sc., MFD RCSI The Pancreas: It is elongated feather-shaped organ that lies posterior to the stomach(Fig.4).it has both digestive and endocrine funct...

Lecture 6 English Dr. Meena Muneeb BDS, M.Sc., MFD RCSI The Pancreas: It is elongated feather-shaped organ that lies posterior to the stomach(Fig.4).it has both digestive and endocrine functions because it produces digestive enzymes and secretes hormones (the hormone is mainly insulin). Disorders affecting the GIT: -Dysphagia: is a condition of difficulty in swallowing. -Esophagitis: is inflammation of the esophagus. -GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease): it is the upward flow of the stomach acids into the esophagus. -Gastritis: it is inflammation of the gastric mucosa (the lining of the stomach).it may progress to ulceration if left untreated, the causes include: repeated infections, allergy to certain types of food, ingestion of spicy food, medication such as (NSAIDs). -Gastric ulcer(or peptic ulcer): it is erosion of the gastric mucosa. -Dyspepsia: it means impairment of digestion. -Appendicitis: it is a common acute inflammatory disease affecting the appendix. In some cases the appendix may rupture which can lead to a serious condition called Peritonitis which is inflammation of the peritoneum (the sac that lines the abdominal cavity). Lecture 6 English Dr. Meena Muneeb BDS, M.Sc., MFD RCSI -Colitis: inflammation of the colon. -Enteritis: means inflammation of the intestines. -Enteropathy: means any disease affecting the intestines. -Cancer affects the lower GIT frequently especially the colon. -Anorexia: means loss of appetite due to psychological causes. -Hyperemesis: means excessive vomiting. There are some diseases affecting more than one part of the digestive system , for example: -Gastroenteritis: it is inflammation of the stomach and intestines. -Gastroduedenitis: it is inflammation of the stomach and duodenum. -Enterohepatitis: it is inflammation of the intestine and liver. Pharmacology: Antacids: drugs used to neutralize acid production. -Emetics: drugs used to stimulate or induce vomiting, frequently used in poisoning cases. -Antiemetics: drugs used to relieve vomotting. Diagnosis: There are several devices that are used to diagnose the diseases affecting the digestive system, they include: -Colonoscope: device used in colonoscopy. -Colonoscopy: is visual examination of the colon using a colonoscope. -Duodenoscopy: visual examination of the duodenum using endoscope. -Enteroscope: lighted instrument for visually examining the intestines. -Enteroscopy: visual examination of the intestines. -Gastroscope: lighted instrument for visually examining the stomach. -Gastroscopy: visual examination of the stomach using a lighted instrument. -Sialography: radiography of salivary glands and ducts. Lecture 6 English Dr. Meena Muneeb BDS, M.Sc., MFD RCSI Practice and Practitioners: Gastroenterology: the medical specialty that is concerned with the digestive system disorders. Gastroenterologist: a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system disorders. Internal medicine: specialty in the diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of serious and chronic illness in the abdomen including the digestive system and other organs as the liver, kidneys and others. Internist: a specialist in internal medicine. Proctologist: is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of rectal and anal disorders. Term Meaning Stom/o Mouth Pharyng/o Pharynx, throat Labi/o lips Dent/i teeth Odont/o teeth Lingu/o tongue Gloss/o tongue Uvul/o uveola palate Separate nasal cavity from oral cavity Soft palate Posterior portion of the palate, not supported by bone. Hard palate Anterior portion of the palate, supported by bone. Cleft palate A congenital opening or split in the roof of the mouth Cleft lip A congenital split in the upper lip Fistula Abnormal channel from an internal organ to the surface of the body Polyp Benign growth that may occur in the intestine Lecture 6 English Dr. Meena Muneeb BDS, M.Sc., MFD RCSI Cleft lip and palate Gastr/o Stomach Gastritis, Gastrectomy Hepat/o Liver Hepatitis (inflammation of), hepatoma (tumor of) Chol/e Gall, bile Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy (inflammation of, removal of gallbladder) Cyst/o Bladder, sac (see above) Emes/o Vomit Emesis (vomiting), emetic (stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting) Lith/o Stone Cholelithotomy (removal of gall stones) Lapar/o Abdominal wall Laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen) - To puncture Abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining) centesis -tripsy To crush Cholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves) -rrhea Flow, discharge Diarrhea -iasis Abnormal Cholelithiasis (presence of gall stones causing (-osis) condition symptoms)